Dual-port Antenna Research Articles

Design and optimization of dielectric resonator based MIMO antenna with beam tilting at mm-wave for enhanced 5G communication using machine learning

In this paper, a dual-port ceramic-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed for operation at mm-wave frequencies. The design incorporates a partially reflecting surface (PRS) positioned above the dual-port antenna to facilitate beam tilting. Additionally, various machine learning (ML) algorithms are utilized to optimize the unit cell length and the distance between the Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) and the PRS, thereby achieving the desired beam tilting characteristics. The ceramic element is excited through an aperture, which generates the HEM11δ mode in the cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA). The proposed antenna demonstrates excellent port isolation, exceeding 35 dB, and operates effectively within the 25.9–27.4 GHz frequency range. The PRS enables a broadside beam tilt of ±30 degrees, incorporating pattern diversity into the design. These characteristics make the proposed antenna an ideal candidate for mm-wave vehicle-to-vehicle and 5G communication systems.

Enhanced Gain Dual-Port Compact Printed Meandered Log-Periodic Monopole Array Antenna Design with Octagonal-Ring Shaped FSS for Broadband 28 GHz Applications

In this article, we propose a microstrip-fed printed meandered log-periodic monopole array (PMLPMA), and its dual-port configuration incorporating an octagonal ring frequency selective surface (FSS) layer. The dual-port PMLPMA antenna system has a compact structure with a total dimension of 18.75 × 18.75 mm2 and is designed to operate in the 5G n257 (28 GHz) band. The proposed PMLPMA radiator consists of five log-periodic monopole array elements, and the dual-port antenna system comprises two identical PMLPMAs placed vertically next to each other. Additionally, an octagonal ring-shaped single-layer FSS was implemented on the proposed antenna system to increase the gain across the operational band. Simulation results demonstrate that the dual-port PMLPMA antenna achieves a peak gain of about 3.5 dBi without the FSS layer, while a peak gain of 7.35 dBi is achieved when the FSS layer is augmented on the antenna. Moreover, isolation levels exceeding 30 dB are obtained for both cases between the 26.5–29.5 GHz frequency ranges. To verify the simulation results, the dual-port PMLPMA antenna system, and the octagonal ring-shaped FSS layer are also prototyped. The measurements align closely with the simulations in terms of performance criteria such as gain, bandwidth, and radiation patterns. Thus, the 28 GHz band antenna system exhibits great potential for 5G mobile applications.

Design and Optimization of Dual Port Dielectric Resonator Based Frequency Tunable MIMO Antenna with Machine Learning Approach for 5G New Radio Application

SummaryIn this article, a dual port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) cylindrical Dielectric Resonator (DR)‐based frequency tunable antenna with a machine learning (ML) approach for a 5G New Radio (NR) application is presented. According to the author's best knowledge, it is the first time‐frequency tunable MIMO hybrid DR with ML is reported. A dual port MIMO DRA is placed in the orthogonal configuration with the connected ground to obtain higher isolation in the entire frequency range. The proposed dual port antenna provides a total spectrum (TS) and tuning range (TR) of 98.99% and 80.93%, respectively. The different MIMO parameters, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Diversity Gain (DG) are investigated and found within the acceptable limits. The optimization of the proposed dual port tunable antenna is done through the various ML algorithms, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K‐Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB). The KNN ML algorithm provides more than 98% accuracy for predicting the S‐parameters in all configurations. Hence, the proposed antenna is suitable for 5G NR applications.

A Compact Isolated CR Antenna System for Application in C-Band

In this work, a dual-port antenna system is simulated and fabricated for cognitive radio (CR) application. The proposed system comprises a tapered-fed monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing antenna and a dual-narrowband (NB) communicating antenna. For miniaturization, the UWB sensing antenna is placed on the front side of the communicating antenna. The sensing operation takes place over 2.1–12 GHz. The E-shaped dual-band antenna operates at 3.9 GHz and 6.04 GHz. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and isolation are measured to be lower than 0.12 and greater than 18 dB, respectively, within the range of acceptable values for both parameters. The antenna prototype was fabricated and tested experimentally to confirm the simulation’s findings. The outcomes of both the simulation and the testing revealed a definite consistency. This work gives a miniaturized model and good isolation, which is appropriate for C-band applications.

Microstrip-Ministered Proximity-Coupled Stacked Dual-Port Antenna for 6G Applications

Microstrip-Ministered Proximity-Coupled Stacked Dual-Port Antenna for 6G Applications

Performance prediction of metasurface-loaded ceramic-based MIMO antenna for B41/n41 bands using ML algorithms

ABSTRACT In this communication, a metasurface-loaded ceramic-based dual port antenna is designed and raised via artificial neural networks (ANN), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and XG Boost. With the assistance of these algorithms, a reliable and flexible framework is obtained to predict the optimized design parameters of the proposed radiator. To confirm the accuracy of these ML algorithms, predicted outcomes is compared with outcomes obtained from HFSS and fabricated prototype. The predicted results are very well matched with practical conclusion. The designed radiator operates from 2.55 to 3.2 GHz, along with supporting circularly polarized waves from 2.67 to 3.1 GHz. These appearances make the proposed aerial suitable for the sub-6 GHz frequency band.

Design of a Novel Superwideband Dual Port Antenna with Second-Order Hilbert Branches and a Modified T-Decoupling Structure

A novel super wideband (SWB) dual port antenna with second-order Hilbert branches and a modified T-decoupling structure is proposed. The overall size of the antenna is only 32 mm × 26 mm × 1 mm. The SWB antenna front comprises a “house” shaped radiating patch and a trapezoidal-shaped microstrip line. Two SWB antenna units are placed symmetrically on FR4 dielectric substrate to form the SWB-MIMO (multiple-in multiple-out) antenna. Two second-order Hilbert branches expand the wideband of the SWB-MIMO antenna. The antenna decoupling is mainly achieved by loading a fence-like “T” decoupling structure on the ground plane. The antenna is also miniaturized and isolated by adjusting the distance between the radiating patches of the units. The simulations and measurements show that the SWB-MIMO antenna operates in the frequency band of 1.98-30.8 GHz (175.84% relative bandwidth). The bandwidth dimensional ratio (BDR) (BDR is a measure of the compactness of the antenna, the higher the BDR, the better the compactness of the antenna, and the wider the working bandwidth of the antenna.) is 14653.33. The overall isolation is below −16.4 dB, and the important part (8.5–24.1 GHz) is below −20 dB. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.03, and the radiation characteristics are excellent.

A reconfigurable dual port antenna system for underlay/interweave cognitive radio

<span lang="EN-US">An antenna system that is reconfigurable in frequency is presented in this paper as a novel dual port design that serves both undelay and interweave cognitive radio. This 25×40×0.8 mm3 system is composed of two wide slot antennas: the first is designed as an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with controllable band rejection capabilities, while the second antenna is reconfigurable for communication purposes. Three slots are etched into the patch of the UWB antenna to obtain band notching in wireless local area network/Xband/International Telecommunication Union bands (WLAN/Xband/ITU) bands which can be controlled by a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode across each slot. The configuration states of these three diodes are all useable that produces seven band rejection modes plus the UWB operation mode. The second antenna is configured by five PIN diodes to operate either in Cband, WLAN or Xband regions which results in three interweave modes when setting the first antenna for UWB sensing. The design is simulated by computer simulation technology (CST) v.10. S21 results shows good isolation while input reflection coefficient and realized gain results prove system’s scanning, filtering and communication capabilities. This system is new that it gathers the undelay/interweave operation in a single design and when considering its large number of operation modes it looks adequate for many cognitive radio applications.</span>

Design and Experimental Analysis of Dual-Port Antenna with High Isolation for 5G Sub 6 GHz: n77/n78/n79 and WiFi-5 Bands Applications

The work details the development of a two-port arc-shaped Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation characteristics. The proposed dual-port MIMO provides a wide impedance bandwidth of 3.28–5.93 GHz and a maximum isolation of 27 dB between elements in the operating frequency band. A reduced ground plane is utilized to obtain the wideband characteristics for the proposed antenna. The major applications covered by the antenna include sub-6 GHz: n77/n78/n79 and WiFi-5 bands. The important MIMO parameters such as Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Mean Effective Gain (MEG), Diversity Gain (DG) and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) are presented to estimate the performance of the developed antenna in the MIMO environment.

Two-Dimensional High-Efficiency Transceiver Integrated Optical Phased Array With Dual-Port Antenna

We propose a 1 × 32 silicon photonics transceiver integrated optical phased array (OPA) with a large scanning angle. It can process receive and transmit signals simultaneously, which effectively increases the on-chip signal transmission efficiency. The simulation shows that the phase-tuned 62.2° lateral beam steering without grating lobe and the wavelength-tuned 31.2° longitudinal beam steering can be achieved in the transmitting mode, and the overall optical loss is less than 9.1 dB. In the receiving mode, the combination of the two detection methods reduces the complexity of the system while ensuring the sensitivity of the system. According to statistics, an effective collection area of 43.3% per unit area can be achieved in the receiving mode, which provides a reliable guarantee for subsequent high-quality signal processing.

Dielectric Decoupler for Compact MIMO Antenna Systems

A novel decoupling method based on the superposition principle is proposed for compact multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) antenna systems in this work. A dielectric block is introduced to encompass all radiators in a compact MIMO system and works as a decoupler when the block is appropriately designed. Owing to the presence of dielectric–air boundary (DAB) introduced by the dielectric block, scattered paths show up for electromagnetic (EM) waves inside the block. For any two encompassed primary radiators, mutual couplings via the direct and scattered paths are superposed one on another. Because the scatted wave paths can be controlled by changing the shape and dimension of the DAB, mutual coupling between two encompassed primary radiators can be minimized with a properly designed DAB. To illustrate this decoupling principle, the electric field distribution of a basic Hertzian dipole wrapped in a dielectric decoupler is first studied. Results show that this method can generate several field valleys inside the dielectric block and can lead to good isolation when a second radiator is placed at a valley. A dual-port antenna wrapped in a dielectric decoupler is then proposed for demonstration. By optimizing the DAB shape, this antenna can realize a measured 20 dB isolation bandwidth of 12.6%, covering the whole 3.3–3.7 GHz 5G frequency range 1 (FR1) band. Furthermore, a quad-port decoupled antenna is studied to show the generality of the proposed decoupling method. Using a hollow rectangular dielectric block, isolations among four ports of more than 21.5 dB can be obtained in the 3.3–3.7 GHz band with a 20-dB isolation bandwidth of 18%. The envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) and calculated ergodic channel capacity (CC) results show that the proposed compact dual-port and quad-port antennas are competitive for MIMO applications.

A low-profile, high gain, dual-port, planar array antenna for mm-wave powered 5G IoT systems

A dual-port, corporate-series fed, planar 8 × 2 rectangular patch compact antenna array with a very high gain is introduced for 28 GHz millimeter wave (mm-wave) communication in 5G Internet of Things (IoT) systems. In the proposed design, successive radiating elements are excited with the same amplitude but opposite phase through two separate feed networks associated with two different ports. To ensure the reliability of the proposed design, a prototype is fabricated and tested. Testing indicates that the measured results closely follow the simulated results, which proves the accuracy of the proposed design. The measured performance specifies that the dual-port antenna array provides impedance bandwidth of 4.3% operating from 27.6–28.8 GHz for |S11|≤−10 dB, the radiation efficiency of 78%, and gain of 18.2 dB. Measured radiation characteristics verified that the proposed array directs maximum power towards broadside with half-power beam widths (HPBWs) of 24.6°and 9.6°, side lobe levels (SLLs) <−18.3 dB and <−10 dB, as well as cross-polarization levels <−41.16 dB and <−42.51 dB in E plane and H plane, respectively. Due to the very high gain, directional radiation pattern, and low SLLs, the proposed array antenna can be used for mm-wave powered communication in IoT 5G devices.

Compact High-Isolated MIMO Antenna Module With Chip Capacitive Decoupler for 5G Mobile Terminals

In this letter, a compact high-isolated multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna module based on a chip capacitive decoupler is proposed for the fifth-generation (5G) smartphones. The antenna module consists of two feeding ports, radiating metal strips, and a chip capacitive decoupler within a compact size of 16 × 6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . In this design, two L-shaped metal strips are used as distributed capacitors to compress the size of the module. Meanwhile, a chip capacitive decoupler is added to improve isolation between the two feeding ports, which is realized with an analysis of common and differential modes. In addition, spiral slots are used to adjust the isolation between the modules. A prototype MIMO antenna with four such dual-port antenna modules was tested in the 3.5 GHz band. The measured –6 dB bandwidths of the two ports are 310 MHz (3.42–3.73 GHz) and 360 MHz (3.33–3.69 GHz), respectively, and the isolation is 24 dB at 3.5 GHz. The measured efficiencies are 60.5% and 52.7% at 3.5 GHz. The compact MIMO antenna module with high-isolation property provides a hopeful solution for the 5G mobile terminals.

Design and Analysis of Dual Port Super WideBand Antenna Set for MIMO Applications

A planar monopole antenna with a super wideband frequency range covering a wide range of applications and compatible with MIMO applications is duly proposed. Compactness, i.e., reduction of size, is achieved following compatibility with MIMO application and also with SWB (Super Wide Band) applications. The bandwidth achieved is in the band range from 2 GHz to 20 GHz with a ratio of 1:10. Compactness in terms of size of the antenna is achieved, dimensions being 40mm*30mm. FR4 substrate is used in the design of the antenna, having a relative permittivity of 4.4. A hexagonal structure with an ellipse added on top is made as to the radiating element with at a per feed having a width of 3.1mm feeding an input of 50ohm into the antenna. Parasitic elements are introduced on the substrate for the design of the antenna.DGS techniques have been used in the semicircular structure of the partial ground plane of the antenna. A dual-port antenna supporting MIMO applications is therefore achieved by replicating the antenna described above on a horizontal plane with a 90-degree shift and hence accommodating both the vertical and horizontal polarization at the transmitting and receiving side as well.

Efficient Transition Hybrid Two-Layer Feed Network: Polarization Diversity in a Satellite Transceiver Array Antenna

In this article, an efficient solution for the development of a new class of two-layer microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with orthogonal polarization ports, based on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) through an aperture coupling technique, is presented. Applying the SIW feeding network and aperture coupling to feed the MPA reduces the losses resulting from the feeding circuit and gives a more compact and efficient system. The proposed 4 × 4 array consists of two stacked layers, including an SIW layer as a feeding network and one layer as an antenna layer. The main design feature is the dual orthogonal port to generate different linear polarizations (LPs) (horizontal, vertical, 45°, and 135°). Each layer can be easily fabricated by a single layered printed circuit board (PCB) technology, and then PCB laminates are fixed together using screws. The measured -10-dB impedance bandwidth spans from 9.25 to 10.2 GHz (9.76%). The maximum measured gain at 9.9 GHz is 18.2 dB. The peak radiation efficiency is 84%. The proposed dual orthogonal port antenna exhibits low cost, ease of design, lightweight, high efficiency, and compactness, which makes it a suitable candidate for the polarization diversity in a transceiver for Earth-station applications.

Integrated Spectrum Sensing and Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas for Inter-Weave Cognitive-Radio Applications

A dual-port antenna configuration composed of an ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing antenna and a dual-band reconfigurable communicating antenna is proposed and studied in this paper. The sensing antenna is an elliptical disk radiator covers a frequency range of (1.8-11) GHz. The communicating antenna is a modified dual-band rectangular radiator. By controlling the length of a stub attached to the communicating antenna with the aid of two PIN-diodes, the dual-band antenna can reconfigure its resonant frequencies to (2, 2.2) GHz, (3.25, 3.8) GHz, and (4.3, 5.6) GHz. Both simulated and experimental results for the return loss, mutual coupling, radiation patterns and gain are presented, and they reveal the antenna compatibility with the inter-weave cognitive radio applications.

High-Gain Phased Array Antenna With Endfire Radiation for 26 GHz Wide-Beam-Scanning Applications

In this communication, a high-gain phased array antenna with wide-angle beam-scanning capability is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave applications. First, a novel, endfire, dual-port antenna element with dual functionalities of radiator and power splitter is designed. The element is composed of a substrate integrated cavity (SIC) and a dipole based on it. The resonant frequencies of the SIC and dipole can be independently tuned to broaden the impedance bandwidth. Based on this dual-port element, a four-element subarray can be easily constructed without resorting to a complicated feeding network. The endfire subarray features broad beamwidth of over 180°, high isolation, and low profile, rendering it suitable for wide-angle beam-scanning applications in the H-plane. In addition, the methods of steering the radiation pattern downward or upward in the E-plane are investigated. As a proof of concept, two phased array antennas each consisting of eight subarrays are designed and fabricated to achieve the broadside and wide-angle beam-scanning radiation. Thanks to the elimination of surface wave, the mutual coupling between the subarrays can be reduced for improving the scanning angle while suppressing the sidelobe level. The experimental predictions are validated by measurement results, showing that the beam of the antenna can be scanned up to 65° with a scanning loss only 3.7 dB and grating lobe less than -15 dB.

Multiple input multiple output dielectric resonator antenna with circular polarized adaptability for 5G applications

ABSTRACT In this paper, the concept of the circularly polarized agile, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) structure for fifth generation (5G) new radio application in mobile terminal is presented. Two prototypes have been fabricated, namely one with cylindrical DRA (CDRA) referred as A1 and a second one with ring DRA (RDRA) named as A2. These practical realizations of dual-port MIMO antennas have been mounted on a Rogers 5870 substrate of octagonal shape with proper ground architecture. The proposed dual-port MIMO antennas have been excited with conformal probes and L-type feed network aiming to achieve circular polarization (CP). Measured impedance bandwidth of A1 and A2 are 21.2% (3.15–3.9 GHz) and 22.2% (3.12–3.9 GHz), respectively. Moreover, for both antennas low mutual coupling between ports with minimum isolation of dB over entire impedance bandwidth has been obtained by using triangular head slots in the ground plane. Measured axial ratio bandwidths in broadside direction are 5.66% (3.26–3.45 GHz) and 4.25% (3.45–3.6 GHz), respectively. Maximum gains are 7.3 and 7.2 dBi, in that order. MIMO antenna parameters such as envelope correction coefficient, diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain and total active reflection coefficient are also calculated to verify MIMO performance parameters. The proposed antennas also demonstrate CP agility with insertion of concentric cylindrical shells of different radii.

Frequency reconfigurable slot antenna using metasurface for cognitive radio applications

A dual-port antenna system designed for cognitive radio applications is presented in this study. The structure comprises of an ultra-wideband (UWB) sensing antenna and a reconfigurable communicating antenna. The former is a stepped slot structure with an offset feed, which covers the whole UWB frequency band from 3 to 10.6 GHz, whereas the latter is a dual-band slot antenna (DBSA) fed with a fork-shaped microstrip-line feed and loaded with two identical layers of meandered metasurfaces (MSs). Frequency agility is realised by rotating the MS layers for the DBSA antenna. The dual-band communicating antenna has three switchable states with tuning ranges of 28 and 45% in the lower- and upper-frequency bands, respectively. The degree of isolation and gain in all three states are appreciable. The proposed structure is fabricated and measured, which has a good agreement with the simulated results.

Comments on “Wideband Radiation Reconfigurable Microstrip Patch Antenna Loaded With Two Inverted U-Slots”

This comment investigates some missing fundamental simulation and measurement results affecting the practical performance of the antenna presented in [1] . In order to properly demonstrate the practical consequences of these omissions, we provide simulation results as well as experimental validation using a prototype with the exact dimensions as in [1] , fed with an ultrawideband coupler [2] , as shown in Fig. 1 . Radavaram and Pour [1] have claimed 68% fractional bandwidth for a multiport antenna based only on a single-port input reflection coefficient ( S 11). Unfortunately, the mutual coupling between the antenna ports ( S 21) is not shown in their article. We have performed corresponding simulations using Ansys HFSS and found that the missing coupling coefficient between the elements within the band of interest has a magnitude close to 0 dB, which is validated by the experimental results, as illustrated in Fig. 2(a) . This suggests that the proposed design is operating as a wideband bandpass filter in lieu of a radiating element. The clear misunderstanding in the scattering performance arises from the fact that for dual-port antennas fed by in-phase and out-of-phase inputs, the active scattering parameters are of fundamental importance. Active scattering parameters for dual-port devices are defined as the combinations of S 11 and S 21 (some references, such as [4] and [5] , use differential and common mode scattering parameters or Sdd and Scc ). They determine the overall scattering performance when a feeding network is connected to a multiport antenna. For instance, [3] (see [1, Ref. 20] ), [4] , and [5] are aimed at reducing S dd 11 to below −10 dB for the differential S-parameter. They use the correct definition of S dd 11, as given in the following [3, eq. (8)] :