Dual-tone Multifrequency Research Articles

MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL ROBOTIC VEHICLE – AGRIBOT

This research paper introduces an advanced autonomous vehicle designed as a powerful agricultural tool with a significant capacity for soil management. This multifunctional system revolutionizes farming by integrating planting, plowing, watering, and trimming operations, significantly reducing labor and enhancing productivity. The vehicle autonomously cultivates farmland by adhering to specified rows and columns at predetermined distances tailored to the crop type. An Android smartphone facilitates remote operation via Bluetooth, interfacing with a microcontroller that manages the system's calculations, processing, and monitoring. The primary motivation behind developing this robot was to simplify farming tasks for future farmers. Given the current advancements in robotics and large-scale agriculture, this study leverages both technologies. The control of the robot is achieved using the Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) method, enabling robust and long-distance communication through a mobile phone. This allows farmers to efficiently manage their agricultural activities remotely, eliminating the need for physical presence in the field. Index Terms- Agriculture, Sensors, Automation, versatility, suitability, data monitoring.

Indoor positioning systems based on visible light communication

Indoor positioning systems (IPS) are crucial in the ever-expanding landscape of wireless communication systems. These systems can generally be classified into four categories based on the underlying positioning technologies. One of them is based on visible light technology using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In this paper, we first present a simple transmission model from the sender to the receiver in a visible light system. Subsequently, we construct a higher-precision, cost-effective model based on the technology proposed by Epsilon. Next, we introduce the most commonly used fingerprint recognition method and triangulation method in visible light indoor positioning. Traditional fingerprint recognition methods have issues such as significant errors. Recent studies have proposed various improvements based on different problems. To address the problem of high position errors, new research introduces an accurate Visible Light Positioning (VLP) method based on location fingerprinting and meta-heuristic. The method presented in this paper addresses the issue of position errors being affected in special cases. A typical IPS is an indoor positioning system utilizing dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The system design involves arranging LED lamps in a rectangular grid shape and using a basic positioning unit. The research discussed in this paper also explores the calculation of channel gains and simulation results of positioning errors. In the proposed positioning system, the coarse position is obtained through the ID acquisition process. When the mobile unit receives one or more LED signals, the ID acquisition process is used to obtain the nearest LEDs ID based on the highest Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). Simulation results indicate an average positioning error of 18 millimeters at a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 10 dB. Through the results of our research, we conclude that the wide applicability of VLC technology makes it a cornerstone in many fields. In our daily lives, optical communication positioning technology continues to improve, promising broader applications in the future.

DTMF Based Water Distribution System

Abstract: The circuit is executed here with DTMF recurrence (dual-tone multi-frequency). DTMF recurrence is accessible on versatile phones and landline phones too. The circuit is put into a control zone. The circuit computerization can be controlled without clearing out your position, as it were, by interfacing a call to the collector circuit and dialing numbers like 1 to 9. DTMF is obtained, and the individual will naturally turn on or off the valve. This circuit employs DTMF to double decode; this circuit's yield is 4-bit twofold. Given to the microcontroller, the microcontroller peruses the input and turns the valve on with the MOSFET driver. Too buzzer beep to inform the DTMF flag gotten and valve is ON/OFF. It appears on the LCD display. The system utilized a DTMF decoder, microcontroller, LCD display, MOSFET, and valves

Spoofing Against Spoofing: Toward Caller ID Verification in Heterogeneous Telecommunication Systems

Caller ID spoofing is a global industry problem and often acts as a critical enabler for telephone fraud. To address this problem, the Federal Communications Commission has mandated telecom providers in the U.S. to implement STIR/SHAKEN, an industry-driven solution based on digital signatures. STIR/SHAKEN relies on a public key infrastructure (PKI) to manage digital certificates, but scaling up this PKI for the global telecom industry is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, it only works with IP-based systems (e.g., SIP), leaving the traditional non-IP systems (e.g., SS7) unprotected. So far the alternatives to the STIR/SHAKEN have not been sufficiently studied. In this article, we propose a PKI-free solution, called Caller ID Verification (CIV). CIV authenticates the caller ID based on a challenge-response process instead of digital signatures, hence requiring no PKI. It supports both IP and non-IP systems. Perhaps counter-intuitively, we show that number spoofing can be leveraged, in conjunction with Dual-tone Multi-frequency, to efficiently implement the challenge-response process, i.e., using spoofing to fight against spoofing. We implement CIV for Voice over Internet Protocol, cellular, and landline phones across heterogeneous networks (SS7/SIP) by only updating the software on the user’s phone. This is the first caller ID authentication solution with working prototypes for all three types of telephone systems in the current telecom architecture. Finally, we show how the implementation of CIV can be optimized by integrating it into telecom clouds as a service, which users may subscribe to.

IOT-Based Smart Irrigation System using DTMF and 8051 MCU

Abstract: In almost every facet of agriculture and gardening, irrigation is the cornerstone activity, with the regular watering of plants and crops paramount to their growth and well-being. However, this essential task often proves burdensome for individuals preoccupied with daily commitments. For farmers, the significance of water supply is further emphasized, as rainwater assumes a critical role in sustaining their crops. While relying on the unpredictability of monsoon rains, canals, and groundwater resources, farmers face the challenges of ensuring a consistent and appropriate water supply, as each crop type necessitates distinct watering regimens. Any insufficiency in providing water to crops can lead to devastating consequences, resulting in the potential destruction of crops and plants. Addressing these challenges and aiming to revolutionize irrigation practices, this paper proposes an IOT-based Smart Irrigation System using DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) and 8051 MCU (Microcontroller Unit) as an innovative and transformative solution. This cutting-edge system combines the power of DTMF technology with the versatility of the 8051 microcontrollers, enabling remote control and monitoring of the irrigation process. By leveraging the interactive capabilities of mobile or landline phones, the system allows users, including farmers and gardeners, to conveniently manage irrigation operations from a distance, reducing the need for constant physical presence. This intelligent irrigation system exhibits applicability in automating the irrigation processes of various settings, including gardens, nurseries, and greenhouses. By carefully regulating the water supply to plants based on specific predefined conditions, the system ensures the provision of an optimal and essential amount of water. As a result, the system achieves energy conservation while effectively mitigating any potential water scarcity issues.

Smart Phone Operated Multipurpose Agricultural Robot

This robotic vehicle is an agricultural machine of a considerable power and great soil clearing capacity. This multipurpose system gives an advance method to sow, POW, water and cut the crops with minimum man power and labour making it an efficient vehicle. The machine will cultivate the farm by considering particular rows and specific column at fixed distance depending on crop. Moreover the vehicle can be controlled through Bluetooth medium using a Android smart phone. The whole process calculation, processing, monitoring are designed with motors & components interfaced with microcontroller. The primary goal in creating this robot was to simply make farming easier for farmers in the future. The fields of robotics and large-scale agriculture have seen several significant breakthroughs in the current situation. Both technologies are used in this essay. The DTMF approach was employed in this study (Dual Tone Multi Frequency). A cell phone is used to manage our robot, allowing us to make it converse widely and across great distances. This will enable the farmer to easily manage his agricultural tasks from a distance without having to enter the field

Remote Vehicle Control through Cell Phone Using DTMF

Abstract: The aim of the proposed project is to use a mobile phone to drive a car. The project necessitates the use of two mobile phones, one to control the robot and the other to deliver DTMF signals to the robot vehicle. The commands are received by a DTMF decoder connected to an 8051 microcontroller, which then controls the vehicle movement with the help of a motor driver. Thus, with the motor driver IC, two DC motors enable vehicle movement based on commands supplied from the phone. The power source is a battery. New technologies can be implemented using a robotic vehicle. The Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) system is utilised to control the robot. In everyday life, DTMF technology can be valuable. To this generation, DTMF technology is unrivalled. The science of Digital Signal Processing underpins DTMF technology. Previously, a Radio Frequency circuit was employed for wireless control, but it had a significant disadvantage in terms of range. As a result, it restricts control and has a negative impact on the vehicle's performance. DTMF, on the other hand, transforms this deprivation of the Radio Frequency circuit into domination. It gives you a wider range of options for working and produces better results. The phone in the microcontroller is used to operate and maintain this system. The remote handling operation of a robot using Dual Tone Multi Frequency is referred to as wireless communication. Keywords: Dual Tone Multi Frequency, Voltage Regulator, Microcontroller, Cell phone, Motor Driver, DC Motor

DTMF Controlled Robot Using Arduino

Abstract: In this paper, we will control the Robotic car using the Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) technology. DTMF technology is useful technique in the present days. It works on the methods digital signal processing. Wireless control robots will use RF circuit that has many drawbacks like limited working range and limited control. This DTMF will have advantage over the RF; it will increases the range of working and also gives the good results in case of motion and direction of robot using the mobile phone through a micro controller. This type of wireless communication gives an remote handling operation of Robot using the DTMF. An robot is a electro-mechanical machine which has been guided by the computer, Mobile phone or programming, and is able to do the tasks by its own. The Robot Institute of America had defined A robot is an reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator -designed to move material parts, tools , specialized device through a variable programmed motions for an performance of many variety of tasks. Conventionally, wireless controlled robots will uses the RF circuits, which has the drawbacks of limited working of range & frequency range, use of mobile phones can be overcomed by this limitation. Keywords: DTMF, arduino, motor driver, mobile phone.

Remote-control of multi appliances based latching circuit and DTMF

There are multiple technologies used to remotely control electric appliances like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, global system for mobile (GSM), and dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF), but these technologies contain limitations, whether by coverage distance or by the number of devices that are controlled remotely. In this paper, these restrictions were overcome with the use of DTMF and digital latching devices, which doubles the number of remote-controlled electrical appliances compared to other research using the same intended technology DTMF. Using the proposed mechanism in this paper enables the users to effectively control several electric remote devices equal to the standard number of mobile keypad buttons, so in this way, can control 12 devices. This is via the mobile phone by sending commands in the form of analog tones through calling to auto-answer remote control panel phone (RCPP). An interesting feature of this research, each keypad key of the owner mobile (OM) using to control one remote electric device to switch it ON or OFF, so that the first pressing will cause to switch it ON and the second pressing caused to switching it OFF. This method is used instead of using two keypad keys, one for ON and the other for OFF. The proposed idea working is the same as manually switching but here remotely and electronically. This feature is achieved by using a D-latch digital circuit. The work is implemented and tested by using Proteus simulation program.

Remote-control of multi appliances based latching circuit and DTMF

There are multiple technologies used to remotely control electric appliances like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, global system for mobile (GSM), and dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF), but these technologies contain limitations, whether by coverage distance or by the number of devices that are controlled remotely. In this paper, these restrictions were overcome with the use of DTMF and digital latching devices, which doubles the number of remote-controlled electrical appliances compared to other research using the same intended technology DTMF. Using the proposed mechanism in this paper enables the users to effectively control several electric remote devices equal to the standard number of mobile keypad buttons, so in this way, can control 12 devices. This is via the mobile phone by sending commands in the form of analog tones through calling to auto-answer remote control panel phone (RCPP). An interesting feature of this research, each keypad key of the owner mobile (OM) using to control one remote electric device to switch it ON or OFF, so that the first pressing will cause to switch it ON and the second pressing caused to switching it OFF. This method is used instead of using two keypad keys, one for ON and the other for OFF. The proposed idea working is the same as manually switching but here remotely and electronically. This feature is achieved by using a D-latch digital circuit. The work is implemented and tested by using Proteus simulation program.

DTMF-based load control system

The aim of this paper is to create a remote-controlled home automation system using a mobile phone. One of the newest trends in home appliance control is home automation. Traditional wall switches are located throughout the home and must be physically pressed to turn ON or OFF loads. It is extremely difficult for the elderly or disabled. This technology is designed to enable mobile phone users to control home appliances by dialing a specific number. The advantage of the Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) system is that it can be controlled remotely from a distance, which reduces the burden on a person. Two mobile phones make up a DTMF based system, one phone serves as a remote control and the other as a receiver. Unlike conventional infrared and Radio Frequency (RF) controllers, it may be used to switch devices from anywhere. The device has an MT8870 DTMF decoder, which decodes DTMF tones. This proposed system gives a new direction to the development of home automation.

Design of Home Automation System using Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Technique

With the growth of modern wireless technology and the advancement in the field of automation, a cost-effective home automation system to operate remotely located electrical appliances has been designed. The several technologies to design an automation system are identified and studied in the literature. Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology has been identified to develop an automation system that can depict the picture of automation. The technology is identified to help elderly or physically challenged individuals to control the home appliances remotely. Thus, the DTMF automation technology has been implemented in a system. The study also focuses on saving energy by remotely switching the appliances on the state or off state as required. Android-based applications (Apps) has been implemented for simplicity. The app provides a convenient way to switch the appliances and lights on and off as required. This data from the app is further decoded and stored in the flip-flop and is used to trigger the relay through relay drivers. Based on the signal or the touch tones, the appliances are controlled. The system thus designed provides a wide range of coverage as it can be controlled remotely from any corner of the world with the availability of a GSM network.

RoV: receiving files from voice calls using dual-tone multi-frequency method

RoV: receiving files from voice calls using dual-tone multi-frequency method

Kendali Radio Repeater Komunikasi Dua Meter Band Menggunakan Sistem Telekontrol Dual Tone Multi-Frequency

Repeater strongly supports the use of radio communication equipment for communication. The location of the repeater is usually at a high altitude so that the repeater's radio wave beam is not blocked by anything. The repeater arrangement is done by going directly to the repeater location so it is very inefficient from the time and accommodation factor. Therefore, a study was conducted to control the radio repeater settings remotely in order to reduce the accommodation of repeater control by visiting the radio repeater location. Control of radio repeater settings uses DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) technology which sends DTMF signals and then converts them to binary data to be processed into data that is used for repeater control such as turning on and off the radio, setting high and low power, and adjusting channels on the repeater. the radio repeater. This system is also equipped with sending notifications in the form of SMS of the repeater operational conditions or settings. The research resulted in a remote control system based on DTMF technology equipped with a GSM/GPRS SIM800L module which is used to connect a smartphone to the system and send repeater operational notifications after controlling the repeater setting function. By using Telkomsel provider, the resulting delay when sending orders is 0.5 seconds and the delay in receiving SMS notifications is 12.96 seconds. Meanwhile, using Indosat provider, the resulting delay when sending commands is 0.43 seconds and the delay in receiving SMS notifications is 10.57 seconds.

Applications and Recent Development of DTMF Based Technology in Home Automation

Recent technological advancements have made things in an efficient manner. This paper presents the overall design of Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling with little cost and establishes a new pattern for home automation developments. The benefits of a DTMF system is that it may be controlled remotely from afar, effectively saves energy, minimizes human stress. One of the most developing trends in home appliance control innovation is DTMF-based home automation technology using Arduino. In order to make this project work, an Arduino Uno was used. This is primarily about the ATmega328 microcontroller (MCU). It comprises of 14 digital output/input pins, analogue inputs of about 6 ports, a USB port for programming the onboard microcontroller, an ICSP header, a power jack, and a reset button. DTMF can be realized using numerous approaches for example, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). These techniques are generally analyzed using MATLAB, GUI, and FPGAs. DFT procedure has the shortcoming of power overwhelming and necessitates supplementary hardware. The system design in this project work was implemented with C++ programming languages on the Arduino IDE software. The circuit diagrams were modeled using the use of Proteus software.

Robust dual-tone multi-frequency tone detection using k-nearest neighbour classifier for a noisy environment

Purpose Due to the continuous and rapid evolution of telecommunication equipment, the demand for more efficient and noise-robust detection of dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals is most significant. Design/methodology/approach A novel machine learning-based approach to detect DTMF tones affected by noise, frequency and time variations by employing the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm is proposed. The features required for training the proposed KNN classifier are extracted using Goertzel's algorithm that estimates the absolute discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficient values for the fundamental DTMF frequencies with or without considering their second harmonic frequencies. The proposed KNN classifier model is configured in four different manners which differ in being trained with or without augmented data, as well as, with or without the inclusion of second harmonic frequency DFT coefficient values as features. Findings It is found that the model which is trained using the augmented data set and additionally includes the absolute DFT values of the second harmonic frequency values for the eight fundamental DTMF frequencies as the features, achieved the best performance with a macro classification F1 score of 0.980835, a five-fold stratified cross-validation accuracy of 98.47% and test data set detection accuracy of 98.1053%. Originality/value The generated DTMF signal has been classified and detected using the proposed KNN classifier which utilizes the DFT coefficient along with second harmonic frequencies for better classification. Additionally, the proposed KNN classifier has been compared with existing models to ascertain its superiority and proclaim its state-of-the-art performance.

Robotic car controlled by voice

Robot reduces the efforts being put by humans in their day to day works. This paper is about to develop voice-controlled robotic car. This robotic vehicle helps to control robot through voice commands which is being received via android application. In the receiver part there would be a Bluetooth transceiver module which will receive the commands and will pass it on to the robotic car through Arduino. The robotic car will move in all directions according to voice commands given by the user. After processing the speech into text it will convert into text which will led to the necessary motion instructions are given to mobile platform via RF link. Ultrasonic sensors interfaced with Arduino will help in automatic slowdown whenever it sees an obstacle. In future technology this technique may prove to be a milestone in vehicle and for long distance range, Dual tone Multi Frequency (DTMF).

Wireless control system for spy devices based dual tone multi frequency technology

Obtaining information is one of the most important requirements for intelligence works, spy surveillance cameras and listening devices are among the important means for this. One problem of using these means is a mechanism of controlling them to sustain their work efficiently for the perpetuating of achieving the purpose of their installation. In this research, the problem of controlling these devices has been overcome, by designing asystem dependent on the dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) and global system for mobile(GSM) networks. In the proposed work, designing and implementing a system to remotely and wirelessly control of the movement of spy cameras in all directions as well as the ability to control the on/off listing audio device anytime and anywhere. The proposed mechanism is implementedby dividing the work into nine modes, with each one performing one specificfunction. These work modes are used to control all system activities such as control the horizontal directional motor (HDM) to change the spy camera in different horizontal directions, control the vertical directional motor (VDM) to change the camera in vertical directions and control the working status of the listening device.

Efficient Dual-tone Multi-frequency Signal Detection using a KNN Classifier

The requirement for an efficient method for noise-robust detection of Dual-tone Multi-frequency (DTMF) signals keeping in mind the continuous evolution of telecommunication equipment is conspicuous. A machine learning based approach has been proposed in this research article to detect DTMF tones under the influence of various noises and frequency variations by employing the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Algorithm. In order to meet accurate classification/detection requirements for various real-world requirements, a total of four KNN models have been created and compared, and the best one proposed for real-time deployment. Two datasets have been amassed, a clean dataset without noise and a noisy augmented dataset with perturbations that are observed in telecommunication channels such as additive white gaussian noise (AWGN), amplitude attenuation, time shift/stretch etc. Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and Goertzel’s Algorithm (used to estimate the absolute Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) values for the fundamental DTMF frequencies) are employed to calculate features to be fed to the KNN models. The four models differ in being trained with and without the augmented data using the two aforementioned feature extraction algorithms, namely MFCCs calculation and the Goertzel’s algorithm. The proposed models have been verified and validated with unseen noisy testing data and it was found that the proposed KNN model D outperformed all the other models with a macro recall, precision and F1 classification score of 97.7, 97.70625 and 97.70046 respectively. The proposed model is also computationally inexpensive and showcases relatively low computing time and complexity.

Design and development of an electronic card of radio control for adapt it to a system of irrigation conventional with activation of radio frequency

A radio control card was designed and developed to adapt to a conventional irrigation system with radio frequency activation for the State of Puebla, Mexico. In the design of the double-layer printed circuit board, the modules of decode of dual tone multi frequency and two of record and playing of audio were employed. The control functions were carried out with a microcontroller, the power stage was adapted using two triodes of alternating current to activate two contactors, in addition, three relays were placed; the first has the function of regulating the temperature, the second activates the radio transmitter and the third turns on the lighting in the cabinet, temperature control is carried out through a sensor. An electronic radio control card was obtained with the ability to connect to a radio transmitter to activate and deactivate loads of high demand for electrical energy at a distance of 2 linear km, allowing to reduce the times in the irrigation system and to confirm the audio messages on the mobile radio, the card is low cost compared to the market and its operation is simple.