Duck Bone Research Articles

Melatonin prevents cadmium-induced osteoporosis by affecting the osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and pyroptosis in duck

Cadmium (Cd), is a highly toxic environmental pollutant, which seriously threatens the health of poultry and humans. The occurrence of osteoporosis is the main manifestation of cadmium toxicity. Pyroptosis plays an important role in the development of osteoporosis. Melatonin has been shown to affect preserving bone health. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, these functions of melatonin have been investigated in duck bone tissue and osteoblast during cadmium exposure. In vivo, the studies suggest that melatonin protects against cadmium-induced duck osteoporosis by improving the osteogenesis function, inhibiting bone resorption, and suppressing the occurrence of pyroptosis. In vitro, the findings demonstrated that melatonin alleviated the inhibition effect of cadmium on duck bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) osteogenic differentiation, and suppressed the cadmium-induced osteoclast differentiation. In addition, we also found that melatonin prevents cytokines release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by cadmium-induced, and reduces the expression of n-terminal Gasdermin D (N-GSDMD), alleviates the osteoblast death rate. In short, melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent has bright prospects in cadmium-induced bone toxicity.

Genome-wide association study for bone quality of ducks during the laying period

The cage-rearing model of the modern poultry industry makes the bones of birds, especially egg-laying birds, more vulnerable to fracture, which poses serious damage to the health of birds. Research confirms that genetic material plays an important role in regulating bone growth, development, and remodeling. However, the genetic architecture underlying bone traits is not well understood. The objectives of this study are to identify valuable genes and genetic markers through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breeding to improve the duck bone quality. First, we quantified the tibia and femur quality traits of 260 laying ducks. Based on GWAS, a total of 75 SNP loci significantly associated with bone quality traits were identified, and 67 potential candidate genes were annotated. According to gene function analysis, genes P4HA2, WNT3A, and BST1 et al may influence bone quality by regulating bone cell activity, calcium and phosphate metabolism, or bone collagen maturation and cross-linking. Meanwhile, combined with the transcriptome results, we found that HOXB cluster genes are also important in bone growth and development. Therefore, our findings were helpful in further understanding the genetic architecture of the duck bone quality and provided a worthy theoretical basis and technological support to improve duck bone quality by breeding.

Characterization of Composite Films from Taro Starch Modified with the Addition of Duck Bone Gelatin

In this study, composite films were prepared from modified taro starch with the addition of duck bone gelatin using varying percentages (0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% of the total solids weight) by solution casting method. The mixing of duck bone gelatin on taro starch films was studied as a new approach for composite films from natural materials that are environmentally friendly and have good physical properties. This study aimed to obtain information on the effect of the percentage variation of duck bone gelatin on the composite film on the density, transparency, crystallinity and thermal properties. The results of revealed that the addition of duck bone gelatin concentration had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the density of the composite films, but had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the transparency and termal properties. Crystallinity analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique showed that the composite films product has a semicrystalline structure with low crystallinity. DSC scan showed that the composite film with the addition of 5% duck bone gelatin gave high thermal stability values ​​with melting temperature (Tm) 181.86°C and melting enthalpy (ΔHm) 252.73 J/g. The TGA results confirmed that the thermal stability of the composite film at the concentration of 5% duck bone gelatin had a weight loss of 37.48 % in the temperature range (296.74-500°C).

ANALYSIS OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE DOMESTIC WASTE BUSINESS IN SIDENRENG RAPPANG DISTRICT DUCK BONE FLOUR (DUCK BONE FLOUR)

Duck bone waste which is a domestic waste in Sidenreng Rappang Regency has not been utilized and there is no handler which is feared will pollute the environment. So it is necessary to use it by making it economically valuable by making duck bone flour. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of investing in duck bone waste (Duck Bone Flour). The method used is a saturated sample where all of the population is a sample because the number of samples is limited. Methods of data analysis using financial analysis. The analytical tool used for the financial aspect uses analysis of the Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Profitability Index (PI), to determine whether a business is feasible or not. The results showed that the Duckbone Flour Business, from a financial point of view, with a project duration of 10 years and a discount rate of 10%, it proved feasible. An analysis of admission criteria found a payback period (PP) of 6 months and 1 week. Net Present Value (NPV) is IDR 1,730,085,150, Profitability Index (PI) is 1.63% and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 32%. This research is important to be carried out as a source of information for the community and the government about the economic value of duck bone waste.

Application of duck bone gelatin and sodium alginate-based edible coating materials on beef sausage quality during chilled storage

Edible coating is an eco-friendly packaging that is starting to be widely used as a primary packaging for processed meats such as sausages. One of the raw materials for making edible coatings was gelatin extracted from duck bones. The combination of gelatin with sodium alginate was expected to improve the quality of sausages. This research was conducted to study the efficacy of duck bone gelatin and sodium alginate coating materials on beef sausage quality during chilled storage. A randomized group design was used as an experimental design with four replications. The independent variable was storage time. The result showed that free fatty acid, protein content, total microbial count, and weight loss increased during storage. Meanwhile, moisture content, pH, color, aroma, and texture decreased. Non-coated sausage during 2 weeks of storage had a free fatty acid value of 1.23%, protein content of 16.21%, TPC of 7.38 log cfu/g, weight loss of 13.94%, moisture content of 60.43%, pH of 5.62, color of 2.3, aroma of 1.5, and texture of 1.9. Sausages with edible coating for 4 weeks of storage had a free fatty acid of 1.34%, protein content of 15.95%, TPC of 6.92 log cfu/g, weight loss of 14.72%, moisture content of 59.73%, pH of 5.67, color of 1.9, aroma of 1.8, and texture of 2.1.

Perforation of the esophagus: an overlooked cause of chest pain as a complication of esophageal foreign bodies.

Chest pain is one of the most common complaints in the emergency department. Diseases of the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, stomach, mediastinum, pleura, and abdominal viscera can all cause chest discomfort (Gulati et al., 2021; Jiao et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022). Clinicians in the emergency department are expected to immediately recognize life-threatening chest pain (Jiao et al., 2021). Delayed diagnosis further increases the risk of complications and mortality (Liu et al., 2021). In this case, we present an elderly Chinese female who had a history of myocardial infarction two years previously, with chest pain eventually found to be caused by ingestion of a duck bone.

Migratory pharyngeal foreign bodies and related complications: Analysis of 20 cases

PurposeTo explore the diagnostic approach and therapeutic method of migratory pharyngeal foreign bodies and related complications, to improve the understanding of such disease and to reduce misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Material and methodsA retrospective study was performed by collecting patients who were treated because of the related complications caused by migratory pharyngeal foreign bodies from 2012 to 2020. ResultsA total of 20 patients were admitted to hospital due to the related complications. 14 cases showed cervical mass; 3 cases showed abscess of the mouth floor; 1 cases showed retropharyngeal abscess; 1 cases showed laryngeal granuloma; 1 cases showed mass of tongue. All patients received imaging examination of B-ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT). 19 patients were treated by surgery, and 1 patient was taken conservative treatment. All foreign bodies was successfully removed. As for the type of foreign bodies, there have 15 cases of fishbone, 2 cases of crabshell, 2 cases of shrimp shell, 1 cases of duck bone. ConclusionsMigrating foreign bodies and related complications are rare in clinic, much attention should be paid to avoid missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.

Biodegradable film based on taro starch with variations of duck bone gelatin concentration: physical and barrier properties

Biodegradable film based on taro starch with variations of duck bone gelatin concentration: physical and barrier properties

Untargeted metabolomics study on the effects of rearing ducks in cages on bone quality

The cage rearing model of the modern poultry industry makes the bones of birds more vulnerable to deterioration. In this study, at 8 wk of age, a total of 60 birds were randomly allocated to 2 groups, including the floor rearing group (FRD) and cage rearing group (CRD), and their body weight was measured every 2 wk. At the age of 20 wk, the tibia, femur, and humerus were collected from each group (n = 12) to determine the bone quality parameters such as weight, size, bone mineral density (BMD), breaking strength, cortical thickness, and area, ash content, calcium (Ca) content, and phosphorus (P) content. Meanwhile, the serum metabolome composition of both groups was detected by untargeted metabolome technology. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight, bone weight, and size between the 2 groups (P > 0.05), but the humerus mineral density and the breaking strength, cortical bone thickness, cortical bone area percentage of tibia, femur, and humerus of CRD was significantly lower than those of FRD (P < 0.05), indicating that the cage rearing system caused the deterioration of bone quality. Based on nontarget metabolomics, 49 metabolites were correlated with bone quality parameters, and 10 key metabolites were strongly correlated, including erucic acid, citric acid, and ketoleucine. In addition, the KEGG analysis showed that the caged system mainly perturbed amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism, which led to changes in related metabolite levels, produced ROS, and altering energy supply, thus leading to a deterioration of bone quality of cage rearing ducks. Therefore, our findings were helpful to further understand the potential mechanism of the deterioration of duck bone quality in cage rearing system, provided a theoretical basis for reducing the occurrence of poultry osteoporosis, and ensuring the healthy development of poultry breeding.

Making duck bone meal as a source of calcium using the sidrap protein hydrolysis technology from poultry-based conventional food processing waste

This research is a study to improve duck bone meal characteristics with higher calcium and protein content. This study aims to determine the best conditions of modification processing of duck bone meal based on the chemical characteristics and the highest calcium content. The research method was modified by Putranto et al., including washing, bone boiling, damage, presto process, boiling process, extraction of NaOH base, washing, drying, and flouring. The research was used a completely randomized experimental design (CRD), consisting of 3 treatments and three replications, namely P1 (NaOH immersion for 2 hours), P2 (NaOH immersion for 3 hours), and P3 (NaOH immersion for 4 hours). The data analysis technique was quantitative and analytic using ANOVA with a significance level of 5% using the SPSS application to determine the effect of immersing NaOH various treatments on the chemical characteristics of duck bone meal. The analysis includes yield, proximate composition, and calcium. In addition, physical, organoleptic, and microbiological analyses were carried out. The best of manufacture of duck bone meal which produces the best characteristics was found in the 3 hours immersion treatment (P2) with an average ash content of 56.88%, the water content of 4.08%, fat content of 14.45%, protein content of 23.08%, crude fiber content of 0.29%, phosphorus content of 12.03% and calcium content of 9.86%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lanjutan untuk memperbaiki karakteristik tepung tulang itik dengan kandungan kalsium dan protein yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi terbaik pada modifikasi proses pembuatan tepung tulang itik berdasarkan karakteristik kimia dan kandungan kalsium tertinggi. Metode penelitian merupakan modifikasi dari metode yang dilakukan oleh Putranto, dkk, diantaranya pencucian, perebusan tulang, pembersihan, proses presto, proses perebusan, ekstraksi basa NaOH, pencucian, pengeringan dan penepungan. Rancangan percobaan yang dilakukan adalah Rancangan Percobaan Acak Lengkap (RAL), yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yakni P1 (Perendaman NaOH selama 2 jam), P2 (Perendaman NaOH selama 3 jam) dan P3 (Perendaman NaOH 4 jam). Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif dan analitik menggunakan ANOVA dengan taraf nyata 5% menggunakan aplikasi SPSS untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman NaOH berbagai perlakuan terhadap karakteristik kimia tepung tulang itik. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi rendemen, komposisi proksimat dan kalsium. Selain itu dilakukan analisa fisik, organoleptik dan mikrobiologi. Proses produksi tepung tulang itik yang menghasilkan karakteristik terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan perendaman selama 3 jam (P2) dengan rata-rata kadar abu 56.88%, kadar air 4.08%, kadar lemak 14.45%, kadar protein 23.08%, kadar serat kasar 0.29%, kadar fosfor sebesar 12.03% dan kadar kalsium 9.86%.

Chemical analysis of duck bone meal (Anatidae) from traditional food processing waste typical of Sidrap

Sidrap Regency in South Sulawesi Province has special food, namely Palekko’, which has duck as raw material. The number of palekko’ stalls in Sidrap will raise concerns about the waste generated because there is no treatment at all. This waste will increasingly pollute the environment, if not managed properly. Therefore, the processing is carried out, namely the manufacture of duck bone meal. This duck bone meal was analyzed by chemical analysis to compare it with the SNI for the bone meal and other bone meal that had been tested. This research was conducted to know the potential use of duck bone meal to be maximized through chemical analysis. The chemical analysis carried out was the test of moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash content, calcium, and phosphorus (P2O5). The results of the chemical analysis obtained were moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus content (P2O5) respectively, namely 2.01%, 33.33%, 12.38%, 2.78%, 41.66%, 2.53% and 6.24%. Then it compared with SNI a duck bone meal and others. The results obtained bone powder duck has the potential to be applied optimally produce products made from the bone meal of duck with doing some treatment to improve their quality.

Effect of temperature and drying time on chemical characteristics of duck bone meal

Judul: Pengaruh suhu dan waktu pengeringan terhadap karakteristik kimia tepung tulang bebek Title: Effect of temperature and drying time on chemical characteristics of duck bone meal Limbah tulang itik menjadi menjadi perhatian masyarakat khususnya masyarakat Kabupaten Sidrap, Sulawesi Selatan karena di wilayah ini terdapat banyak warung makan palekko’ itik yang menghasilkan limbah padat yaitu tulang itik. Langkah untuk meminimalisir limbah tulang itik ini adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadi produk inovasi yakni tepung tulang itik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu pengeringan terhadap karakteristik kimia tepung tulang itik. Metode pengolahan merupakan modifikasi dari penelitian [1] meliputi diantaranya pencucian, pemotogan, perebusan tulang, pembersihan, pengeringan dan penepungan. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) satu faktor dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yaitu P1 (T 1 =100 O C; t 1 =5 jam), P2 (T 2 =150 O C; t 2 =3 jam) dan P3 (T 3 =200 O C; t 3 =1 jam). Data diproses dan diuji ANOVA untuk melihat perbedaan diantara perlakuan. Uji lanjut dilakukan dengan beda nyata terkecil (BNT) jika terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada α ≤ 5%. Karakteristik kimia produk dianalisis dengan komposisi proksimat, kadar kalsium dan kadar fosfor. Selain itu dilakukan perbandingan produk dengan standar mutu tepung tulang (SNI 01-3158-1992). Karakteristik kimia tepung tulang itik terbaik dihasilkan pada perlakuan suhu pengeringan 200 O C dan lama pengeringan 1 jam (P3) dengan rata-rata kadar air 2.88%, kadar abu 40.46%, kadar serat 0.47%, kadar protein 40.71%, kadar lemak 13.81%, kadar kalsium 1.90%, dan kadar fosfor 8.56%. Duck bone waste is still become community attention, especially in the Sidrap district, South of Sulawesi Province, because it has many ducks palekko' food stalls that produce solid waste in the form of duck bone. Processing this waste into the innovative product (done bone meal) was essential to minimize the waste. This study aimed to determine the effect of drying temperature and time on the chemical characteristics of the duck bone meal. The research method was modification the method used by [1], including washing, cutting, boiling bones, cleaning, drying, and shining. The experimental design was a completely randomized experimental design (CRD), one factorial, consisting of 3 treatments and three replications, namely P1 (T 1 =100 O C; t 1 =5 hours), P2 (T 2 =150 O C; t 2 =3 hours), and P3 (T 3 =200 O C; t 3 =1 hour). Data were processed and tested ANOVA to see differences among treatments. If there was a significant difference among treatments at α ≤ 5%, a further test was carried out using the least significant difference (LSD). The product was characterized by proximate composition, calcium content, and phosphorus content. The analysis was also carried out to compare the bone meal quality with standard (SNI 01-3158-1992). The duck bone meal that has the best characteristics was in the treatment of 200 O C and 1 hour drying time (P3) with an average result of 2.88% moisture content, 40.46% ash content, 0.47% fiber content, 40.71% protein, 13.81% fat content, 1.90% calcium content and 8.56% phosphorus content.

Acute Mediastinitis Following Esophageal Perforation with Swallowing of Duck Bone: A Case Report

<i>Background</i>: Acute mediastinitis is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Mediastinitis secondary to esophageal perforation is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. <i>Case presentation</i>: This report aims to present an acute mediastinitis case, in a 54-year-old healthy female patient, which originated from an intrathoracic esophageal perforation with swallowing of duck bone that confirmed by computed tomography of the chest. The patient was successfully treated by an emergency left thoracotomy, effective surgical drainage and aggressive debridement of the affected mediastinal compartments, primitive repair of perforated esophagus with intercostal muscle flap, decompressive gastrostomy and jejunostomy for feeding. Post-operatively, the patient was benefited from broad-spectrum antibiotics, intensive care and resuscitation associated with a close follow-up consequence. <i>Results</i>: Mediastinitis was well-controlled. Post interventional computed tomography scan with hydro-soluble contrast ingestion showed no extraluminal leak and good integrity of esophagus. The patient restored normally oral feeding without any complications and was discharged after 24 days of hospitalization without any sequelae. <i>Conclusions</i>: Early diagnosis is critical for expediting the choice of an optimal treatment strategy and plays an important role in improving mortality from acute mediastinitis following perforated esophagus. Besides intensive care and resuscitation, we advocate an emergency thoracic surgery for cases with established mediastinitis following intrathoracic esophageal perforation.

Karakteristik Hidrolisat Gelatin Tulang Itik Dengan Enzim Tripsin Sebagai Penghambat Alfa Amilase (α-Amylase Inhibitor)

Gelatin is extracted from beef or pork. One of the potential sources of gelatin to be developed apart from land base mammalian is from poultry, namely duck bones. Gelatin extraction from duck bones can be carried out by the acid method. Several studies have reported that hydrolysis of gelatin using various types of enzymes will increase its bioactivity, such as antioxidants, antibacterials, and antihyperglycemic (alpha amylase inhibitors). The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of duck bone gelatin which hydrolyzed with trypsin enzyme as an alpha amylase inhibitor. This study used nonfactorial completely randomized design (CRD) with different hydrolysis time treatments. Research parameters such as total soluble protein, TCA soluble protein, hydrolysis degree, and alpha amylase inhibitory activity. The results showed that the different treatment times for hydrolysis had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on the TCA soluble protein value and the degree of hydrolysis. However, there was no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on the total dissolved protein. 180 minutes hydrolysis treatment time with a concentration series of 250; 500; 1000; 2000 ppm has inhibitory activity against alpha amylase, respectively, 39.42; 41.75; 44.58; 48.11%. It has IC50 value of 2.74 mg / mL. The inhibitory activity was still weaker than the positive control for acarbose.

Formulasi Sediaan Krim Menggunakan Kolagen Tulang Itik Air (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Sebagai Anti Aging

The collagen content in the human body decreases with age. One solution to reduce these negative effects is the application of collagen in various cosmetic and medicinal products. In the bones contain a lot of collagen and one of them is found in the water duck bone that has not been treated and is the result of waste. This study aims to make an anti- aging cream preparation resep from water duck bone collagen that can eliminate wrinkles, blemishes, shrink pores and smooth the skin. This research uses an experimental method using water duck bone test material. Stages of research include extraction of collagen from water duck bone, collagen characterization by infra red spectrophotomenter, making anti- aging cream of water duck bone with concentrations of 1%, 1. 5%, 2. 5%, 3. 5%, formulation and evaluation of cream preparations and test the ability of preparations using a skin analyzer. The results showed that the water duck bone contained collagen at wave numbers 3280- 3380 cm- 1 and 1280- 1680 cm- 1 which indicated the presence of amine and amide groups. Water duck bone collagen can be formulated into cream preparations with the evaluation results of preparations are homogeneous, stable and non- irritating preparations with a pH range of 6. 1 to 6. 4. Test results from collagen cream preparations show that the higher the concentration of collagen added to the resep, the more it will show a significant increase in effect.

Cadmium exposure triggers osteoporosis in duck via P2X7/PI3K/AKT-mediated osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation

Cadmium is a common environmental pollutant that accumulates in the bone and kidneys and causes severe health and social problems. However, the effects of Cd on the occurrence of osteoporosis and its mechanism of action in this process are unclear. To test whether Cd-induced osteoporosis is mediated via P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling, duck bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and bone marrow macrophage cells (BMMs) were treated with Cd for 5 days, and duck embryos were treated with Cd. Micro-CT analysis indicated that Cd-induced osteoporosis occurs in vivo, and histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses also revealed that Cd induced bone damage and the downregulation of osteogenic and bone resorption-related proteins. Cd exposure significantly inhibited the differentiation of BMSCs and BMMs into osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro, and promoted osteoblast and osteoclast apoptosis. Cd exposure significantly downregulated the P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, and inhibition of this signaling pathway significantly aggravated osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Cd exposure also upregulated the OPG/RANKL ratio in vivo and in vitro, further inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. These results demonstrate that Cd causes osteoporosis in duck by inhibiting P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling and increasing the OPG/RANKL ratio. These results establish a previously unknown mechanism of Cd-induced osteoporosis.

STUDY OF GELATIN FROM DUCK BONE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HALAL GELATIN

Gelatin is an intermediate ingredient which is oftenly used in many field such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetics. It is usually extracted from pig and cow. Halal issue of gelatin sources and the outbreaks of mad cow diseases encouraged people to find an alternative sources of gelatin. One of the alternative sources of gelatin was duck bone. The aim of this research was to describe physicochemical properties of duck bone gelatin which is extracted by using acid extraction method as an alternative sources of halal gelatin. The extraction of duck bone gelatin used 5% concentration of HCl (hydrochloric acid). The extraction process consisted of four steps, they were degreassing, defating, demineralization, and acid extraction. The result showed that gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had these several characteristic: yield of 6.24%, pH 4.0, water content of 13.43%, ash content of 13.42%, protein content of 65.43%, and whiteness degree of 30.35%. Generally, gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had similar characteristic with commercial gelatin and SNI standard. Further researcher had been suggested to reoptimized extraction method in order to reduce ash content.

Successful Endoscopic Therapy for Delayed Esophageal Perforation after Endoscopic Removal of Ingested Duck Bone

Ingestion of a dietary foreign body is an emergency condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Delayed recognition of ingested esophageal foreign bodies can cause esophageal perforation, leading to potentially fatal complications such as mediastinitis and aortoesophageal fistula. Currently, endoscopy is the diagnostic tool of choice because it allows accurate diagnosis of the characteristics of the ingested foreign body and permits endoscopic removal. Computed tomography (CT) can help to both determine the location of the foreign body and assess any associated complications. We report the case of a 42-year-old female who presented to the hospital with chest pain and dysphagia after eating ginger duck 2 days prior. An endoscopic evaluation revealed an impacted duck bone in the mid-esophagus, which we subsequently removed. Although no immediate perforations were found during endoscopy and subsequent CT, the patient experienced worsening chest pain two days after removal of the impacted bone. Esophagography revealed an esophageal perforation and we started the patient on parenteral nutrition. Repeated endoscopy revealed esophageal perforation, and we applied two endoclips to close the wound. Repeated esophagography 14 days later revealed complete healing of the esophageal perforation and the patient was discharged on day 18 of hospitalization. This case highlights that delayed esophageal perforation may occur and clinicians should be aware of this rare complication to allow for early treatment.

Lead Concentration in Archaeological Animal Remains from The Edo Period, Japan: Is the Lead Concentration in Archaeological Goose Bone a Reliable Indicator of Domestic Birds?

ABSTRACTLead pollution has increased over the past four centuries with industrialisation, urbanisation, and the use of motor vehicles. In Japan, lead concentrations in human bones of the Edo period (AD 1603–1867) from urban areas were found to be higher than those from suburban areas. Because most wild geese breed in the subarctic zone and winter in the temperate zone, it is to be expected that lead concentrations in archaeological goose bones from domestic individuals would be higher than those from wild individuals because of the difference in their life cycle. In this study, we measured and compared lead concentrations in bones of geese, other birds (duck, chicken, heron, and crow), mammals (dog, cat, pig/wild boar, and deer), and in a human tooth, all from the Kenmin‐kan Atochi site, Japan (Edo period). We found that lead pollution affected not only humans but also animals and that environmental lead pollution was widespread in the town.One of the goose bones analysed, a broken and healed ulna, showed a lead concentration approximately twice as high as the other goose bones. In addition, the lead concentration in a duck bone was much higher than in those of wild birds or mammals, which suggests that the duck had lived in an urban environment for a long time. The results suggest that analysis of lead concentrations can detect potential domestic animals that were exposed to environmental lead pollution, such as in the Roman period in Europe and in the Edo period in Japan. By accumulating comparative studies, the analysis of lead concentrations in archaeological goose bones is expected to become a reliable indicator of domestic geese under conditions of environmental lead contamination. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Esophageal foreign body as a cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: case report and review of the literature

Foreign body ingestion is a common complaint in the emergency department. Severe upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a rare complication of foreign body ingestion and is always considered to signal aortoesophageal fistula (AEF). We report a rare case of a 65-year-old man with upper GI hemorrhage caused by an ingested duck bone 10 days previously. Instead of AEF, massive erosion and edema were found in the esophagus, highlighting the potentially complex pathology of foreign body ingestion. A literature review of the recognized clinical features of esophageal foreign body is described. Some practical points and pitfalls in the management of esophageal foreign body are presented. For patients with a history of esophageal foreign body ingestion, the clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion and must endeavor to obtain a full history.