Dual Type Research Articles

A dual typing system establishment and global diversity analysis for sapoviruses

BackgroundThe genus Sapovirus in the family Caliciviridae comprises of a genetically diverse group of viruses that are responsible for causing acute gastroenteritis in both human and animals globally. As the number of sequences continues to grow and more recombinant sequences are identified, the classification criteria of genogroups and genotypes of sapovirus need to be further refined. In this study, we aimed to optimize the classification of sapoviruses.ResultsThrough evolutionary clustering and genetic distance analysis, we have updated the classification criteria for VP1 genogroup and genotypes. We adjusted the original mean values ± 3 standard deviations (SD) of genetic distances to mean values ± 2.5SD, resulting the corresponding cutoff values for the same genotype and genogroup set at <0.161 and <0.503, respectively. Additionally, we established classification criteria for RdRp types and groups, referred to as P-types and P-groups,, with mean values ± 2SD and cutoff values of <0.266 and <0.531 for the same type and group, respectively. This refinement has expanded the VP1 genogroups to thirty-four and identified twenty-four P-groups. For human sapoviruses, the new criteria have resulted in the addition of one genotype, GV.PNA1. Moreover, the new criteria defined three P-groups and 21 P-types for human sapoviruses. Spatial-temporal analysis revealed no specific distribution pattern for human sapoviruses.ConclusionsWe established a dual typing system on classification based on VP1 and RdRp nucleotide sequences for sapoviruses.

Electromagnetic duality for line defect correlators in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory

We study particular integrated correlation functions of two superconformal primary operators of the stress tensor multiplet in the presence of a half-BPS line defect labelled by electromagnetic charges (p, q) in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM) with gauge group SU(N). An important consequence of SL(2, ℤ) electromagnetic duality in N = 4 SYM is that correlators of line defect operators with different charges (p, q) must be related in a non-trivial manner when the complex coupling τ = θ/(2π) + 4πi/gYM2 is transformed appropriately. In this work we introduce a novel class of real-analytic functions whose automorphic properties with respect to SL(2, ℤ) match the expected transformations of line defect operators in N = 4 SYM under electromagnetic duality. At large N and fixed τ, the correlation functions we consider are related to scattering amplitudes of two gravitons from extended (p, q)-strings in the holographic dual type IIB superstring theory. We show that the large-N expansion coefficients of the integrated two-point line defect correlators are given by finite linear combinations with rational coefficients of elements belonging to this class of automorphic functions. On the other hand, for any fixed value of N we conjecture that the line defect integrated correlators can be expressed as formal infinite series over such automorphic functions. The resummation of this series produces a simple lattice sum representation for the integrated line defect correlator that manifests its automorphic properties. We explicitly demonstrate this construction for the cases with gauge group SU(2) and SU(3). Our results give direct access to non-perturbative integrated correlators in the presence of an ’t Hooft-line defect, observables otherwise very difficult to compute by other means.

Torque-speed relationship of the flagellar motor with dual-stator systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The single polar flagellar motor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is equipped with two stator systems, MotAB and MotCD, both driven by H+ ions. The torque-speed relationship for flagellar motors with two stator systems has not been explored previously. In this study, we developed a method that utilizes optical trapping and fluorescence labeling to measure the torque-speed relationships for the wild-type P. aeruginosa motor with dual stators and mutant strains with a single stator system, revealing surprising differences in them. Moreover, we found that the MotAB stators exhibit slip-bond behavior in load dependence, contrasting with the catch-bond behavior of the MotCD stators and Escherichia coli stators. Further examination of the solvent isotope and pH effects on the torque-speed relationships of these stator systems provided additional insights into their dynamics. Interestingly, we discovered that the torque of the wild-type motor is similar to the combined torque of motors with MotAB or MotCD stators, indicating an additive contribution from the two stator types in the wild-type motors. These findings underscore the enhanced adaptability of P. aeruginosa to a wide range of external environments with varying load conditions.IMPORTANCEWe developed a novel method to measure the flagellar motor torque-speed relationship by trapping a swimming bacterium using optical tweezers. Using the P. aeruginosa flagellar motor as a model system to investigate motor dynamics with dual stator types, we measured the torque-speed relationships for wild-type motors with dual stator types and mutants with a single type. We found drastic differences that stem from the varying load dependencies of stator stability. These variations enable bacteria to rapidly adjust their stator composition in response to external load conditions. Interestingly, we observed that the torque of the wild-type motor is akin to the cumulative torque of motors with either stator type, indicating an additive contribution from the two stator types in wild-type motors. The methodology we established here can be readily employed to study motor dynamics in other flagellated bacteria.

Exploring the Influence of Digital Economy Growth on Carbon Emission Intensity Through the Lens of Energy Consumption

Exploring the impact of new economic forms such as the digital economy (DE) on carbon emissions is crucial for China’s “dual carbon” goals. This paper assesses the impact of the DE on carbon emission intensity (CI) from a 2011–2021 perspective on energy consumption in 30 provinces (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are excluded) by using a double fixed-effects model for evaluating the DE. Based on the results from 2011 to 2021, (1) China’s DE and CI differ spatially and temporally. In contrast to CI, DE shows a pattern of low in the northwest and high in the southeast. The changes are similar to Hu Huanyong’s line, with considerable changes in the southeast, especially the coastal region. (2) Chinese DE’s carbon control effects (−0.027) vary by region. A significant negative effect is seen in both the eastern and western regions, with the western region having the greatest negative effect (−0.030), and a positive but insignificant impact in the central region. (3) Total energy consumption (TEC), structure (EC) and efficiency (EI) are all pathways of its influence. Path changes in China are mainly dominated by dual paths (Accounting for over 47%), with fewer single and multiple paths. Among them, the main dual path types are TEC and EC in the east and central regions, TEC and EC, and EC and EI in the western regions; meanwhile, the paths are unchanged in most of the provinces in China, and the changed provinces are mainly in the west. Based on these findings, DE development policies based on regional energy consumption differentiation are crucial to reducing carbon emissions.

Seismic behavior of hybrid post-tensioned special steel moment frames

Generally, conventional moment-resisting frames are prone to substantial residual displacements. To overcome this disadvantage, self-centering systems were introduced. Post-tensioned self-centering (PTSC) moment-resisting systems are a variation of conventional moment-resisting systems that drastically reduce the large residual displacements of the moment frames. However, one of the uncommon drawbacks identified in PTSC systems is their low energy dissipation. This study aims to compensate for this by innovatively combining conventional self-centering systems with special moment-resisting frames (SMRF) in various formats to retain the advantages of both systems. Another disadvantage of PTSC systems is the high cost and complexity of the structural design procedure required to maintain an elastic response in the framing beam-column elements. To address this issue, a practical and cost-effective design procedure was proposed. The study also included the influence of different dual SMRF-PTSC frame actions and base column connection types. A set of 35 structures comprising 4, 8, 12, and 16-story buildings were considered for nonlinear static/dynamic analysis and seismic response assessment. The nonlinear static analyses were carried out in a cyclic format due to the self-centering characteristics of the system. Additionally, 22 far-field records per FEMA P695 were chosen for the time history analyses. The results show that structures equipped with post-tensioned self-centering connections (PTSC) designed according to the proposed procedure are successful in drastically decreasing residual drifts. However, the total elimination of residual drifts relies on providing a self-centering connection for the base level columns and considering an overstrength factor for the base level columns' moment capacity design. The proposed value in this investigation was derived as 5, which significantly strengthens the base level columns while resulting in an overall notably cost-efficient PTSC-equipped frame. In the case of dual frames, the conventional SMRF spans should not exceed the number of PTSC-equipped spans, as doing so will diminish the self-centering characteristics of the lateral system.

Dual planer PCF-SPR sensor based on Au-TiO2 composite nanostructure

A novel dual planer type PCF-SPR sensor based on Au-TiO2 composite nanostructure is proposed for the first time. In this sensor, a novel PCF structure was designed. The structure is composed of air holes of various diameters. A layer of nanogold film was platted on TiO2 nanopillar to form Au-TiO2 composite nanopillar. Then the Au-TiO2 composite nanopillar was embedded into the PCF. The geometrical parameters such as PCF air hole diameters, gold layer thickness, and TiO2 cylinder diameter were optimized, utilizing the finite-element method(FEM), and the performance of the optimized sensor was significantly improved. The maximum sensitivity was 30,000 nm RIU−1 in the refractive index range of 1.37–1.41. Unlike traditional array and planar structures, we have achieved high sensitivity refractive index sensing in PCF by using a single composite nanopillar. Due to its high sensitivity, the proposed PCF-SPR sensor is expected to find applications in biomolecular detection and chemical quantity detection.

Cu2O-Mediated Heterojunction Conversion from Dual Type II to Dual Z-Scheme: Its Application in Photoelectric-Colorimetric Dual-Mode Detection of Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Protein.

Although the construction of heterojunction has been used in photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors, their potential for tunable optical properties has not been deeply explored. Based on the fact that a type-II heterojunction and Z-scheme heterojunction have the same energy band structure, effective alteration of the electron transfer pathway has been achieved by introducing unique photoactive materials into the system and exploiting the interactions between the photomaterials. Based on this, we reported a novel polarity-switchable dual-mode sensor for fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein analysis. Specifically, the MgIn2S4/Bi2MoO6/Bi2S3 dual type-II heterojunction was used as the sensing interface in concert with the rolling circle amplification, CRISPR/Cas12, and terminal DNA transfer enzyme multiamplification strategies, and finally, Cu2O was captured at the sensing interface. Due to the matched energy band, the introduction of Cu2O effectively changed the electron transfer pathway and realized the conversion from a dual type-II heterojunction to a dual Z-scheme heterojunction. It caused the switch of the photocurrent from the anode to the cathode. The developed PEC method showed high sensitivity and selectivity for FTO protein detection in the range of 0.0005-500 μg/L. In addition, based on the peroxidase-like activity of Cu2O to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine by H2O2, the electrode system also achieved the colorimetric detection of FTO protein using the naked eye with the change of the color of the detection solution from colorless to blue. The detection range was from 0.05 to 500 μg/L. This work developed a photoelectrochemical-colorimetric biosensing platform with consciously designed semiconductor structures, revealing the potential of semiconductor-structured transformations in future sensing fields.

Exploring the optimal boundaries of intellectual property rights and environmental regulation for enhancing technological innovation: a perspective of boundary effects in China

ABSTRACT This paper examines how the protection boundary of intellectual property rights and the implementation boundary of environmental regulation affect technological innovation from the perspective of boundary effects. We find that intellectual property rights, environmental regulation and technological innovation have an inverted U-shaped relationship, and there is a single optimal boundary value for each variable, forming a strong protection boundary and a weak protection boundary. We also find that choosing the appropriate boundary of intellectual property rights and environmental regulation can enhance technological innovation; intellectual property rights within the optimal boundary can extend its positive incentive effect on technological innovation. Environmental regulation uses intellectual property rights as the internal driving force, and with the help of intellectual property rights, continues to promote technological innovation. And the shielding effect of boundaries is greater than the intermediary effect. Our analysis of regional heterogeneity in intellectual property protection reveals that the integration of dual policy types is more effective in the eastern and central regions. Furthermore, the boundary of intellectual property protection in the eastern region surpasses that in the central region. It has important policy implications for promoting innovation system reform and coordinating high-quality economic development and high-level ecological environment protection.

Smart Predict: adding partner-suggested vocabulary to increase efficiency in a dual tablet AAC typing application

Smart Predict is a novel two-tablet application developed to improve conversational efficiency for people who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. The Smart Predict system consists of two distinct applications that were built for use with two Android tablets and/or phones with Bluetooth® capability. One application is referred to as the AAC User app and the second application is called the Partner app. Smart Predict integrates vocabulary supplementation from communication partners in real-time while persons who rely on AAC generate text and maintain full control to choose words within a word prediction line. Using single-case research designs with adapted alternating treatments under two counterbalanced treatment conditions (AAC User app alone versus AAC User app + Partner app), we examined message efficiency with persons who rely on switch scanning for on-screen keyboards. User experience questionnaires were administered to determine satisfaction and workload, and to provide feedback for future development efforts. Three adults with complex communication needs and motor impairments conversed with research staff about fourteen movie trailers. Characters per minute and switch selections per character produced by the person with complex communication needs and motor impairments were measured during 15-minute interviews to represent communication speed and effort. Results indicate that message efficiency increased with the dual-tablet Smart Predict, indicating faster message generation with the vocabulary supplementation system. User satisfaction increased and perceived effort decreased under the Smart Predict conditions. Given these results within a research and development framework, the Smart Predict concept is a viable feature that could be considered within smart AAC technologies.

A Session Type System for Asynchronous Unreliable Broadcast Communication

Session types are formal specifications of communication protocols, allowing protocol implementations to be verified by typechecking. Up to now, session type disciplines have assumed that the communication medium is reliable, with no loss of messages. However, unreliable broadcast communication is common in a wide class of distributed systems such as ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. Often such systems have structured communication patterns that should be amenable to analysis by means of session types, but the necessary theory has not previously been developed. We introduce the Unreliable Broadcast Session Calculus, a process calculus with unreliable broadcast communication, and equip it with a session type system that we show is sound. We capture two common operations, broadcast and gather, inhabiting dual session types. Message loss may lead to non-synchronised session endpoints. To further account for unreliability we provide with an autonomous recovery mechanism that does not require acknowledgements from session participants. Our type system ensures soundness, safety, and progress between the synchronised endpoints within a session. We demonstrate the expressiveness of our framework by implementing Paxos, the textbook protocol for reaching consensus in an unreliable, asynchronous network.

Synergistic approaches to NOx reduction: Fuel innovations and engine modifications in biomass waste-fueled CI engines

Achieving low nitric oxide emissions in biomass fuel combustion remains a challenge. This study aims at enhancement of NOx reduction by employing a sequence of strategies to arrive at the optimal combination of techniques. This work explores the role of nano particle emulsion, change in profile of combustion chamber geometry, exhaust gas recirculation rates and contribution of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in the combustion and emission phenomena of CI engine. Cerium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are added in emulsion form at 50 ppm and 100 ppm dosage to grapeseed oil biodiesel. Furthermore, combustion chamber geometry is modified to shallow depth and toroidal shape and tested with ZnO 100 nano blend of grapeseed oil biodiesel (GSBD). EGR at 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % rates are included in the toroidal shape after concluding that profile as the best performing geometry. A customized model of SCR is implemented to the above combination of ZnO fuel blend, toroidal combustion chamber geometry and 5 % EGR to further reduce NOx emission. SCR device is fabricated with suitable flow and injection parameters with dual type mixers to enhance its NOx conversion efficiency. Overall, this research work gives useful insights for development of NOx reduction strategies in biomass fuel combustion in CI engines. A comprehensive reduction of NOx from 9.3 g/kWh to 2.05 g/kWh is noticed at the end of cumulative set of experiments.

Morphometric Traits and Body Indices to Assess the Type and Function of Native Ganjam Goats Reared on Different Flooring Systems in Coastal Odisha

A study was undertaken to assess the type and function of Ganjam goats native to coastal Odisha based on morphometric traits and their indices. Different flooring systems, viz. conventional earthen flooring (CEF), bamboo-slatted flooring (BSF) and plastic-slatted flooring (PSF) were applied for rearing the growing goats in multilocation trials involving 54 kids (~4 months age) of either sex in equal ratio. The goat kids were equally distributed i.e. eighteen in each group (6 animals × 3 locations) and reared on free range system followed by in-house sheltering at night after the browsing hours on these three floor types. The body weight (BW) and morphometric parameters like, body length (BL), withers height (WH), chest girth (CG), paunch girth (PG), rump height (RH) and their indices were assessed fortnightly. Kids reared on all the three floor-types exhibited age-dependent increase in BW and in all the morphometric parameters. There was improved performance (BW, BL, WH, CG) of kids on PSF compared to CEF, while the difference between BSF and PSF was non-significant. The functional indices characterized Ganjam goats as longiline with good proportionality, medium thoracic development, prolific and dual type. The correlation between BW and morphometric parameters exhibited highest for CG followed by WH, RH, BL and PG. The BW of Ganjam goats can suitably be predicted from CG, WH and RH with R2 value 0.914. The importance of morphometric parameters and their indices classify Ganjam goats as a promising dual-purpose breed and impetus to its performance is better achieved with improved shelter management involving plastic-slatted floor in coastal Odisha.

A Nanoencapsulated Ir(III)-Phthalocyanine Conjugate as a Promising Photodynamic Therapy Anticancer Agent.

Despite the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment, the development of efficient and photostable photosensitizing molecules that operate at long wavelengths of light has become a major hurdle. Here, we report for the first time an Ir(III)-phthalocyanine conjugate (Ir-ZnPc) as a novel photosensitizer for high-efficiency synergistic PDT treatment that takes advantage of the long-wavelength excitation and near infrared (NIR) emission of the phthalocyanine scaffold and the known photostability and high phototoxicity of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. In order to increase water solubility and cell membrane permeability, the conjugate and parent zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) were encapsulated in amphoteric redox-responsive polyurethane-polyurea hybrid nanocapsules (Ir-ZnPc-NCs and ZnPc-NCs, respectively). Photobiological evaluations revealed that the encapsulated Ir-ZnPc conjugate achieved high photocytotoxicity in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions under 630 nm light irradiation, which can be attributed to dual Type I and Type II reactive oxygen species (ROS) photogeneration. Interestingly, PDT treatments with Ir-ZnPc-NCs and ZnPc-NCs significantly inhibited the growth of three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids. Overall, the nanoencapsulation of Zn phthalocyanines conjugated to cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes provides a new strategy for obtaining photostable and biocompatible red-light-activated nano-PDT agents with efficient performance under challenging hypoxic environments, thus offering new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.

Statistically Identified Dual Type Random Lasing from Carbon Dots

Statistically Identified Dual Type Random Lasing from Carbon Dots

A Novel Dual-Mode Dual Type Hysteresis Schmitt Trigger and its Applications using Single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

A Novel Dual-Mode Dual Type Hysteresis Schmitt Trigger and its Applications using Single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier

NEW APPROACH TO PROXIMITY ANALYSIS BETWEEN TWO HORIZONTAL MULTI-TABLES: DSCIA2 METHOD

In this paper, we propose a new method called Dual Simultaneous Co-Inertia Analysis Type 2 (DSCIA2), which is both a new approach to DSCIA in the context of two horizontal multi-tables and Dual of SCIA2 method. The aim is to study the variability of the proximity between pairs of tables with the same variables, by constructing the common axes of representation of the variables and the individuals simultaneously, i.e. constructing in one go an orthogonal matrix containing the solutions. An example of this method consisting being studied of the compared economic evolution of the countries of the Economic Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) and the West African Economic Monetary Union(WAEMU) is given.

A single excitation dual emission semi-salamo type multi-functional probe for sensitive pH and Cu2+ detection

pH and Cu2+ ion concentration changes are linked to disorders like Alzheimer's and cancer. Rapid detection of pH and Cu2+ ions is critical for public health and environmental concerns. The semi-salamo-type probe (E)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde O-(2-(aminooxy)ethyl) oxime (NSS) demonstrated substantial dual-functional performance, sensing pH change and Cu2+ ions. A single excitation and double emission characteristic on the probe NSS made it distinctive. Probe NSS exhibits pH-dependent excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and its optical properties vary based on the pH environment. Probe NSS detects pH changes from 2 to 11 by changing the “off-on-off” of the excited state intra-molecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism, exhibiting rapid, reversible, and selective responses. In addition, the luminescent salamo-like naphthalene-based probe NSS can coordinate with Cu2+ ions, achieving great selectivity and sensitivity to identify Cu2+ ions with a detection limit of 0.84 ppb (13.2 nM) Probe NSS can detect Cu2+ ions in actual water samples such as tap water and yellow river water. The test strip loaded with probe NSS enabled quick and accurate detection of Cu2+ ions in water samples. Consequently, the versatile salamo-type probe NSS lays the foundation for developing high sensitivity and fast-response dual-mode pH meters as well as Cu2+ sensing.

Multiple-degree-of-freedom damping characteristics evaluation of dual halbach array eddy current damper for turbopump in cryogenic environment

Liquid hydrogen turbopumps are used in large high-performance rockets. Stable high-speed rotation is required for rocket turbopumps. The damping mechanism of the pump must suppress vibration not only in the radial direction but also in the axial direction. However, conventional damping elements using oil or rubber cannot be used due to the cryogenic temperature of liquid hydrogen. Therefore, the application of eddy current dampers to liquid hydrogen turbopumps is focused on in this paper. Although various structures of eddy current dampers have been developed, the multi-degree-of-freedom damping characteristics of dual Halbach array type eddy current dampers for liquid hydrogen turbopumps have not yet been investigated. The variation of damping characteristics with temperature has also not yet been verified. In this paper, we propose a novel dual Halbach array type eddy current damper for liquid hydrogen turbopumps. The proposed damper can generate high damping force and can be operated maintenance-free at the cryogenic temperature. The analysis results show that the damping characteristics strongly depend on temperature and that the amplitude reduction effect is greater at low temperatures. It was also found that the proposed damper has a higher damping force density than conventional dampers.

A dual fluorescent herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant reveals divergent outcomes of neuronal infection.

Critical stages of lytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication are marked by the sequential expression of immediate early (IE) to early (E), then late (L) viral genes. HSV-1 can also persist in neuronal cells via a non-replicative, transcriptionally repressed infection called latency. The regulation of lytic and latent transcriptional profiles is critical to HSV-1 pathogenesis and persistence. We sought a fluorescence-based approach to observe the outcome of neuronal HSV-1 infection at the single-cell level. To achieve this goal, we constructed and characterized a novel HSV-1 recombinant that enables discrimination between lytic and latent infection. The dual reporter HSV-1 encodes a human cytomegalovirus-immediate early (hCMV-IE) promoter-driven enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) to visualize the establishment of infection and an endogenous mCherry-VP26 fusion to report lytic replication. We confirmed that viral gene expression, replication, and spread of infection are not altered by the incorporation of the fluorescent reporters, and fluorescent protein (FP) detection virtuously reports the progression of lytic replication. We demonstrate that the outcome of HSV-1 infection of compartmentalized primary neurons is determined by viral inoculating dose: high-dose axonal inoculation proceeds to lytic replication, whereas low-dose axonal inoculation establishes a latent HSV-1 infection. Interfering with low-dose axonal inoculation via small molecule drugs reports divergent phenotypes of eYFP and mCherry reporter detection, correlating with altered states of viral gene expression. We report that the transcriptional state of neuronal HSV-1 infection is variable in response to changes in the intracellular neuronal environment.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects approximately 67% of the global human population. HSV-1 invades the peripheral nervous system, where latent HSV-1 infection persists within the host for life. Immunological evasion, viral persistence, and herpetic pathologies are determined by the regulation of HSV-1 gene expression. Studying HSV-1 gene expression during neuronal infection is challenging but essential for the development of antiviral therapeutics and interventions. We used a recombinant HSV-1 to evaluate viral gene expression during infection of primary neurons. Manipulation of cell signaling pathways impacts the establishment and transcriptional state of HSV-1 latency in neurons. The work here provides critical insight into the cellular and viral factors contributing to the establishment of latent HSV-1 infection.

Biological characteristics of Cordyceps militaris single mating-type strains.

Cordyceps militaris has been extensively cultivated as a model cordyceps species for commercial purposes. Nevertheless, the problems related to strain degeneration and breeding technologies remain unresolved. This study assessed the physiology and fertility traits of six C. militaris strains with distinct origins and characteristics, focusing on single mating-type strains. The results demonstrated that the three identified strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) were single mating-type possessing only one mating-type gene (MAT1-1). In contrast, the other three strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05) were the dual mating type. The MAT1-1 strains sourced from CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02 consistently produced sporocarps but failed to generate ascospores. However, when paired with MAT1-2 strains, the MAT1-1 strains with slender fruiting bodies and normal morphology were fertile. The hyphal growth rate of single mating-type strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) typically surpassed that of dual mating-type strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05). The growth rates of MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 strains were proportional to their ratios, such that a single mating-type strain with a higher ratio exhibited an increased growth rate. As C. militaris matured, the adenosine content decreased. In summary, the C. militaris strains that consistently produce sporocarps and have a single mating type are highly promising for production and breeding.