Dual Transmission Line Research Articles

Dual-Band Power Amplifier With Bandwidth Extension Based on Broadband Harmonic Control Part Dual Transmission Line

This paper presents a dual-band (DB) high-efficiency power amplifier (PA) with extended bandwidth. A novel output matching network (OMN) that integrates harmonic control into DB fundamental matching design is proposed. Bandwidth of the DB PA can be efficiently extended by the OMN presented since it can offer DB broadband harmonic control while maintaining the input impedance at DB fundamentals. By precise control of the characteristic impedance on the part dual transmission line (part-DTL) and the double shunt stub (DSS), these two structures are made equivalent to the series and parallel transmission line (TL) performance at DB fundamentals. Additionally, the part-DTL modulates the input impedance in broadband near DB harmonics to pure reactive, and the DSS optimizes the imaginary part of the input impedance at DB harmonics. For validation, a DB PA is designed and fabricated with a Cree CGH40010F GaN transistor. The fabricated DB PA features the saturated output power of 42.4 dBm and 41.7 dBm with the power-added efficiency of 73.5% and 68.4% at 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz, respectively. Specially, the bandwidth of the DB PA is extended to over 300 MHz and 200 MHz.

Principal Component Analysis for Inter Circuit Fault Location in Dual Circuit Transmission Line

Principal Component Analysis for Inter Circuit Fault Location in Dual Circuit Transmission Line

Efficient single and broadband microwave rectifiers for RFEH/WPT enabled low power 5G sub-6 GHz devices

In recent years, the enormous innovation in the wireless system has escalated the demands of fifth-Generation (5G) enabled RF Energy Harvesting (RFEH) and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems. With this motivation, the proposed work introduces two efficient rectifier configurations for potential implementation in both RFEH and WPT systems covering global Sub-6 GHz 5G bands. The Design-1 presents a single-band rectifier covering 3.3–3.7 GHz sub-6 GHz 5G band. A dual Transmission Line (TL) based Matching Network (MN) is used to improve the rectifier performance. At 0 dBm, Design-1 achieved maximum Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 76 % at 3.5 GHz and 4kΩ load. The Design-2 presents a 3.3–5 GHz broadband rectifier circuit that covers the entire sub-6 GHz 5G bands. A MN based on multi-stepped TL is used to improve the rectifier performance for the broad frequency band and achieved a PCE greater than 35 % and 50 % at 0 and 9 dBm, respectively at a load value of 1kΩ. For validation, prototypes of both rectifiers are fabricated and a very good agreement between simulated and measured results is achieved. The proposed rectifier configurations hold immense potential for implementation across nations and offer a global solution to self-sustainable low-powered 5G battery-less devices.

A miniaturized dual-band bandpass filter with sharp roll-off rate using coupled lines and dual transmission lines

This paper presents a compact, high roll-off rate second-order dual-band bandpass filter with seven transmission zeros. The proposed filter design constructs of dual transmission lines, coupled lines, stepped impedance open stubs, and quarter-wavelength transmission lines. The proposed filter has a size of 0.31λg × 0.24λg and is printed on RT/duroid 5880 substrate to operate at two different frequencies (1.16 GHz and 2.71 GHz). The proposed filter is fabricated and measured, and good input matching is obtained at desired frequencies. Excellent isolation is achieved between two passbands due to the stopband effect created by the dual transmission lines. The simulated and tested frequency responses are in high agreement with each other.

Analytical solution of piggyback stacked dual transmission line model as an equivalent circuit of electrode for solid-electrolyte lithium ion secondary batteries

Analytical solution of piggyback stacked dual transmission line model as an equivalent circuit of electrode for solid-electrolyte lithium ion secondary batteries

Localization Properties of Non-Periodic Electrical Transmission Lines

The properties of localization of the I ω electric current function in non-periodic electrical transmission lines have been intensively studied in the last decade. The electric components have been distributed in several forms: (a) aperiodic, including self-similar sequences (Fibonacci and m-tuplingtupling Thue–Morse), (b) incommensurate sequences (Aubry–André and Soukoulis–Economou), and (c) long-range correlated sequences (binary discrete and continuous). The localization properties of the transmission lines were measured using typical diagnostic tools of quantum mechanics like normalized localization length, transmission coefficient, average overlap amplitude, etc. As a result, it has been shown that the localization properties of the classic electric transmission lines are similar to the one-dimensional tight-binding quantum model, but also features some differences. Hence, it is worthwhile to continue investigating disordered transmission lines. To explore new localization behaviors, we are now studying two different problems, namely the model of interacting hanging cells (consisting of a finite number of dual or direct cells hanging in random positions in the transmission line), and the parity-time symmetry problem ( PT -symmetry), where resistances R n are distributed according to gain-loss sequence ( R 2 n = + R , R 2 n − 1 = − R ). This review presents some of the most important results on the localization behavior of the I ω electric current function, in dual, direct, and mixed classic transmission lines, when the electrical components are distributed non-periodically.

Dual arm electrical transmission line robot: motion through straight and jumper cable

ABSTRACTGround-based high voltage electrical line inspection is one of the difficult and highly dangerous job as far as a manual worker is concerned. The transmission line inspection by robots avoids temporary interruption of power supply that affects the end user and transmission grid. Also, robot-based inspection reduces maintenance cost and hazards. The electrical line inspection is normally carried out using binoculars and rarely by helicopters in most of the countries because of the low cost. Wire traversing or aerial robots are being used in Japan, Canada, USA and Russia for inspecting and monitoring faults in transmission lines and towers. However, most of these robots require a lot of human effort for installation due to its weight and complex design. Cost of these robots is also very high. This paper presents the mechanical design, fabrication and testing of a novel, low cost, light weight and compact power transmission line inspection robot. This work also includes kinematic, static and dynamic analysis of various subsystems of robot. Proposed robot is capable of traversing on straight transmission line and jumper cables present in tension towers. The robot has 10 DoF dual arm for crossing operation and a base system to achieve the locomotion.

High-Q sensor for permittivity detection based on spiral resonator

A high-quality factor microwave planar sensor with microfluidic channels for permittivity detection is proposed in this paper. The sensor is based on microstrip technology, and uses spiral subwavelength resonators to couple with the sample flowing in the microfluidic channel upon the sensor. Then the frequency shift and notch depth of the transmission response are related to the difference in complex permittivities between samples through a mathematic model, which will be used to extract the complex permittivities of samples afterwards. The sensor is designed with dual transmission lines to achieve better robustness and real-time measurement. After the simulation of samples in microfluidic channels, it turns out that the sensor is capable to distinguish samples whose permittivity has a difference of more than 2.56%. The quality factor of the sensor is 218 with empty load. It is validated to effectively distinguish mixture of water and air as well as water and ethanol with different fraction, which can be as low as 5%. The extracted permittivity is compared with theoretical value, which shows a good consistency.

Design of Miniaturized 10dB Wideband Branch Line Coupler Using Dual and T-Shape Transmission Lines

Design of Miniaturized 10dB Wideband Branch Line Coupler Using Dual and T-Shape Transmission Lines

Design of inverse Class‐F power amplifier based on dual transmission line with 87.4% drain efficiency

AbstractIn this paper, an inverse Class‐F power amplifier (PA) based on dual transmission line (DTL) is presented. The output matching network (OMN) with DTL has a simple and compact circuit topology compared with other harmonic‐tuned OMNs with open/short shunt stubs and provides up to 6th harmonic suppression. In addition, the DTL structure is equivalent to a quarter wavelength transformer for fundamental matching. A GaN HEMT is adopted to achieve high output power and high drain efficiency in the proposed inverse Class‐F PA. Finally, a 2.4 GHz inverse Class‐F PA is designed and fabricated. The experimental results show the highest drain efficiency of 87.4% in the operating frequency with the corresponding output power of 44.5 dBm, and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of −50.8/‐51.6 dBc with digital predistortion technique (DPD) at 2.4 GHz.

Miniaturised Wilkinson power divider with wide‐stopband using synthetic transmission line

A wide-stopband Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is proposed, which can be realised by using open dual-transmission line (TL) stub and L-type artificial lowpass TL structures. To further achieve miniaturisation, synthetic TLs are also employed. The simulated and measured results are consistent, and the measured |S 21| and |S 31| (insertion losses) have shown stop-bandwidth of larger than 18.33 GHz (1.67–20 GHz) and 18.28 GHz (1.72–20 GHz), respectively, under the condition of 30 dB harmonic suppression level. The wide-stopband of the WPD can cover 2fo –22.2fo (fo = 0.9 GHz), and the occupied area of the WPD (not include the feeding network) is only 0.11λ g × 0.06λ g (λ g: guided wavelength at fo ).

Propagation of Degenerate Band-Edge Modes Using Dual Nonidentical Coupled Transmission Lines

We present a novel propagation medium using a pair of non-identical coupled transmission lines. The medium is referred to as `butterfly' structure and is composed of four coupled transmission lines. These four coupled transmission lines generate higher-order dispersion modes by coupling the modes supported on each of the transmission lines. When these transmission line pairs are placed inside a circular waveguide, they support a strong TM01-like Degenerate Band Edge mode. This property can be used to enhance coupling of the electron beams to RF waves for high-power Traveling Wave Tubes. In this paper, we present the slow wave characteristics and Degenerate Band Edge mode formation using the coupled pair of transmission lines.

Comments on “Compact Dual-Band Branch-Line Coupler With Dual Transmission Lines”

The synthesis and design method for the dual-band, dual transmission line branch-line coupler in [1] involves equivalent circuit transformations that are single-banded in nature and not suitable for the dual-band operations. The proposed equivalent dual transmission line transform has been applied only in the middle of the dual-band operation frequencies and its validity has not been confirmed at the two band frequencies. As the result, the proposed circuit equivalence can be quite poor and the coupler design in [1] based on it can be quite erroneous at the dual-band operation frequencies.

Miniaturized dual-band coupler using three-branch-line structure and dual transmission lines

Miniaturized dual-band coupler using three-branch-line structure and dual transmission lines

The effect of non-linear capacitances in the localization properties of aperiodic dual electric transmission lines

This study investigates the localization properties of dual electric transmission lines with non-linear capacitances. The VC,n voltage across each capacitor is selected as a non-linear function of the electric charge qn, i.e., VC,n = qn(1/Cn -en|qn|2) where Cn is the linear part of the capacitance and en the amplitude of the non-linear term. We follow a binary distribution of values of en, according to the Thue-Morse m-tupling sequence. The localization behavior of this non-linear case indicates that the case m = 2 does not belong to the m ≥ 3, family because when m changes from m = 2 to m = 3, the number of extended states diminishes dramatically. This proves the topological difference of the m = 2 and m = 3 families. However, by increasing m values, localization behavior of the m-tupling family resembles that of the m = 2, case because the system begins to regain its extended states. The exact same result was obtained recently in the study of linear direct transmission lines with m-tupling distribution of inductances. Consequently, we state that the localization behavior of the m-tupling family as a function of the m value is independent of both the linear and the non-linear system under study, but independent of the kind of transmission line (dual or direct). This is curious behavior of the m-tupling family and thus deserves more scholarly attention.

Using of Scattering Bond Graph Methodology for a Physical Characteristics Analysis of “D-CRLH” Transmission Line

In this paper, we propose to analyze the physical characteristics of a planar dual-composite right-left handed transmission line by a common application of Bond Graph approach and Scattering formalism (Methodology S.BG). The technique, we propose consists, on the one hand, of modeling of a dual composite right-left metamaterial transmission line (D-CRLH-TL) by Bond Graph approach, and, it consists of extracting the equivalent circuit of this studied structure. On the other hand, it consists to exploiting the scattering parameters (Scattering matrix) of the DCRLH-TL using the methodology which we previously developed since 2009. Finally, the validation of the proposed and used technique is carried out by comparisons between the simulations results with ADS and Maple (or MatLab).

Compact Dual-Band Branch-Line Coupler With Dual Transmission Lines

This letter presents a dual-band branch-line coupler with compact size and planar structure. The $\pi$ -shaped dual transmission lines structure is used to realize 90 $^{\circ}$ phase shift at two arbitrary frequencies. Explicit design equations are derived using the ABCD and admittance matrices. For verification, a prototype is designed, fabricated, and tested. The coupler has a compact size with 76% size reduction compared with the conventional circuit at the first band. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

Miniaturised wideband bandpass filter based on harmonic suppressed dual transmission lines

A novel miniaturised wideband bandpass filter (BPF) based on harmonic suppressed dual transmission lines (DTLs) is introduced with enhanced upper stopband rejection and passaband selectivity. The transmission and harmonic suppression characteristics of series and parallel connected DTLs are analysed adopting even–odd mode method. To verify the proposed structure, a high selective wideband BPF centred at 1.86 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 93.5% is designed and fabricated. The upper stopband is extended up to 8.8 GHz (4.7f 0) with the suppression level of above 35 dB. Furthermore, a size reduction of 30% can be achieved in proposed BPF, compared with conventional wideband BPF based on quarter-wavelength transmission lines.

Miniaturization of Bagely Polygon Power Divider using Dual Transmission Line Technique

In this paper, the technique of dual transmission lines is applied to the quarter wavelength arms of the Bagley Polygon Power Divider and the overall size of the power divider is considerably reduced. The ( λ/4) arm line between the 1st port and the 2nd and 3rd port is replaced by a dual arm with lengths ( λ/6) and ( λ/3) each and the ( λ/2) arm between the 4th port and the 2nd and 3rd port is replaced by a length of ( λ/12). The proposed design is simulated in ADS and the return loss performance is found to be greater than 18dB and the power division between the output ports is equal and approximates to the ideal value. A size 38.5% is achieved.

Dual-transmission line modeling of electrochemical processes in polyaniline-cellulose ester composite porous membranes.

The charge transport processes in polyaniline (PANI) composite porous membranes have been elaborated in this study using dual-transmission line impedance model conventionally used for macroscopically homogeneous (nanoporous) membranes. Mixed cellulose ester (ME)-PANI porous membranes were prepared using various in situ chemical polymerization techniques including solution- and vapor-phase polymerizations, and two-compartment cell diaphragmatic polymerization. Each technique yielded different PANI deposition site and content in the membranes. As a result, the modeling of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data yielded different model parameters that have been correlated with the PANI content and deposition site (i.e., surface layering versus in-bulk deposition) in the membranes. The modeling results showed that PANI deposition enhanced charge transport by shifting the interfacial transfer mechanism at pore walls from simple double layer charging to the charge transfer involving oxidation of PANI molecular chains deposited at the pore walls of the composite membranes. In addition, in-bulk PANI deposition in the membranes by means of two-compartment cell polymerization showed several orders of magnitude faster charge transport as compared to the membranes where PANI deposited only at the surface. This study shows that pore-controlled diffusion in PANI composite porous membranes can be satisfactorily modeled using dual-transmission line model and correlated with PANI deposition site in the membranes.