Dull Color Research Articles

High dynamic range image tone mapping based on variational image decomposition and color correction

Tone mapping aims to reproduce high dynamic range (HDR) images on low dynamic range (LDR) display devices. The layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms usually decompose HDR images into base and detail layers and process them accordingly. Since the detail layer is not refined again, these algorithms may suffer from halo artifacts, relatively dull color, and over-enhancement problems. To solve these problems, we introduce the variational image decomposition model and color correction into the field of tone mapping, and propose a tone mapping algorithm that combines the three-part variational image decomposition model with a color correction scheme based on minimum color loss. In contrast to traditional layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms, we employ the three-part decomposition model that decomposes the HDR image into three components: a cartoon component, a texture component, and a high-frequency detail component. The cartoon component is compressed using a gamma function, while the texture and high-frequency detail components are each enhanced using the nonlinear stretching functions. This approach allows for better detail enhancement while preserving the smoothness of the image. In addition, we further use the color correction scheme based on minimum color loss to solve the color problem caused by the layer-decomposition-based tone mapping algorithms. Experimental results show that our proposed tone mapping algorithm can reduce the halo artifacts and preserve the edge details while outperforming some state-of-the-art tone mapping algorithms.

PSANet: Automatic colourisation using position‐spatial attention for natural images

AbstractDue to the richness of natural image semantics, natural image colourisation is a challenging problem. Existing methods often suffer from semantic confusion due to insufficient semantic understanding, resulting in unreasonable colour assignments, especially at the edges of objects. This phenomenon is referred to as colour bleeding. The authors have found that using the self‐attention mechanism benefits the model's understanding and recognition of object semantics. However, this leads to another problem in colourisation, namely dull colour. With this in mind, a Position‐Spatial Attention Network(PSANet) is proposed to address the colour bleeding and the dull colour. Firstly, a novel new attention module called position‐spatial attention module (PSAM) is introduced. Through the proposed PSAM module, the model enhances the semantic understanding of images while solving the dull colour problem caused by self‐attention. Then, in order to further prevent colour bleeding on object boundaries, a gradient‐aware loss is proposed. Lastly, the colour bleeding phenomenon is further improved by the combined effect of gradient‐aware loss and edge‐aware loss. Experimental results show that this method can reduce colour bleeding largely while maintaining good perceptual quality.

Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced Electrochromic Materials and Devices.

With rapid advances in optoelectronics, electrochromic materials and devices have received tremendous attentions from both industry and academia for their strong potentials in wearable and portable electronics, displays/billboards, adaptive camouflage, tunable optics, and intelligent devices, etc. However, conventional electrochromic materials and devices typically present some serious limitations such as undesirable dull colors, and long switching time, hindering their deeper development. Optical resonators have been proven to be the most powerful platform for providing strong optical confinement and controllable lightmatter interactions. They generate locally enhanced electromagnetic near-fields that can convert small refractive index changes in electrochromic materials into high-contrast color variations, enabling multicolor or even panchromatic tuning of electrochromic materials. Here, resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices, an advanced and emerging trend in electrochromics, are reviewed. In this review, w e will focus on the progress in multicolor electrochromic materials and devices based on different types of optical resonators and their advanced and emerging applications, including multichromatic displays, adaptive visible camouflage, visualized energy storage, and applications of multispectral tunability. Among these topics, principles of optical resonators, related materials/devices and multicolor electrochromic properties are comprehensively discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for resonant-cavity-enhanced electrochromic materials and devices are presented.

Attention-based dual-color space fusion network for low-light image enhancement

The low visibility and dull colors associated with low-light images are not only difficult to satisfy the photographer, but also hinder further visual tasks. In this study, we propose an attention-based dual-color space fusion network to enhance low-light images. By introducing HSV color space, the network can solve the problems of dim color and insufficient contrast existing in previous RGB color space methods. In both color spaces, the network adopts a large number of attention mechanisms to highlight important features in real time. To better achieve feature fusion across color space, we design adaptive large-kernel attention (ALKA) and feature extraction module (FEM), respectively. The ALKA adaptively selects features for enriching the encoding input in the HSV color space during the RGB color space encoding process. The FEM assists the network in more comprehensive supervision of the enhancement process and generates the attention map to transmit the marking features in the previous color space. At the end of the network, we also design channel enhancement module (CEM) to protect the texture details lost during the scale change. We have conducted experiments on a variety of public datasets, and both subjective and objective comparisons have demonstrated the particularity and prominence of our method.

1.1: Invited Paper: A novel scheme of projection film screen for ultra‐large color gamut with photonic band gap reflection mechanism

A novel scheme of projection film screen to get ultra large color gamut using photonic band gap reflection mechanism is proposed. The projection screen made by a kind of film that can only reflect three narrowband R/G/B light emitted from projector (E.g., 460nm, 560nm and 650nm), as well as absorb other visible light wavelengths. The film has a well‐designed nano level multilayer structure which can form three photonic band gaps to reflect 460nm, 560nm and 650nm light respectively. An ultra large color gamut of 73.44% Rec2020 (138.68% sRGB) was obtained even under a bright room ambient light, that makes projection image quality comparable to a traditional TV. It could be an effective way to help solve the problem of dull color performance shown on traditional projection screens.

Lizard Dewlap Color and Malaria Infection: Testing the Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis

The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis indicates that parasites may have a negative effect on the appearance of sexual traits within an infected individual. Anolis sagrei, or brown anoles, are small invasive lizards common throughout Florida and many other areas where they have been introduced. The colorful dewlaps under the chins of males are used as a signal during territorial contests with other males and as an ornament to attract females. Anoles may be infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium floridense. In this study, we investigated the relationship of malarial infection with dewlap color and spectral brightness of A. sagrei. We achieved this by capturing male brown anoles, taking blood samples to examine for malarial infection, and recording the color of their dewlaps. We found that the dewlaps of infected Anolis sagrei had duller coloration than the dewlaps of uninfected lizards. These results provide support for the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis. Our results suggest that infection by P. floridense could potentially influence fitness of the lizards by reducing the expression of their color signals. Additional research on fitness effects of the malaria parasite on anoles is important for fully understanding this phenomenon.

REVIEW: PELUANG REKAYASA PROSES PENGOLAHAN DAN DIVERSIFIKASI AMPING BERAS SEBAGAI PRODUK UNGGULAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SAMBAS

The quality of the amping of rice is still low, has a dull color, not thin enough so that the texture is hard, and there is still a lot of mixture of husks and black rice. In addition, to be able to enjoy rice amping, consumers must prepare other additional ingredients such as grated coconut with brown sugar, so the practical level of the product it still needs to be improved and consumers can immediately enjoy rice amping products easily and practically. Improvements in the quality of Amping Sambas products need to be carried out through improving processing processes and diversifying rice amping products in accordance with current trends in the market. Improvements to the process of making Amping Sambas can refer to existing processes, among others, by paying attention to the raw materials for manufacture, using rice from varieties that have moderate amylose content (20-25%), soaking at room temperature for 7-8 hours, doing roasting is carried out at a temperature of 302 oC for 41 seconds, and the flattening is carried out in 2 stages, stage 1 at 45 oC, stage 2 at roller pressure of 145 ± 5 kg/cm2 and a temperature of 75 ± 5 oC. to increase consumer acceptance of Amping Sambas products, diversify products, including in the form of Iron Fortified Chocolate Flavored Rice Flakes, Roasted Rice Flakes in Cereal Bars, and Cereal Bars Made from Glutinous Rice Flakes and Sunnah Foods.

The Understanding of Bad Pictorialism from the Perspective of Origin and Development

Since the emergence of "bad" painting doctrine in the 1970s, "bad" paintings have always been on the cusp of public opinion.According to the standards of classicism or modernism, "bad" paintings are characterized by ugly, clumsy brushwork., Quirky images, dull colors, incompatible with mainstream art.But this kind of ugliness never affects the expression of spirit and thought.This article aims to explore the origin of "bad" paintingism, explore the practical meaning of the word "bad", and analyze the trend of "bad" painting in contemporary China.

LICHEN SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR KUALITAS UDARA DI KECAMATAN JEBRES KOTA SURAKARTA

Surakarta is a city with polluted air due to transportation activities. Utilization of bioindicators could be one of efforts to monitor air pollution. Lichen is one of the air quality bioindicators that can be observed based on its morphological characteristics. This study aimed to determine air quality using lichen bioindicators at two stations in the Jebres sub-district, namely on UNS street and Juanda street. These two locations have different environmental characteristics and traffic density. This study is a descriptive exploratory research using purposive sampling method. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively based on the morphological characteristics of the lichen found. The results showed that nine species of lichen found in UNS street area, while five species of lichen in Juanda street area. Apparently, morphological character of lichen consisted of crustose, leprose, and foliose thallus types with bright thallus colour, larger diameter, and more individuals, whereas in Juanda street is crustose and leprosy with a duller color, smaller diameter, and fewer individuals. In fact, the vehicle density in the area of Juanda street was higher than UNS street area. As it is largerly known that the type and morphology are influenced by the environmental quality. Therefore, based on the founded lichen’s type and morphology, the area of Juanda street was likely more polluted than UNS street area. Our finding suported that lichen could be bioindicator for air quality.

Karakteristik fisikokimia tepung rebung terfermentasi dan pati rebung terfermentasi dari bambu ampel kuning (bambusa vulgaris schrad var. striata) serta potensinya sebagai pengental [Physicochemical characteristics of fermented bamboo shoot flour and fermented bamboo shoot starch from yellow ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris schrad var. striata) and their potential as thickeners

This study aimed to characterize the physical and chemical properties of fermented bamboo shoot flour (TRF) and fermented bamboo shoot starch (PRF) and to test their potential as thickeners. The research was carried out in 4 stages: sample authentication, TRF preparation and characterization, PRF preparation and characterization, and PRF gelling testing at various pH. The results showed that TRF contained 23.92±0.33% insoluble fiber, 6.03±0.10% cellulose, 1.85±0.01% hemicellulose, 15.87±0.10% lignin, and soluble fiber. 2.91±0.03%. PRF had a density of 707 kg/m3, slightly dull color, and reddish brown. TRF cannot be used as a thickener due to it does not form a stable suspension and does not form a gel when heated, but it has potential as an animal feed with a value of acid detergent fiber (ADF) 22.18 and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 2. 40. Meanwhile, PRF-tapioca has potential as a thickening agent because it formed a stable suspension and formed a gel when heated. Adding 0.5-2.5% PRF to 1%, tapioca suspension produced a gel viscosity of 6.4 – 8.5 cP., similar to 3 g/25 mL modified cassava flour gel formation.

Organoleptic and Qualitative Test of Borax Content in Meatballs and Cilok in Lakasantri Surabaya

Meatballs and cilok are favorite’s food in public. Based on market surveys, it turns out that there are still foods containing dangerous preservatives like borax. Borax is a toxic material and can poison cells if ingested in large quantities. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic characteristics of meatballs and cilok stored for 3 days at room temperature. In addition, to determine the presence or absence of borax in meatballs and cilok, a qualitative test was carried out using a borax rapid test kit. This research method was carried out by organoleptic and qualitative testing of meatball and cilok samples obtained around SMPN 28 Lakasantri, Surabaya. Sampling was done by total sampling method. Based on the number of meatball and cilok traders around SMPN 28 Lakasantri Surabaya, there were 5 meatball traders and 5 cilok traders with a total of 10 samples. Then, organoleptic and qualitative tests were carried out using a borax rapid test kit. The results showed that the meatball and cilok samples obtained around SMPN 28 Lakasantri Surabaya after being stored for three days at room temperature, experienced a decrease in quality in the form of a softer texture, a duller color and some even started to grow mold and mildew, and a rotting smell. Meanwhile, based on a qualitative test on all samples of meatballs and cilok using a borax rapid test kit, the results were negative.

HINDUISM AND ISLAMIC ORNAMENTS IN LANGGAR DALEM MOSQUE OF KUDUS

The ancient city, Kudus, Central Java, has unique sites, including ancient ornaments and walls inside Langgar Dalem Mosque. The study aims to reveal that the value of tolerance needs to be cared by every generation of Muslims in Kudus. The data were collected by interview, observation, and literature review. The study used a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The study showed that Langgar Dalem Mosque is a historical-cultural heritage inherited by pre-Islamic Hindus and preserved authenticity by Muslims in Kudus, as a form of the love of cultural works. There are patterns of Javanese, Hindu, and Islamic cultures that decorate the mosque's walls. However, Department of Culture and Tourism of Kudus Regency has not optimally cared for it. So, the initiative of the Mosque management board is the ancient ornaments were painted for their dull color. This could reduce their original aesthetic value and change the cultural heritage values. The ancient wall in Langgar Dalem Mosque with the meaning of cultural tolerance until now has preserved by Sunan Kudus and Moslem generation.

A new species of Phalotris (Serpentes, Colubridae, Elapomorphini) from Paraguay

A new species of Phalotris from the nasutus group, Phalotris shawnellasp. nov., is described. It can be distinguished from the other members of the group by having the following combination of characters: 1) fifth supralabial in contact with parietal, 2) vertebral stripe present, 3) yellowish nuchal collar (2 or 3 dorsal scales long), 4) dull reddish color of head, 5) broad, solidly or near solidly dark, lateral bands, 6) red-orange ventral scales lightly and irregularly spotted with black mainly on the posterior half of the body and 7) a bilobed, extremely asymmetrical hemipenis, with enlarged, curved, lateral spines. The species is only known from a recent specimen collected in the Cerrado zone of northeastern Paraguay at Rancho Laguna Blanca, San Pedro department, and two photographic records of live specimens from this and an additional locality. Limited ecological data based on observations of a captive individual, and a wild record, are provided, and a conservation assessment is performed for this extremely limited range Paraguayan endemic snake.

Alteration in gills, skin, and fins of snakehead fish (Channa striata) due to ectoparasite infection: a macropathological and histopathological approach

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish with high economic value both as ornamental and consumed fish. However, the ability to adapt to fluctuating environmental states prompts snakehead fish to be susceptible to parasites, ectoparasites, and endoparasites. Gills, skin, and fins are the major body parts that are often infected with ectoparasites. This study aims to discover the macro pathology in gills, skin, and fins of ectoparasites-infected snakehead fish and its histopathology. This study was conducted from April to June 2021. Observational data on macro pathology and histopathology were analyzed qualitatively. The results indicated that the macro pathology of the skin, gills, and fins of snakehead fish infected with ectoparasites indicates discoloration, excess mucus production, the dull coloration of the gills, and irritation of the gills body surfaces, and skin hemorrhages. In conclusion, infection of ectoparasites affects several alterations in the skin, gills, and fins, both macro pathological and histopathological.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Associated With Sexual Dichromatism of Head Feather Color in Mallard.

Sexual dimorphism of feather color is typical in mallards, in which drakes exhibit green head feathers, while females show dull head feather color. We showed that more melanosomes deposited in the males’ head’s feather barbules than females and further form a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, which conferred the green feather coloration of drakes. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that some essential melanin biosynthesis genes were highly expressed in feather follicles during the development of green feathers, contributing to melanin deposition. We further identified 18 candidate differentially expressed genes, which may affect the sharp color differences between the males’ head feathers, back feathers, and the females’ head feathers. TYR and TYRP1 genes are associated with melanin biosynthesis directly. Their expressions in the males’ head feather follicles were significantly higher than those in the back feather follicles and females’ head feather follicles. Most clearly, the expression of TYRP1 was 256 and 32 times higher in the head follicles of males than in those of the female head and the male back, respectively. Hence, TYR and TYRP1 are probably the most critical candidate genes in DEGs. They may affect the sexual dimorphism of head feather color by cis-regulation of some transcription factors and the Z-chromosome dosage effect.

Your True Colors

This poem reflects the author’s heartbreak, disappointment, and the realization that people may not show who they truly are to one. The author describes feeling disappointment and a sense of guilt from a previous relationship. The person she thought she knew turned out to be someone who did not align with her values. The author is a Mexican American woman who immigrated to the United States as a teenager from Mexico. She found within herself to educate herself through her adult life seeking to erase internalized patriarchy and oppression. Living through such divisive political environment between 2017 and 2020, she began to realize people around her, in specific the relationship illustrated in the poem, were not who she thought they were. The author describes the end of the relationship with a play on words declaring that she does not want to see this person’s dull colors again.

Metal complex pigments

AbstractThere are several commercially significant metal complex organic pigments that are based on first row transition metals. The most important of these are the copper phthalocyanine blue and green pigments which find virtually universal use in paints, printing inks, and plastics. These pigments are of such prime importance that they are dealt with separately in three other chapters in this series. This paper describes a group of pigments that are complexes of iron, copper, nickel, and cobalt with polydentate colored ligands of azo, azomethine, oxime, and isoindoline chemical types. The oldest metal complex organic pigment that still finds some use is CI Pigment Green 8, an octahedral oxime iron complex. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was considerable industrial research effort aimed at developing metal complex pigments based on azomethine and isoindoline structures, many of which were found to offer excellent lightfastness, good solvent resistance and thermal stability, although they exhibited rather dull colors. However, several products provide brilliant effects when used in combination with metallic and pearlescent pigments in automotive paints. Many of the pigments introduced have since been withdrawn by the original manufacturers, but a few remain on the market. The synthesis of metal complex pigments generally involves the preparation of the colored ligand, which is then complexed with the transition metal ion

Extraction of Dye from Castanopsis indica for Its Use in Textile Dyeing and Medicinal Purpose with Natural Mordant

The environment-friendly natural dyes recently rejuvenated due to the mutagenic and sensibilizing manner of many synthetic dyes. An attempt has been made to test the inherent bio colorant property and medicinal characteristics of the bark of Castanopsis indica (English name; chestnut and local name; Katus) via green technique using water and ethanol as solvent. Dyeing of fabric was accomplished under optimized conditions with the application of natural (such as Aloe vera, mango's bark extract), and commercial CuSO4 mordant. The extract was tested for antimicrobial properties, phytochemical screening, and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Most importantly, phenols specifically flavonoids and tannins were found to be present among various phytoconstituents which are responsible to provide colors to the fabric in each dye extract. Besides, two of the extracted dye is demonstrated to be active against fungal strains Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) to bacterial pathogens. The results revealed the coloring of fabric with water extracted C. indica dye with organic and synthetic mordant is to be bright colored compared to dull color from ethanol extract.

Dual Color Space Guided Sketch Colorization.

Automatic sketch colorization is a challenging task in both computer graphics and computer vision since all the color, texture, shading generation have to be created based on the abstract sketch. Besides, it is a subjective task in painting process, which needs illustrators to comprehend drawing priori (DP), such as hue variation, saturation contrast and gray contrast and utilize them in the HSV color space which is closer to human visual cognition system. As such, incorporating supplementary supervision in the HSV color space may be beneficial to sketch colorization. However, previous methods improve the colorization quality only in the RGB color space without considering the HSV color space, often causing results with dull color, inappropriate saturation contrast, and artifacts. To address this issue, we propose a novel sketch colorization method, dual color space guided generative adversarial network (DCSGAN), that considers the complementary information contained in both the RGB and HSV color space. Specifically, we incorporate the HSV color space to construct dual color spaces for supervising our method with a color space transformation (CST) network that learns transformation from the RGB to HSV color space. Then, we propose a DP loss that enables the DCSGAN to generate vivid color images with pixel level supervision. Additionally, a novel dual color space adversarial (DCSA) loss is designed to guide the generator at global level to reduce the artifacts to meet audiences' aesthetic expectations. Extensive experiments and ablation studies demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods.

Effect of dispersant on disperse dyeing for polyester fabric in silicone waterless dyeing system

Disperse dye has a good dyeing property in silicone waterless dyeing system. However, the application of dispersants in this dyeing system has some problems such as unlevel dyeing, dull color, color spot. In this investigation, the effect of dispersant on the disperse dyeing was studied by adding sodium salt of poly naphthalene sulphonic acid into silicone waterless dyeing system. If the dispersant and the dyeing accelerant were used in the same bath, the fixation and level dyeing property of disperse dye would be influenced. Moreover, the more the amount of dispersant, the more dye aggregates on the fabric surface. The particle size and scanning electron microscope analysis were used to further investigate the aggregation of dyes. The results showed that more disperse dyes would be dispersed in the accelerant phase, and the aggregation of disperse dyes was enhanced, thus the aggregations of dyes and dispersants would be sticked on the fabric surface, which was the main reason leading to the poor level dyeing property. Therefore, the dispersant cannot be employed in the silicone waterless dyeing system with accelerant, which indicates the commercial disperse dye is not suitable for dyeing polyester fabric in the silicone waterless dyeing system.