Dual Perspective Model Research Articles

Leading while playing: How leader fun pursuit affects leadership perceptions and evaluations

AbstractAlthough pursuing fun seems contradictory to work, it may yield beneficial outcomes for not only employees but also leaders in the workplace. The present paper aims to bridge the gap between the workplace fun/play literature and leadership research by introducing the concept of leader fun pursuit and examining its influence on followers' evaluations. Moreover, drawing on the dual perspective model of social evaluation and expectancy violation theory, we examine the effects of leader fun pursuit on followers' perceptions of leader attributes and evaluations of leadership, and posit a gender‐contingent boundary condition. We conducted three studies to develop a scale and examine our hypotheses. Study 1 (four samples, total N = 734) developed a four‐item scale to measure leader fun pursuit and established its reliability and validity. Study 2 (N = 309) used a multi‐wave design to examine the full model. Study 3 (N = 279) used a vignette‐based experiment to strengthen the internal validity of our conceptual model. We found that leader fun pursuit generally enhances followers' evaluations of the leader, and this effect was especially pronounced for female leaders. Overall, we introduce a novel approach to effective leadership and examine the gender differences therein.

How learning-goal-oriented newcomers develop leader-member exchange (LMX): From agentic and communal behavior perspectives

Adopting the dual perspective model of agency and communion and role-making theory of leader–member exchange (LMX) development, this study explored whether and how newcomers with a high learning goal orientation (LGO) develop high-quality social exchange relationships with their leaders. Through a three-wave field survey of 199 organizational newcomers who were graduates entering the workplace, we found a direct and significant relationship between the newcomers’ LGO and LMX. We also found that their agentic and communal behaviors—specifically, self-improvement voice and knowledge sharing, respectively—served as dual mediating mechanisms of this relationship. This study answers the call for more research on how employees’ LGO motivates them to engage in behaviors conducive to social exchange development with their leaders. It also contributes to the emerging research on followership and understanding LMX development beyond the leader–member dyad. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Developing internal marketing strategies for measuring and managing employee-based brand equity

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose a conceptual framework for measuring and managing employee-based brand equity. Drawing upon existing research, the authors argue that internal brand management should be approached from professional and socio-emotional perspectives.Design/methodology/approachThe study establishes a comprehensive conceptual framework by thoroughly reviewing existing literature on employee-based brand equity and internal marketing. It builds upon existing research while adding unique insights to deepen the understanding of the subject.FindingsThe proposed conceptual framework highlights the importance of both professional and socio-emotional factors in building and managing employee-based brand equity. The framework emphasises the role of employees’ emotions, values and relationships in shaping their brand-related behaviours and their functional role in delivering brand promises.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper offers a theoretical foundation for future research in internal branding. However, the framework is not empirically tested, and further research is needed to validate and refine the framework. Organisations can develop more effective internal branding strategies that enhance brand equity by recognising the importance of both professional and socio-emotional factors in shaping employees’ brand-related behaviours.Practical implicationsOrganisations can develop more effective internal branding strategies that enhance brand equity by recognising the importance of both professional and socio-emotional factors in shaping employees’ brand-related behaviours.Originality/valueThis study presents a novel approach to internal brand management, introducing a unique, dual-perspective model. This enriches the current body of literature and provides fresh insights for academics and practitioners in the field of marketing and brand management.

What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Others? Evidence for the Primacy of the Horizontal Dimension of Social Evaluation in Workplace Gossip

In this paper we describe a bottom-up exploration of the social evaluations that emerge from the gossip people hear about others in a workplace context. We used the Dual Perspective Model (DPM: Abele & Wojciszke, 2007, 2014, 2018) to code open-format gossip stories provided by 522 participants for evaluations of gossip targets’ warmth and morality (i.e., communion) and competence and assertiveness (i.e., agency). We additionally coded evaluations of work-effort, self-control, and stress, as well as the gossip topic. Our analysis revealed that communion facet evaluations were more frequent than agency facet evaluations. Additionally, gossip was predominantly negative, reflecting the fact that evaluations usually conveyed information about low warmth, morality and competence; assertiveness was an exception, with high evaluations more common than low. These negative evaluations were most frequently contained in gossip about the negative character of the target and work-related norm transgressions. Our analysis further revealed distinct patterns of co-occurrence for the DPM facets, providing further evidence of the utility of distinguishing not only between the major dimensions of social evaluation, but also their facets. This research provides new insights regarding the variety, prevalence, and valence of social evaluations that emerge from workplace gossip. Most important in the present context, it shows the usefulness of the DPM facets in understanding the content of gossip.

Agency and communion as fundamental dimensions of social judgment – and Bogdan Wojciszke’s brilliant idea on perspective

The fundamental dimensions of social judgment and social evaluation, called agency and communion, are overarching constructs in many fields of psychology. Agency is related to goal-striving and “getting ahead”, communion is related to forming bonds and “getting along”. These dimensions are used both to interpret behaviors, and to evaluate targets. Bogdan Wojciszke was the first to relate these dimensions to perspective, and to show that the perspective of an actor is more closely related to agency, whereas the perspective of an observer is more closely related to communion. The “Dual Perspective Model” combines the fundamental dimensions of social judgment and evaluation with perspective and leads to a number of far-reaching hypotheses on social interactions. The model has inspired research in diverse areas of psychology, such as evaluation of brands, stereotypes of groups, evaluation of political leaders, gender research, social desirability research, self-evaluation, bodily posture in social interaction, to name just a few. It has been further developed to a broad-ranging theory applicable to many phenomena in (social) psychology. Bogdan Wojciszke lives his ideals and it is a pleasure and an honor to cooperate with him.

Challenging your boss with safe words: Newcomers' voice, supervisors' responses, and socialization outcomes

As a proactive behavior, the influence of voice on the voicer remains murky. This study draws on the dual perspective model of agency and communion to examine how newcomers' constructive and supportive voice behaviors affect their adjustment during organizational socialization. We tested all hypotheses with a sample of 463 newcomers and their supervisors. The results showed that newcomers' constructive and supportive voice behaviors were important predictors of supervisors' perceptions of newcomers' agency and communion, respectively. Such perceptions also had uniquely positive associations with supervisors' (task and social) information sharing, which in turn was conducive to newcomers' socialization outcomes. In addition, the results supported the moderating role of political skill, as it amplified the influences of newcomers' voice behavior on supervisors' perceptions. From a practical standpoint, this research is helpful for understanding how newcomers speak up, and it contributes to the voice literature by disentangling the means by which constructive and supportive voice differentially facilitate newcomer adjustment.

How Learning-Goal-Oriented Newcomers Develop Leader-Member Exchange (LMX): A Dual Mediating Model

Incorporating Abele and Wojciszke (2014)’s dual perspective model of agency and communion (DPM-AC) with LMX theory, this study explores whether and how newcomer’s learning goal orientation (LGO) can foster leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships. Through a three-wave field survey among 199 organizaitonal newcomers in China, we found that newcomers’ LGO is positively related to LMX after controlling other types of goal orientations. Our results suggest that newcomers’ agentic behavior – self-improvement voice, and their communal behavior – knowledge sharing, build up dual mediating mechanisms of this relationship. This study addresses the call for more research on LGO’s interpersonal outcomes in the workplace, especially the relationship with the leader. It also contributes to the emerging research on followership and investigating LMX development beyond the dyad. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

The \u201cBig Two\u201d and socially induced emotions: Agency and communion jointly influence emotional contagion and emotional mimicry

Three studies investigated the effects of two fundamental dimensions of social perception on emotional contagion (i.e., the transfer of emotions between people). Rooting our hypotheses in the Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion (Abele and Wojciszke in Adv Exp Soc Psychol 50:198–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7, 2014), we predicted that agency would strengthen the effects of communion on emotional contagion and emotional mimicry (a process often considered a key mechanism behind emotional contagion). To test this hypothesis, we exposed participants to happy, sad, and angry senders characterized by low vs. high communion and agency. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the effects of the two dimensions on socially induced emotions were interactive. The strength and direction of these effects, however, were consistent with our predictions only when the senders expressed happiness. When the senders expressed sadness, we found no effects of agency or communion on participants’ emotional responses, whereas for anger a mixed pattern emerged. Overall, our results align with the notion that emotional contagion and mimicry are modulated not only by the senders’ traits but also by the social meaning of the expressed emotion.

Using playful work design to deal with hindrance job demands: A quantitative diary study.

All job demands are exhausting, but hindrance job demands are particularly stressful since they also impede personal growth and goal attainment. In the present study, we use the dual perspective model to distinguish between agency hindrance job demands (i.e., task-related stressors that cost energy and offer few opportunities for mastery and competence) and communion hindrance job demands (i.e., social stressors that cost energy and limit the probability of experiencing close relationships). We hypothesize that daily agency hindrance job demands and daily communion hindrance job demands have unique indirect and negative associations with daily job performance (i.e., in-role and extra-role performance behaviors) through daily work engagement. In addition, we used theories about proactivity and play to hypothesize that the association of both types of hindrance job demands with work engagement will be moderated by playful work design-the process of proactively creating conditions during work activities that foster competition or fun. Employees from various occupational backgrounds filled out an online questionnaire at the end of each workday (N = 202 × 5.61 days = 1,133 observations). The results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our mediation hypotheses. In addition, as predicted, the negative association between agency hindrance job demands and work engagement was buffered on days when employees designed competition, whereas the negative relation between communion hindrance job demands and work engagement was buffered on days when employees designed fun. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Navigating the social world: Toward an integrated framework for evaluating self, individuals, and groups.

Social evaluation occurs at personal, interpersonal, group, and intergroup levels, with competing theories and evidence. Five models engage in adversarial collaboration, to identify common conceptual ground, ongoing controversies, and continuing agendas: Dual Perspective Model (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007); Behavioral Regulation Model (Leach, Ellemers, & Barreto, 2007); Dimensional Compensation Model (Yzerbyt et al., 2005); Stereotype Content Model (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002); and Agency-Beliefs-Communion Model (Koch, Imhoff, Dotsch, Unkelbach, & Alves, 2016). Each has distinctive focus, theoretical roots, premises, and evidence. Controversies dispute dimensions: number, organization, definition, and labeling; their relative priority; and their relationship. Our first integration suggests 2 fundamental dimensions: Vertical (agency, competence, "getting ahead") and Horizontal (communion, warmth, "getting along"), with respective facets of ability and assertiveness (Vertical) and friendliness and morality (Horizontal). Depending on context, a third dimension is conservative versus progressive Beliefs. Second, different criteria for priority favor different dimensions: processing speed and subjective weight (Horizontal); pragmatic diagnosticity (Vertical); moderators include number and type of target, target-perceiver relationship, context. Finally, the relation between dimensions has similar operational moderators. As an integrative framework, the dimensions' dynamics also depend on perceiver goals (comprehension, efficiency, harmony, compatibility), each balancing top-down and bottom-up processes, for epistemic or hedonic functions. One emerging insight is that the nature and number of targets each of these models typically examines alters perceivers' evaluative goal and how bottom-up information or top-down inferences interact. This framework benefits theoretical parsimony and new research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The role of “communion” and “agency” in college students’ first impressions of their peers

Four studies were conducted to test the main predictions of Abele and Wojciszke’s Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion, DPM-AC model. The studies took place in the context of university students, and new data were provided to obtain a better understanding of how impression formation can influence what is expected from peers. Study 1 confirmed that students prefer communal traits in others when they have a unilateral dependency relationship, and agentic traits when they are in mutual dependency relationships. Conversely, study 2 showed that when students are asked what they dislike most, both communal and agentic adjectives were disliked when they come from a unilateral dependency relationship. Lastly, studies 3 and 4 showed that university students are sensitive to being influenced by priming, with communal and agentic adjectives modifying their evaluations on the morality and the efficiency of their peers’ behaviors.

How China’s image affects Chinese products in a partisan-motivated US market

By proposing a dual-perspective model of attitude formation related to Chinese products, the survey of 592 adults investigated how Americans’ evaluation and purchase intention of Chinese products can be influenced by China’s image driven by a synergy of US politics and mass media. Younger people and minorities had better evaluation of and more intention to purchase Chinese products. A better country image of China contributed to more positive products beliefs and stronger purchase intention. Republicans engaged in partisan-motivated reasoning in their purchase intention, while Democrats converged with nonpartisan audiences. More social media use resulted in stronger purchase intention, while partisan media failed to make an impact on product beliefs and purchase intention. The findings suggested that although Americans’ judgment and purchase intention of Chinese products is affected by individual’s preexisting perception of China, only Republicans are prone to partisan-motivated reasoning of Chinese products. Social media use could lead to more acceptance of Chinese products, but conservative and liberal media seem to make little impact on this matter.

Agency and Communion From the Perspective of Self Versus Others: The Moderating Role of Social Class.

Communion and agency are the two fundamental dimensions of social perception. The dual perspective model (DPM) predicts that communion is more desirable and important in the other perspective, whereas agency is more desirable and important in the self-perspective. Social class psychology has suggested that social class is also systematically linked to one’s orientation toward communion and agency. However, little is known about how basic perspectives (i.e., self versus other) and social class jointly affect the primacy of communion and agency in social cognition. The current study attempted to address this gap by asking participants from different social class conditions to rate the importance of communal and agentic traits both with respect to the self and to another person. Results indicated that lower class individuals rated communal traits as more important than agentic ones for others, whereas upper class individuals rated agentic traits as more important than communal ones for themselves. This work extends both DPM and the social class psychology. Current findings could provide important practical implications for inter-class communications.

Manipulated taking the agent versus the recipient perspective seems not to affect the relationship between agency-communion and self-esteem: A small-scale meta-analysis.

There is a growing debate about the relationship between self-perceived agency-communion and self-esteem. One viewpoint for this debate is offered by the Dual Perspective Model, a novel theoretical framework that introduces the agent and the recipient as two fundamental perspectives in social perception. Building on this model, we expected higher importance of self-ascribed agency for self-esteem in the agent perspective than in the recipient perspective and a higher importance of self-ascribed communion for self-esteem in the recipient than in the agent perspective. However, the meta-analysis of six experiments (N = 659, 68% females) showed no interaction of the perspectives and self-ascribed agency and communion in predicting self-esteem. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between agency-communion and self-esteem seems to be fairly independent of one’s temporary mindset.

Two faces of the self: Actor-self perspective and observer-self perspective are differentially related to agency versus communion

ABSTRACTCommunion is evaluated more positively and people are more concerned if their communion is discredited, but their self-esteem is dominated by agency. For reconciling these results we present an extended Dual Perspective Model that distinguishes the actor-self perspective (self-as-identity) and the observer-self perspective (self-as-reputation) and the facets of agency (assertiveness, competence) and communion (warmth, morality). Self-as-identity is expected to be more related to agency, particularly assertiveness, whereas self-as-reputation is expected to be more related to communion, particularly morality. As predicted, participants asked to remember identity- (reputation-) threatening situations listed mainly assertiveness and competence situations (morality situations; Study 1). Identity (reputation) threat was highest after negative agency, especially assertiveness (communion, especially morality) information (Studies 2, 3; 4 with different methodology).

Success Leads to Agentic Cognition: Two Field Studies

Not much is known about the cognitive consequences of success and failure, and there is no comprehensive theory explaining their aftermath. Building on a dual-perspective model of social cognition, we offer such a preliminary theory that assumes that experiencing success induces an agentic perspective, whereas experiencing failure induces a recipient perspective. We present two field studies of persons failing or succeeding at their naturally occurring goals. The studies found that the experience of success was accompanied by heightened accessibility and use of agentic content. The experience of failure resulted in lowered mood and self-esteem.

The Influencing Mechanisms of Authentic Leadership on Feedback-Seeking Behaviour: A Cognitive/Emotive Model

In this paper, we first examine the relationship between authentic leadership and employee’s feedback-seeking behaviour. Following this we offer two perspectives to explain how and why authentic leadership promotes feedback-seeking behaviour. We suggest, from a cognitive perspective, that such leadership can influence the employees’ beliefs concerning the perceived value and cost of feedback seeking and in turn increase the likelihood of employees proactively engaging in such behaviour. We further argue that emotions also play a significant role in this process. We propose that feedback-seeking behaviour could also be promoted by authentic leaders through a mechanism of cultivating the employees’ positive emotions. We conclude by drawing out the theoretical contributions as well as the practical implications from this dual-perspective model, alongside a discussion of the promising directions for future research.

Preference for Other Persons’ Traits Is Dependent on the Kind of Social Relationship

Three studies test the proposition that people appreciate others’ traits relative to the kind of relationship they have. Hypotheses are derived from the dual-perspective model, according to which the fundamental content dimensions of traits, agency, and communion are linked differently to the perspectives of actor versus observer; and that the kind of relationship between both persons is a moderator of the perspective-trait link. Study 1 shows that people generally prefer communal traits in others, and that agency traits are chosen less frequently in independence relationships than in unilateral dependence relationships than in mutual dependence relationships. Study 2 replicates the communion finding and reveals that – independent of respondents’ own agency and communion – agency traits are chosen less frequently in communal relationships than in exchange relationships. Study 3 shows that in both kinds of relationship well-being goals enhance the selection of communion traits, whereas mastery goals enhance the selection of agency traits.

The Problem of Finite Verb Translation in Exodus 15.1-18

This article examines the finite Hebrew verbs in the song in Exod. 15.1-18. This song has long resisted a uniformly accepted translation. Due to its connection with the Exodus narrative and the difficulty of translating finite verbs in Hebrew poetry, some of the translation problems are exacerbated. This study examines the verbs in the song through an aspectual analysis that takes into account the narrative context of Exodus. Three models of translation are considered: the Prophetic Perfect Model, the Sinai Provenance Model, and the Dual Perspective Model. These three models correspond to three views of the verbs in the song: the prophetic perfect, the preterite, and the traditional schema of perfect-past, imperfect-present/modal/future. Though this study does not arrive at any single answer to the verb translation issues, the analysis clearly points out the possibilities and the problems of each model within the song-narrative context.

A Dual-Perspective Model of Agroecosystem Health: System Functions and System Goals

The idea of agroecosystem health is understood from two perspectives: a system-functions perspective and system-goals perspective. The system functions are: integrity, resilience and efficiency and are essential to the flourishing of a biotic community. The system goals are social, natural and economic and place constraints on each other. If conflict is to be avoided, it is argued that a holistic approach to agroecosystem management should be adopted at the farm and government levels.