Dual Record Research Articles

Three-dimensional evaluation of the responses of two species of flies (Diptera) to an indoor light trap

Abstract We used the Photonic Fence Monitoring Device (PFMD) to evaluate orientation by Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to the Zevo Flying Insect Trap Model 3. The PFMD’s dual cameras record infrared light (IR) reflected from a wavelength-specific fabric; insects do not reflect IR at the same wavelength and are tracked in 3 dimensions as moving objects. The plug-in trap emits ultraviolet and blue light from behind an opaque shield; attracted insects enter the space between the shield and the wall and are trapped on a sticky cartridge facing the wall. An experiment (N = 10) with replicates of approximately 40, 1- to 7-day-old mixed-sex flies of each species was conducted in a 6.1 m3 arena. Prior to turning the trap on, the fly movement was not directed toward the trap on the back wall of the arena, regardless of whether the overhead light was on or off. When the overhead light was off, the mean first catch of both species occurred within 5 min after the trap was turned on, and 33.1% and 41.8% of M. domestica and C. vicina, respectively, were caught. House flies flew toward the trap, many approaching from below, while C. vicina apparently walked or flew outside the field of view of the PFMD until they appeared on the vertical reflective surface, and then walked toward the trap from all directions. Our results show that the Zevo Trap attracts and catches flies, and that the PFMD can be used to track flying and walking flies.

Новостной франкоязычный текст политической тематики со структурой «Пирамида» для моно- и двойного адресатов

The aim was to study and compare the structural components of political news texts with the Pyramid structure, targeting only children aged 8 to 12 (mono-addressee) and a mixed readership of children and teenagers aged 10 to 15 (dual-addressee). The material for this study was political news texts, selected by the method of continuous sampling from French-language magazines: “1jour1actu” and “GEO”. The analysis of the material showed that in the identified news texts the information can be presented according to the “Pyramid” structure. This structure of the news text is used more often for mono-addressing. According to the results of the study, news texts with the “Pyramid” structure for mono- and dual addressees record both common and different structural components, which together are aimed at holding the attention of young readers and influencing them. Only in news texts for mono-addressees was it noted that the “Intro” ends with phrases that set the reader up for an easy perception of the text content, and it is also followed by a “Key Paragraph” that once again mentions the news event and emphasizes its importance. In addition, news texts targeting only children aged 8 to 12 recorded a variation in the format of information presentation. It is noted that in such texts the information after the “Intro” can be given not as a printed text, but as a video clip, but with full preservation of the elements of the “Pyramid” structure.

The Virtual Platform for Indigenous Art: An Indigenous-led Digital Strategy

Over the past decade, a multitude of digital platforms engaging with Indigenous collections of ancestral belongings have been developed for the public in an effort to reconsider and reconceptualize notions of access and Indigenous ownership in virtual space. An initiative in partnership with the Onsite Gallery, the Virtual Platform for Indigenous Art (VPIA) is a newly developed resource that originates from Dr. Gerald McMaster’s Entangled Gaze Project at the Wapatah Centre for Indigenous Visual Knowledge, OCAD University in Toronto, Canada. VPIA is a strategic digital platform that brings together a specific dataset of Indigenous artworks and cultural belongings that portray European and Asian newcomers to Turtle Island, drawn from global museum collections. The platform’s innovative approach to collections is grounded in a dual record format, where visitors are invited to create a Community-Member profile and contribute knowledge and information to artwork pages that consist of a permanent institutional record and an evolving community-generated VPIA record. The VPIA is intended to bridge communities and institutions to facilitate digital contributions of novel ideas about the Turtle Island contact zone and the implications of the colonial period, from early contact through to the twentieth century.

Simultaneous growth releases and reductions among Populus alba as an indicator for floods in dry mountains (Morocco)

We studied the growth reaction of silver poplar trees (Populus alba) to a large flood in November 2014 in the semi-arid High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The flood resulted in half of the studied trees developing wider tree rings in 2015 and the other half developing narrower rings in 2015, next year after the flood. For 57.1% of trees which released growth in 2015, this was the most significant increase of ring width during their whole lives (in whole tree-ring chronologies), and for 23.8% of trees which reduced growth in 2015, this was the most significant decrease of ring width. Tree-ring reductions in next year after the 2014 flood resulted from environmental stress related to burying stems with alluvia deposited during the flood. Fresh sediments cut off air access from the root system, and for some of the sampled trees, this stress was strong enough to control their radial growth. Growth releases that follow the 2014 flood are a record of trees benefitting from a sudden supply of water, a rare opportunity in dry study area, where water is usually scarce. The study demonstrates that floods in high mountains of arid zone can cause dual, opposite growth reaction of affected trees. Such dual record is characteristic for environmental impulses, which exert stress on trees, but, at the same time, improve other conditions of tree growth. Environmental events that cause simultaneous positive and negative reactions among a population of trees, like studied flood, can easily be overlooked in chronologies based on average widths of tree rings each year. For trees affected during studied flood arithmetical mean of ring widths in 2015 is average and does not stand out from arithmetical means for other years. However, when analysed in detail, the year 2015 is significantly different from other years, as is demonstrated by high values of dispersion indicators (standard deviation and coefficient of variation) calculated for all sampled trees. This study demonstrates that following the standard procedure (developing tree-ring chronology from average ring widths) is not a reliable solution for reconstructions of environmental impulses which cause dual, opposite reaction among sampled trees. Even strong events of this type will not be emphasised in standard chronologies, which can lead to underestimating frequency and magnitude of processes and, in the case of floods, to underestimating hazard and risk.

Archaeointensity of nineteenth-century Scottish firebricks from a foundry in Melbourne, Australia: comparisons with field models and magnetic observatory data

Abstract An archaeomagnetic intensity study was conducted on nineteenth-century firebricks manufactured in Scotland and used in an iron foundry in Melbourne, Australia, between 1842 and 1864 CE. Archaeointensity results obtained from bricks with a single component of magnetization gave values of 61.45 ± 0.89 and 61.92 ± 6.84 μT. These values are in agreement with historical absolute intensity measurements taken at the Melbourne geomagnetic observatory between 1858 and 1863 CE (61.17 ± 0.078 μT) and with the gufm1 model based on mariners’ data. A high-temperature vector component, presumably acquired at the time of manufacture in Scotland, was isolated in certain firebricks and an archaeointensity of 48.3 ± 8.39 μT was obtained, which is consistent with the gufm1 model for Scotland at this time (48.79 μT). The dual archaeointensity record of the firebricks supports their geographical provenance, highlighting the potential for archaeointensity data to be used in archaeological artefact-sourcing studies, whilst anomalously high intensities recorded in one of the bricks highlight potential contamination issues from non-Earth magnetic fields in archaeometallurgical contexts. The new Melbourne archaeointensity data are the most precisely dated archaeomagnetic data produced so far for Australia.

Dual Archive Record System (DARS) for Increasing Evidence from School Accountability

The objective of the study was to develop a Dual Archive Record System (DARS) for increasing evidence from school accountability. Now, archive management in private schools at Indonesia was not effective because the archive process only uses a manual system or technology system. The impact of using this system is not accurate for supporting physical and legal evidence. Therefore, Dual Archive Record System (DARS) was developed to overcome these problems. The research approach uses research and development (R&D). The subject of this study is all of the private high school in Indonesia. The data were collected through observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaire. Then; the data were analyzed quantitatively; it was using a t-test on the paired data to know the difference of the actual and the new model. Besides that, analysis of data also uses qualitative approach through the data triangulation. The results showed that dual archive record system (DARS) can increase evidence of school accountability. Therefore; it was suggested for school to implement DAR for increasing evidence from school accountability because DARS has a significant contribution to evidence from school accountability.

Radicalism in the Margins: The Politics of Reading Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1920

AbstractThis article examines marginalia as a form of radical writing practice in the period immediately after the First World War. It focuses specifically on a densely annotated copy of the second part of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt's My Diaries, which covers on 1900–1914 and was published in 1920. The annotator, John Arthur Fallows (1864–1935), was a former Church of England clergyman and Independent Labour Party politician, and the article asks what motivated him to leave such an explicit record of his engagement with the book in its margins. Blunt recast his original diary entries to show how the outbreak of the First World War had arisen from the prewar imperialist policies of the Entente. Fallows, meanwhile, used his copy of My Diaries to inscribe a permanent record of his responses to Blunt's writing, which were shaped by his own memories of prewar radical-left political action. The dual record of textual engagement that can be recovered from this copy of My Diaries provides insight into how two British radicals “read” the causes of the First World War in the period between the Armistice and the conclusion of the Paris Peace Accords.

Challenges faced by primary care physicians when prescribing for patients with chronic diseases in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: a qualitative study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the challenges faced by primary care physicians (PCPs) when prescribing medications for patients with chronic diseases in a teaching hospital in Malaysia.Design/setting3...

Electronic Medical Records in low to middle income countries: The case of Khayelitsha Hospital, South Africa.

IntroductionElectronic Medical Records (EMRs) have shown benefit for clinical, organisational, and societal outcomes. In low-to-middle-income countries, the desire for EMRs will continue to rise as increasing trauma and infectious disease rates necessitate adequate record keeping for effective follow-up. 114 nations are currently working on national EMRs, with some using both a full EMR (Clinicom) and a paper-based system scanned to an online Enterprise Content Management (ECM) database.MethodsThe authors sought to evaluate the ability and completeness of the EMR at Khayelitsha Hospital (KH) to capture all Emergency Centre (EC) encounters classified as trauma. Based on the high trauma rates in the Khayelitsha area and equally high referral rates from KH to higher-level trauma centres, an assumption was made that its rates would mirror nationwide estimates of 40% of EC visits. Records from July 2012 to June 2013 were examined.Results3488 patients visited the EC in the month of July 2012. 10% were noted as trauma on Clinicom and within their records were multiple sections with missing information. The remaining months of Aug 2012–June 2013 had an average trauma load of 8%. On further investigation, stacks of un-scanned patient folders were identified in the records department, contributing to the unavailability of records from January 2013 to the time of study (June 2013) on ECM.ConclusionThe results highlight difficulties with implementing a dual record system, as neither the full EMR nor ECM was able to accurately capture the estimated trauma load. Hospitals looking to employ such a system should ensure that sufficient funds are in place for adequate support, from supervision and training of staff to investment in infrastructure for efficient transfer of information. In the long run, efforts should be made to convert to a complete EMR to avoid the many pitfalls associated with handling paper records.

The Neogene transition from C3to C4grasslands in North America: stable carbon isotope ratios of fossil phytoliths

C4grasses form the foundation of warm-climate grasslands and savannas and provide important food crops such as corn, but their Neogene rise to dominance is still not fully understood. Carbon isotope ratios of tooth enamel, soil carbonate, carbonate cements, and plant lipids indicate a late Miocene-Pliocene (8–2 Ma) transition from C3vegetation to dominantly C4grasses at many sites around the world. However, these isotopic proxies cannot identify whether the C4grasses replaced woody vegetation (trees and shrubs) or C3grasses. Here we propose a method for reconstructing the carbon isotope ratio of Neogene grasses using the carbon isotope ratio of organic matter trapped in plant silica bodies (phytoliths). Although a wide range of plants produce phytoliths, we hypothesize that in grass-dominated ecosystems the majority of phytoliths will be derived from grasses, and will yield a grass carbon isotope signature. Phytolith extracts can be contaminated by non-phytolith silica (e.g., volcanic ash). To test the feasibility of the method given these potential problems, we examined sample purity (phytolith versus non-phytolith silica), abundance of grass versus non-grass phytoliths, and carbon isotope ratios of phytolith extracts from late Miocene-Pliocene paleosols of the central Great Plains. Isotope results from the purest samples are compared with phytolith assemblage analysis of these same extracts. The dual record spans the interval of focus (ca. 12–2 Ma), allowing us, for the first time, to investigate how isotopic shifts correlate with floral change.We found that many samples contained high abundances of non-biogenic silica; therefore, only a small subset of “pure” samples (>50% of phytoliths by volume) with good preservation were considered to provide reliable carbon isotope ratios. All phytolith assemblages contained high proportions (on average 85%) of grass phytoliths, supporting our hypothesis for grass-dominated communities. Therefore, the carbon isotope ratio of pure, well-preserved samples that are dominated by grass biosilica is considered a reliable measure of the proportion of C3and C4grasses in the Neogene.The carbon isotope ratios of the pure fossil phytolith samples indicate a transition from predominantly C3grasses to mixed C3-C4grasses by 5.5 Ma and then a shift to more than 80% C4grasses by 3–2 Ma. With the exception of the Pliocene sample, these isotopic data are broadly concordant with phytolith assemblages that show a general increase in C4grasses in the late Miocene. However, phytolith assemblage analysis indicates lower relative abundance of C4grasses in overall vegetation than do the carbon isotopes from the same phytolith assemblages. The discrepancy may relate to either (1) incomplete identification of (C4) PACMAD phytoliths, (2) higher production of non-diagnostic phytoliths in C4grasses compared to C3grasses, or (3) biases in the isotope record toward grasses rather than overall vegetation. The impact of potential incomplete characterization of (C4) PACMAD phytoliths on assemblage estimates of proportion of C4, though important, cannot reconcile discrepancies between the methods. We explore hypothesis (2) by analyzing a previously published data set of silica content in grasses and a small data set of modern grass leaf assemblage composition using analysis of variance, independent contrasts, and sign tests. These tests suggest that C4grasses do not have more silica than C3grasses; there is also no difference with regard to production of non-diagnostic phytoliths. Thus, it is most likely that the discrepancy between phytolith assemblages and isotope ratios is a consequence of hypothesis (3), that the isotope signature is influenced by the contribution of non-diagnostic grass phytoliths, whereas the assemblage composition is not. Assemblage-based estimates of % C4within grasses, rather than overall vegetation, are in considerably better agreement with the isotope-based estimates. These results support the idea that, in grass-dominated assemblages, the phytolith carbon isotope method predominantly records shifts in dominant photosynthetic pathways among grasses, whereas phytolith assemblage analysis detects changes in overall vegetation. Carbon isotope ratios of fossil phytoliths in conjunction with phytolith assemblage analysis suggest that the late Neogene expansion of C4grasses was largely at the expense of C3grasses rather than C3shrubs/trees. Stable isotopic analysis of phytoliths can therefore provide unique information about grass community changes during the Neogene, as well as help test how grass phytolith morphology relates to photosynthetic pathway.

Electrophysiological Spread of Excitation and Pitch Perception for Dual and Single Electrodes Using the Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant

The first objective of the study was to determine whether there were any consistent differences in the electrophysiological spread of excitation (SOE) function, as measured using the electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP), between dual and single electrode stimulation with the Nucleus Freedom cochlear implant system. Dual electrode stimulation is produced by electrically coupling two adjacent single electrodes. The second objective was to determine whether there were any relationships between the SOE functions and psychophysically measured pitch ranking of dual and single electrodes. Nine adult cochlear implant subjects participated in the study. ECAPs for dual and single electrode stimulation were measured using the forward masking paradigm, as also used in the Neural Response Telemetry (NRT) software with the Nucleus implant. Research software was used to generate the dual and single electrode stimuli and record the ECAPs. Spread of excitations (SOEs) were measured on a dual electrode and the two adjacent single electrodes, at three positions on the array: apical, mid, and basal. Compared were the ECAP amplitudes at the peak of the SOE functions, the widths of the scaled SOE functions at the 75% point, and the electrode positions at the peak of the SOE function and at the 75%, 50%, and 25% points on apical and basal sides of the scaled functions. Pitch ranking was measured for the same sets of dual and single electrodes. A two-alternative forced choice procedure was used, with the electrodes in each set paired with each other as AB and BA pairs. The subject indicated which of the two stimuli had the higher pitch. Dual electrode SOEs could be successfully obtained using the same methods as used to measure single electrode SOEs. The shapes of the dual and single electrodes SOEs were similar. There was a trend of a higher ECAP amplitude for the dual electrode at the peak of the SOE function, but this was only significant for two comparisons at the apical and basal positions. There were no significant differences in the SOE widths between dual and single electrodes. The electrodes at the peak of the SOE function and on the apical and basal sides of the function at the 75% position were, in most cases, tonotopically ordered. At the 50% and 25% positions, there were fewer significant differences between the dual and single electrodes The pitch ranking results showed that in 74% of cases, the single and dual electrodes at each position were successfully ranked in the expected tonotopic order. There were no statistically significant correlations between the pitch ranking results and the ordering of electrodes on the SOE functions. Dual electrode stimulation produced similar SOE functions as single electrode stimulation. A tonotopic ordering of electrodes at the peak of the SOE and on the sides of the functions was found, but this was not statistically related to the pitch ranking results. Electrophysiological spread of neural excitation (SOE) and pitch perception using dual and single electrodes was investigated in nine subjects using the Nucleus Freedom cochlear implant. Dual electrodes are produced by electrically coupling two adjacent single electrodes. The dual and single electrodes SOEs were similar in shape. Higher electrophysiological response amplitudes were generally found for the dual electrodes. There were no differences in SOE widths between dual and single electrodes. In three quarters of cases, dual and single electrodes were successfully pitch ranked in the expected tonotopic order. No significant relationships between pitch ranking and the SOE functions were found.

The International GPS Service (IGS) Ionosphere Working Group

This article is presented on behalf of the International GPS Service (IGS) Ionosphere Working Group (Iono_WG) and describes the Working Group's activities. Detailed information about the IGS in general can be found on the IGS Central Bureau Web page: http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov. The Iono_WG commenced working in June 1998. The working group's main task is the routine provision of ionosphere Total Electron Content (TEC) maps with a 2-hours time resolution and of daily sets of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite and receiver hardware differential code bias (DCB) values. The computation of these TEC maps and DCB sets is based on the routine evaluation of GPS dual-frequency tracking data recorded with the global IGS tracking network. Currently five so called IGS Ionosphere Associate Analysis Centers (IAACs) produce with their models and software routinely TEC maps and DCB sets and provide their ionosphere products to IGS Ionosphere Associate Combination Center (IACC) at ESA/ESOC. Once per week the IACC compares then these ionosphere products with a dedicated comparison algorithm. This algorithm is currently being upgraded to be able to compute a combined IGS ionosphere product from the individual IAACs inputs (at the publication date of this paper the upgrade was completed). This new product shall soon be made available to external users through the Crustal Dynamics Data Information Center (CDDIS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A. Beyond the routine provision of ionosphere products, the Iono_WG intends to support the ionosphere community also with other activities, e.g. by using the IGS global tracking network and capabilities to run high-rate data campaigns during events of special relevance for the ionosphere. In such campaigns, dual frequency GPS receivers record, depending on a receiver's capability, with 1 second or with 3 second sampling rate. A first such campaign was organized during the total solar eclipse on 11 August 1999, a second campaign was run recently under the name “HIRAC/SolarMax” over 7 days from 23–29 April 2001. In the medium- and long-term, the working group intends to develop more sophisticated algorithms for deducing mappings of ionospheric parameters from GPS measurements and to realize near-real-time availability of IGS ionosphere products. It is the intent of this paper to give an overview over the Iono_WG activities and to point out the importance of GPS for routine ionosphere monitoring.

EPR adoption and dual record maintenance in the U.S.: assessing variation in medical systems infrastructure.

The growing adoption of evidence-based medicine in the United States is acting to cause fundamental changes in the delivery of healthcare management services. With the increasing incorporation of electronic patient records (EPRs) into the day-to-day practice of medicine, it necessitates greater dependence on adequate functioning of such resources, as they become more frequently used as a clinical complement in the practice of medicine. Assessing the patterns of adoption of EPRs is likewise of increasing importance, with the recent imposition of uniform government data collection and management requirements. The medium of data storage and maintenance within many organizations is a critical factor in the ultimate delivery of service, with a like need for an integrated, designated medium for the management of data becoming paramount. This study examines, on a nationwide basis, variation in reported adoption of EPRs within U.S. healthcare organizations, and the related maintenance of dual electronic/paper record systems.

Palaeomagnetic study of the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt in Central-West Greenland

This paper reports a palaeomagnetic study of amphibolite and granulite facies basement rocks across a 60 km wide north-south traverse through the Nagssugtoqidian mobile belt in West Greenland, which incorporates the c. 2500 Ma Itivdleq shear belt, the c. 1800 Ma Ikertôq shear belt, and adjoining terrains. It also integrates the results with earlier investigations of the belt to produce a composite record of the magnetic field during uplift and cooling of the terrain through c. 600–500°C at c. 1750–1600 Ma. Progressive a.f. and thermal cleaning of samples from 81 sites identifies a range of magnetic components. Lowest blocking temperature remanences in Nagssugtoqidian (c. 1700 Ma) amphibolite facies rocks yield steep W to N positive components residing in magnetite. Granulite facies rocks formed at c. 1800 Ma generally have a dual record incorporating steep N to NW positive components unblocked by 580°C and shallow E-W directed components of dual polarity only unblocked close to the Curie point of haematite. A common feature of relict c. 2500 Ma amphibolite and granulite facies terrains is a progressive movement of sample directions back along a palaeofield migration path with treatment and is interpreted to represent the recovery of a discrete spectrum acquired during a.p.w. Areas with a distributed spectra through the critical range of blocking temperatures, altitude-controlled sections, and blocking temperature relationships all record consistent a.p.w. during the interval of uplift-related cooling. The collective data define a clockwise palaeofield migration path between D = 174, I = 32°, and D = 348, I = 66° referred to as the ‘A’ magnetisation. The equivalent palaeopoles define one limb of an a.p.w. loop conforming to other Laurentian poles assigned to the interval 1750–1650 Ma and widely represented as a post-Hudsonian overprinting or cooling remanence. Shallow E-W directions, designated ‘B’, predominate in late tectonic diorites and are therefore younger than 1700 Ma; they appear to represent a localised reheating event near the northern margin of the Ikertôq shear belt, possibly related to this magmatism, which produced the hemoilmenite phases. The equivalent palaeopoles are provisionally interpreted to represent part of the return path of the APW loop because they are coincident with other poles dated c. 1630 Ma. Collectively the palaeofield migration data from all studies define a thermal dome broadly coincident with the Ikertôq shear belt, but it is not possible to isolate the contribution of components of vertical movement along faults running through the belt to this regional effect.

A dual channel approach to lithoseismics using high frequencies and their application as a way round the synchronous bubble oscillation (SBO) phenomenon

This paper describes an application of high-resolution continuous seismic reflection profiling in which a recent development in seismic source technology, a miniature high-power, high-frequency electrodynamic (boomer type) transducer and a synchronous dual channel signal processor, were operated together to minimise low-frequency induced bubble oscillation associated with wake entrapped (and other) air bubbles. By taking advantage of the natural low pass filter effect of the sub-bottom, and the limitations of the dynamic range of simple single-channel graphic recorders, a split dual channel record was produced, one with shallow real high-resolution penetration and a second with conventional system noise-level limited penetration.

On Estimators for Dual Record Systems

Three estimators of the number of events missed in a dual record system of data collection are briefly reviewed. An empirical study by Chandrasekaran and Deming which compares the performance of their estimator with that of Greenfield is then considered and some further calculations on their data are presented. The data are for Indonesia. (EXCERPT)

Report on matching procedures of a dual record system in the southern Philippines

There are generally three stages to the development of rules for matching vital events data from two sources covering the same population: (a) establishing a set of "true" matches and nonmatches; (b) determining the best tolerance limits for each single characteristic which might be used in matching; and (c) experimenting to determine the set or sets of characteristics and the weights to be used in classifying a pair of records as matched or nonmatched. Specific examples, based on early matching experiments with data from the dual record system of the Mindanao Center for Population Studies (MCPS), are presented. Successive application of different sets of characteristics (differential valence rule) to the remaining unmatched events produced an acceptable rule for matching in this study.

Population estimates for Bangladesh: The use of a specific transitional population model

Summary The development of population in Bangladesh was affected by a succession of man-made and natural calamities, such as the Bengal Famine of 1943, refugee movements following the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, devastating floods and cyclones around 1970, and the military action during the war of liberation. Though there had been a tradition of census taking and vital registration in Bangladesh, as part of the Indian sub-continent, extending for over a century, vital registration was so deficient as to be almost valueless, and there were gross misstatements of age and under-enumeration in the censuses. In the census of 1941, on the other hand, political manoeuvring led to a substantial overcount of the population. In this paper, Bangladesh population trends are studied within the broader framework of the subcontinent, taking account of plausible differentials. A considerable element of uncertainty was introduced into growth trends as a result of variations in the completeness of census-taking and of unrecorded refugee and labour movements across open land borders. In this connection the substantial inflationary bias associated with techniques of population estimation using the dual record system is discussed. The application of stable population models is even less justified in Bangladesh with its history of declining mortality. A transitional age structure model was constructed on the basis of the information available on declining mortality and accelerating growth and the model was made even more specific by modifications which took care of the impact of recent calamities and of unrecorded migration. The population base of the census of 1961 was adjusted in accordance with this model. The local mortality age pattern was used in projecting the population by sex and age groups to the date at which the census was originally due to be taken in 1971, and to the date when it was actually taken in March 1974. The post-1970 calamities and their effect on mortality were ignored. The aggregate estimate of population of 72.9 million in March 1974 is slightly in excess of the census count (by about two per cent) reported provisionally as 71.3 million. The excess in our estimate could be accounted for by the losses due to cyclone and military action.

Matching Experimentation in a Dual Record System for Births and Deaths in Morocco

Matching Experimentation in a Dual Record System for Births and Deaths in Morocco

A Revised Procedure for Dual Record Systems in Estimating Vital Events

A Revised Procedure for Dual Record Systems in Estimating Vital Events