Dual-process Perspective Research Articles

Class-based differences in moral judgment: A bayesian approach

Abstract This study employs Bayesian inference to explore class-based differences in moral judgment. Based on the dual-process perspective in interdisciplinary action theory, we estimate in a first step a process model which differentiates parametrically between emotionally driven deontological, deliberatively driven utilitarian, and residual judgmental inclinations. In a second step, our estimates of these parameters are correlated via beta regressions with indicators of social class and thinking dispositions. We find a considerable association between social class, specifically income, and deontological inclinations, whereas consequentialist inclinations correlate with thinking dispositions but not with social class. This research underscores the utility of Bayesian estimation in closing the gap between theoretical and statistical modelling. Employing this approach enhances our understanding of the nuanced interplay between intuitive and deliberative processes in moral judgment and, more generally, offers a promising direction for advancing sociological action theory.

The Dangers of Deliberation: A Dual-Process Perspective on Grandiose and Vulnerable CEO Narcissism

The Dangers of Deliberation: A Dual-Process Perspective on Grandiose and Vulnerable CEO Narcissism

Motivation, Hot and Cold: A Dual-Process Perspective of Motivation

Motivation, Hot and Cold: A Dual-Process Perspective of Motivation

How Narcissism and Susceptibility to Emotional Contagion Affect Belief in Fake News on Social Media from a Dual Information Processing Perspective: A Hybrid SEM and ANN Approach

Objectives: To answer who believes in fake news and provide strategies to combat it, we examined how narcissism and susceptibility to emotional contagion influences belief in fake news on social media through heuristic and systematic processing; we also evaluated the moderating effect of media literacy. In addition, we ranked the relative importance of these factors to belief in fake news. Methods: We used a hybrid structural equation modeling (SEM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) approach to analyze data collected from 347 respondents in an online survey. Results: The SEM results showed that narcissism and susceptibility to emotional contagion positively influenced heuristic and systematic processing, thus positively influencing belief in fake news. Media literacy moderated the relationship between systematic processing and belief in fake news. Conclusion: The ANN results indicated that narcissism is a more critical factor for belief in fake news. ANN predicted belief in fake news with an accuracy of 99.9%.

How patients evaluate physicians in live Video: An empirical study from a dual process perspective

Live diagnosis is an application of live streaming in online health communities, through which physicians share knowledge and interact with patients in real time. Live videos enable patients to evaluate physicians comprehensively before a paid consultation. By applying dual-process theory, we examine the relationships between physicians’ speech features, demographic characteristics, the information quality of live content in live videos and patients’ subscription and consultation behavior. Data from 992 physicians who provided live diagnoses were collected from an online health community. Results show that physicians’ speech features and live content quality are significantly associated with patients’ subscription behavior, which is further associated with their online consultation behavior. This study provides a new perspective for investigating patients’ consultation behavior in the online health community context. It enriches the application of dual-process theory, and offers implications for physicians and online health community administrators in providing better live diagnosis services.

A dual-process perspective on the relationship between implicit attitudes and discriminatory behaviour

Abstract The dual-process perspective (DPP), which contrasts intuitive and deliberative cognitive processes, has advanced our understanding of the conditions under which cultural orientations, such as implicit attitudes, influence overt behaviour considerably. We test a central tenet of the DPP using a choice experiment on the placement of trust in hypothetical economic transactions. According to the principle of catalyzation, the impact of implicit cultural orientations on overt behaviour should be greater if the behaviour comes about in an intuitive rather than a deliberative manner. In this study, we focus on the implicit attitudes towards class and ethnicity and measure their impact on social behaviour via estimates of the effects of corresponding attributes within the choice experiment. Using a framing technique to experimentally induce intuitive or reflective responses, we find that implicit attitudes affect the placement of trust in the intuitive framing condition but not in the reflective framing condition. Besides providing a strict test of a central tenet of the DPP in a choice-experimental set-up, our study also sheds light on different cognitive mechanisms underlying discriminatory behaviour.

Two social minds in one brain? error-related negativity provides evidence for parallel processing pathways during social evaluation

ABSTRACT Several authors assume that evaluative conditioning (EC) relies on high-level propositional thinking. In contrast, the dual-process perspective proposes two processing pathways, one associative and the other propositional, contributing to EC. Dual-process theorists argue that attitudinal ambiguity resulting from these two pathways’ conflicting evaluations demonstrate the involvement of both automatic and controlled processes in EC. Previously, we suggested that amplitude variations of error-related negativity and error-positivity, two well-researched event-related potentials of performance monitoring, allow for the detection of attitudinal ambiguity at the neural level. The present study utilises self-reported evaluation, categorisation performance, and neural correlates of performance monitoring to explore associative-propositional ambiguity during social attitude formation. Our results show that compared to associative-propositional harmony, attitudinal ambiguity correlates with more neutral subjective evaluations, longer response times, increased error commission, and diminished error-related negativity amplitudes. While our findings align with dual-process models, we aim to offer a propositional interpretation. We discuss dual-process theories in the context of evolutionary psychology, suggesting that associative processes may only represent a small piece of the EC puzzle.

Thoughts on Integrating Evolutionary Analysis into Sociological Action Theory

It is explored if and to what extent two approaches in behavioral sciences, which are promising with respect to an evolutionary grounded, integrative action theory, are actually compatible. These two approaches are, on the one hand, evolutionary psychology, which conceptualizes human nature as a collection of evolved psychological mechanisms, each being functionally specialized with respect to a specific problem of adaptation. And on the other hand, the dual-process perspective, which holds that human behavior is driven by the interplay of two qualitatively distinct types of cognitive processes: Autonomous, fast, and associative Type 1 processes, which operate outside of the consciousness of the actor, on the one hand, and controlled, slow, and rule-based Type 2 processes of which the actor is aware. Notably, both of these approaches have descendants in modern sociological action theory, i.e., goal-framing theory (Lindenberg 2008, 2009) and the model of frame-selection (Esser 2001; Kroneberg 2011). It is argued that evolutionary psychology and the dual-process perspective are largely compatible, thereby giving rise to an evolutionary grounded, integrative action theory. Accordingly, Type 1 processes can be traced back to evolutionary old cognitive modules, which humans share with other species and which are highly efficient at solving specific problems of adaptation in a stable environment. In contrast, Type 2 processes of higher cognition are distinctly developed in humans and highly effective at dealing with a rapidly changing life space.

The Effects of Linguistic Coordination on Perceived Quality of Consumer Reviews: A Dual Process Perspective

Online consumer reviews, as a major source of information and influence, are of great interest to marketing researchers and practitioners. This study investigates the effects of linguistic coordination on perceived review quality. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model, the authors theorize that two types of linguistic coordination—topic matching (semantic component) and language style matching (lexical component)—have profound effects on perceived review quality. Utilizing natural language processing tools and a novel clustering technique to measure matching, empirical analyses based on an IMDb data set support the positive direct effects of both types of matching. Moreover, the authors find that there is a negative interaction between topic matching and language style matching in affecting perceived review quality. The findings contribute to the understanding of online review quality, and the application of natural language processing enriches the methodological tool kit available to researchers.

Testing Models of Cognition and Action Using Response Conflict and Multinomial Processing Tree Models

Dual-process perspectives have made substantial contributions to our understanding of behavior, but fundamental questions about how and when deliberate and automatic cognition shape action continue to be debated. Among these are whether automatic or deliberate cognition is ultimately in control of behavior, how often each type of cognition controls behavior in practice, and how the answers to each of these questions depends on the individual in question. To answer these questions, sociologists need methodological tools that enable them to directly test competing claims. We argue that this aim will be advanced by (a) using a particular type of data known as response conflict data and (b) analyzing those data using multinomial processing tree models. We illustrate the utility of this approach by reanalyzing three samples of data from Miles et al. (2019) on behaviors related to politics, morality, and race.

Customers’ help-seeking propensity and decisions in brands’ self-built live streaming E-Commerce: A mixed-methods and fsQCA investigation from a dual-process perspective

In the current competitive e-marketplaces, brands’ self-built live streaming e-commerce (BLSE), which features real-time visibility and synchronous interactivity, has become increasingly popular among enterprises. It has also become a major channel for customers to seek help during the purchasing process. Therefore, how firms can leverage platform-based information technology features to optimally transform customer help seeking into purchase behavior has become a pressing concern. This study contributes to existing research by examining the effects of customers’ help-seeking propensity on different information processing paths. We integrate the mixed-methods design with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, combining affordance theory and heuristic-systematic model. The results indicate that in BLSE, for customers with dependent help-seeking propensity, the heuristic processing mechanism has stronger effects than the systematic processing mechanism. However, for customers with autonomous help-seeking propensity, the effect of the systematic processing mechanism is stronger. Moreover, there are four coexisting combinations of platform elements that can result in high purchase intentions. Practical implications for future study are provided.

Does deliberation decrease belief in conspiracies?

What are the underlying cognitive mechanisms that support belief in conspiracies? Common dual-process perspectives suggest that deliberation helps people make more accurate decisions and decreases belief in conspiracy theories that have been proven wrong (therefore, bringing people closer to objective accuracy). However, evidence for this stance is i) mostly correlational and ii) existing causal evidence might be influenced by experimental demand effects and/or a lack of suitable control conditions. Furthermore, recent work has found that analytic thinking tends to increase the coherence between prior beliefs and new information, which may not always lead to accurate conclusions. In two studies (Study 1: N = 1028; Study 2: N = 1000), participants were asked to evaluate the strength of conspiracist (or non-conspiracist) explanations of events. In the first study, which used well-known conspiracy theories, deliberation had no effect. In the second study, which used relatively unknown conspiracy theories, we found that experimentally manipulating deliberation did increase belief accuracy - but only among people with a strong ‘anti-conspiracy’ or strong ‘pro-conspiracy’ mindset from the beginning, and not among those with an intermediate conspiracist mindset. Although these results generally support the idea that encouraging people to deliberate can help to counter the growth of novel conspiracy theories, they also indicate that the effect of deliberation on conspiracist beliefs is more complicated than previously thought.

Habit and goal-related constructs in determining toothbrushing behavior: Two sensor-based longitudinal studies.

Two longitudinal studies were conducted to examine how habits and goal-related constructs determine toothbrushing behavior from a dual-process perspective. We aimed to describe the variations of habit strength, intention, and attitude and to test their associations with actual behavior at both inter- and intraindividual levels. In addition, toothbrushing behavior was measured both by self-report and sensors with the goal to compare these measures. In Study 1, 40 young adults were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day, and their behaviors were measured by accelerometers for 3 weeks. Participants also self-reported their instrumental and affective attitude, habit strength, and behavior frequency weekly. Effects of interest were estimated using structural equation modeling. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with a larger and more diverse sample (N = 79), adding a measure of behavioral intention. Supporting the dual-process account, habit strength predicted future behavior in addition to goal-related constructs. Habit strength also attenuated the influences of goal-related constructs on behavior, but this pattern only emerged interindividually and for self-reported behavior. In addition, toothbrushing behavior was more strongly driven by affective rather than instrumental attitude. In both studies, associations among variables were weaker within-person and when sensor-measured behavior was modeled. The partial support for the dual-process account suggests the need of using habit-based interventions to complement intention-based interventions when attempting to change oral health routines. Our findings also highlight the importance of affective aspects of toothbrushing behavior and the potential to incorporate sensor-based objective measures in research and interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The dual-process perspective and the benefits of retrieval practice in younger and older adults

ABSTRACT The testing effect is often considered a recollection-related phenomenon. However, recent work has observed a benefit of testing to both recollection and familiarity on immediate and delayed final tests. Further, although aging populations show marked declines in recollection, older and younger adults often benefit similarly from testing. This finding suggests that the testing effect in older adults may function via relatively preserved familiarity and lends further support to the hypothesis that the testing effect does not function solely via recollection-related processes. The current study builds on this work to better understand the mechanisms from the dual-process perspective that underlie the testing effect in both younger and older adults. To this end, younger (18–22 year old) and older (65–82 year old) adults studied words, took cued-recall tests on half of the words, and took a final Remember-Know recognition test on all words immediately or after a 1-day delay. At both delays, older and younger adults exhibited a testing effect in both recollection and familiarity, although the magnitude of the testing effect in recollection was reduced for older relative to younger adults. Implications for theories of the testing effect and its application in older adult populations are explored.

A dual-process perspective on the disparities between designers'intention and consumers' impression of new products

A dual-process perspective on the disparities between designers'intention and consumers' impression of new products

A dual-process perspective to explore decision making in internet gaming disorder: An ERP study of comparison with recreational game users

Existing internet gaming disorder (IGD)-related research has focused on impulsive and control systems separately, with little research conducted to explicitly explore these two systems simultaneously from a comprehensive perspective (i.e., the dual process model). To address this question, the current study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to record brain activity in individuals with IGD and recreational game users (RGU) during decision making tasks. Results showed no between-groups differences, both at the behavioral and neural levels, except for the P2 component. During discount processing, larger P2 amplitudes were found in RGU subjects; and RGU displayed larger P3 amplitudes in short- and long-term delays, whereas no delay main effect was found in IGD subjects. During risk-taking, RGU subjects showed larger N2 amplitudes for risk disadvantageous (RD) in the loss domain than the gain domain, whereas the IGD group did not exhibit any difference across domain. These results suggest that IGD subjects did not differ from RGU subjects in impulsive and control systems. However, neural differences between IGD and RGU subjects were observed under different decision-making conditions, suggesting that IGD may be related to altered realistic reward preference and reduced loss aversion, as well as to less effortful decision assessment.

Reducing implicit racial preferences: III. A process-level examination of changes in implicit preferences.

Implicit bias change was initially assumed to reflect changes in associations, but subsequent research demonstrated that implicit bias change can also reflect changes in control-oriented processes that constrain the expression of associations. The present research examines the process-level effects of 17 different implicit bias-reduction interventions and one sham intervention by analyzing data from more than 20,000 participants who completed an intervention condition or a baseline control condition followed by a race Implicit Association Test (IAT). To identify the processes influenced by each intervention, we applied the Quadruple process model to participants' IAT responses then meta-analyzed parameter estimates according to a taxonomy of interventions based on shared features. Interventions that relied on counterstereotypic exemplars or strategies to override biases influenced both associations and control-oriented processes, whereas interventions that relied on evaluative conditioning influenced only control-oriented processes. In contrast, interventions that focused on egalitarian values, perspective taking, or emotion had no reliable influence on any of the processes examined. When interventions did change associations, they were much more likely to reduce positive White associations than negative Black associations. The present research extends upon traditional dual-process perspectives by identifying robust intervention effects on response biases. These findings connect features of interventions with changes in the processes underlying implicit bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigating Managers' Fine-Grained Evaluation Processes in Organizations: Exploring Two Dual-Process Perspectives.

The dual-process theory is a significant theory in both organizational theory and social psychology and two conjectures about this theory are considered in this manuscript; the default-interventionist vs. parallel-competitive account. Our research goal is to empirically investigate these two views. In concrete terms, by using event-related potentials (ERPs), we seek to study the fine-grained brain processes and self-reported feelings involved in managers’ evaluations of target employees within an economic context (firing employees) vs. a social network context (excluding employees). Using the stereotype content model categories, each target employee has high (or low) warmth and high (or low) levels of competence. In the fine-grained ERP analysis of the brain process, we focus on three time windows of interest: novelty detection (N2) and goal violation detection (N400) at the unconscious level, and we then evaluate conscious emotional arousal (late positive potential, LPP). Finally, we focus on the self-reported feelings when having to fire or exclude target employees. As goal pursuit theory predicts, the brain dynamics and self-reported measures differ widely across the two organizational contexts; in concrete terms, processes at a later stage overrule early stages depending on the context. This implies that the data bespeaks more for the parallel-competitive account than the default-interventionist account. We discuss the implications of these findings for research in management and management practice.

Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations.

To better understand exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) from a dual processing perspective, the purpose of this study was to examine their relationship to two automatic exercise processes. It was hypothesized that ECEs would account for more variance than automatic processes in predicting intentions, that ECEs would interact with automatic processes to predict intentions, and that exercise schema would distinguish between different levels of ECEs. Adults (N = 136, Mage = 29 years, 42.6% women) completed a cross-sectional study and responded to three survey measures (ECEs, exercise self-schema, and exercise intentions) and two computerized implicit tasks (the approach/avoid task and single-category Implicit Association Test). ECEs were not correlated with the two implicit measures; however, ECEs moderated the relationship between approach tendency toward exercise stimuli and exercise intentions. Exercise self-schema were differentiated by ECE level. This study expands our knowledge of ECEs by examining their relationship to different automatic and reflective processes.

How crowdfunders are influenced by entrepreneurial passion A dual information processing perspective

We incorporate Entrepreneurial Passion into a dual theory of information processing and theorize that passion can be used as information in analytical thinking, and as an heuristic, in intuitive thinking. This conceptual framework leads us to predict that passion is associated to more positive judgments, but also at identifying moderating factors that predict when passion is less likely to do so. We test the role of two factors in the context of crowdfunding. The correlational evidence is consistent with predictions that passion is less influential if displayed in combination with low preparedness, i.e. in conditions of incoherence/disfluency, and when the judgment is important for the decision maker. This conceptual framework reconciles some of the contradictory findings of prior evidence and improves the predictive power of the Entrepreneurial Passion theory. The results also suggest that affective cues have the power to influence decisions in contexts, such as crowdfunding, characterized by large numbers of non-professional investors.