Dual Loyalties Research Articles

Quasi-sovereignity as an instrument of the expansionist policy of the RF in historical retrospect

The article provides a general overview of the means used to legalize and legitimize the expansionist policy of the Russian Federation through the history. It is emphasized that, basically, they are (pseudo) legal instruments - forms and means that imitate the external features of certain legal forms in order to create a simulacrum of social and legal reality and substitute them for legal institutions. Such a simulacrum is provided mainly with the imitation of the right of the people for self-determination, which is intended to simulate its realization and which takes place on three planes: subject – formation of an imaginary community, a simulacrum of the people; action – holding a pseudo-referendum; result – simulation of the secession process, of the procedure for proclaiming republics with the subsequent formal “declaration of sovereignty”. The creation of quasi-sovereign “puppet” republics to achieve certain political goals other than officially declared has been used by the USSR for political purposes since the very beginning. The latter is illustrated by examples from the history of the USSR, namely the creation of the Moldavian Autonomous Republic within the Ukrainian SSR. The decision to create it was made behind the scenes by communist forces, agreed upon by the highest communist party bodies of Ukraine and Moscow, and the dispute that arose between them over the organizational form was resolved unilaterally by the Moscow Communist Party, which further demonstrates the non-sovereignty of the Ukrainian Soviet authorities in the USSR. The purpose of the formation was foreign policy (the prospect of joining Romanian Basarabia) and domestic policy (strengthening Soviet power in the region). Only after these approvals did the republic become legally established, through a decision made by the democratic authorities - the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee on October 12, 1924, in Kharkiv. It was only on April, 19-23, 1925, that the 1st All-Moldovan Congress of Soviets took place. The Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR already referred to the establishment of Moldovan autonomy as the unification of the Ukrainian SSR with the Moldovan people on the basis of recognition of the right of all nations to self-determination. The author believes that the use of pseudo-legal forms and means to legitimize and legalize expansionist policies was a common means of the USSR and modern Russia; in none of the historical precedents did the Soviets and Russian authorities take responsibility for the direct management of the occupied territories, carrying it out through the mediation of agents and collaborators who imitated the people’s will. The author concludes that the widespread use of pseudo-legal forms can be called a characteristic feature of the expansionist policy of the Soviet and now the Russian authorities when trying to legalize and legitimize actions that are in fact occupations. It is worth noting that the use of such specific forms of legalization and legitimation is possible only if there is a local population, some of which is loyal to the policies of the occupying power or has dual loyalties and identities. This explains the spread and viability of such pseudo-legal means in the territory of the former USSR, a state where dual loyalty and identity have been nurtured in the population for several generations. The author emphases that the prerequisites for such a specific occupation practice of the Russian Federation are laid down much earlier than the military occupation itself –by a common information space, common language and memory practices, and acommon cultural space. This should also be taken into account in Ukraine’s information policy as part of a comprehensive response to Russia’s occupationpractices. Key words: sovereignty, quasi-sovereignty, pseudo-republics, secession, Ukraine, USSR, legitimation, legalization.

Ideology, environment, and open space in conflict arenas: The discrepancies and harmonizing strategies of West Bank Israeli settlers

The natural environments of conflict arenas often embody invisible contexts for political analysis. This study questions how environmental agendas are framed and acted upon by mid-level environmental professionals engaged in land-focused conflict. Ideological attachment to contested land together with engagement in the polemics of conflict, facilitate unique engagements with environmental agendas, particularly regarding open space preservation. This engagement prioritizes conflict-related goals and thus creates discrepancies between environmental knowledge, attitudes, and actions. Our study focuses on Israeli West Bank settlers who serve as mid-level environmental professionals and share professional dilemmas. Mid-level environmental professionals, rather than high-level policy and decision makers, are “street-level bureaucrats” and therefore a potentially novel and revealing source of environmental positions within the settler community. Through interviews focused on Israeli environment-related policies in the West Bank, we reveal disparities between environmental knowledge and the positions grounded in this group’s political identity and loyalties and identify the three particular harmonizing strategies employed in narrating the realities of their professional initiatives and agendas. We expose a distinct dual agenda, one which acknowledges environmental values and concerns, and yet only selectively recognizes and engages in goals of open space preservation when these challenge settlement infrastructure and expansion. These environmental discrepancies can be interpreted as the cynical political manipulation of environmental values, yet we propose that at a mid-level professional level, they can serve as self-rationalization in resolving dual loyalties to both political and environmental agendas. Personal realities and life experiences of environmental professionals affected by the conflict are identified as significant to the design and support of the resulting selective environmental agenda.

Vulnerable yet Unprotected: The Hidden Curriculum of the Care of the Incarcerated Patient.

Vulnerable yet Unprotected: The Hidden Curriculum of the Care of the Incarcerated Patient.

Neither here nor there: reconciling nominee directors’ dual loyalties under the Indian Companies Act 2013

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to determine how Indian law can resolve the conflict of dual loyalties faced by nominee directors. We first study nominee directors’ duties towards their nominator in commercial practice, and directors’ duties under the stakeholder-oriented provision of section 166(2) in Indian Companies Act 2013. We then take stock of the judicial approaches towards nominee directors in the United Kingdom and in India. The Companies Act 2013 is presently inadequate to resolve the identified conflict. We suggest codifying a pragmatic approach by allowing nominee directors to pursue their nominator’s interests, subject to the company’s interests. To determine the company’s interests, we refer to the Entity Maximisation and Sustainability Approach proposed by Andrew Keay that allows for a plurality of interests to be considered by a director, while providing a clear objective. In concluding, we call for further deliberation on the enforcement of the nominee directors’ duties.

Integration of Iran-backed armed groups into the Iraqi and Syrian armed forces: implications for stability in Iraq and Syria

ABSTRACT Since 2018, an increasing number of Iran-backed armed groups have started to be integrated into the Syrian and Iraqi official armed forces. The integration of armed groups allows Tehran to enjoy a multi-layered, longer-term, and potentially less expensive influence in Iraq and Syria. Besides, underlying ideological and ideational ties between the armed groups and Iran continue to affect their strategic choices. Meanwhile, and in order to preserve its ability to directly impact the developments, Tehran continues to support an array of smaller militias outside the state structures. This indicates a shifting pattern in Iran’s regional network, from relying predominantly on non-state actors to enjoying a more complex set of non-state and semi-state allies. The consolidation of this model could have considerable implications for Iraq and Syria: 1- Dual loyalties in the Iraqi and Syrian states will make it difficult to form an inclusive government and promote national unity; 2- Anti-American and anti-Israeli ideological elements in the Iraqi and Syrian armed forces’ structure could prevent establishing better ties with the US or Israel; 3- The concern of Iran’s regional rivals over the expansion of Tehran’s influence in Iraq and Syria turns the two countries into a theater for regional confrontations.

The New Jewish Question

AbstractIn this article I attempt to lay out at least the bones of an argument for a shift in the terms of world Jewish life. Against the Hobson’s choice of “religion” or “state,” I offer an older paradigm of diaspora nation, the Yiddishe Folk. Because I am opposed to both the mononational state and cosmopolitanism (of the classic Appiah-like variety), I work out a description (not fully defined) of diaspora that comprises dual loyalties, to the place where I am and especially its oppressed people and to others of my nation scattered in many places (ideally!). This statement constitutes a vade mecum to a longer manifesto to be published by Yale University Press, late in 2022.

The Unchosen Ones: Diaspora, Nation, and Migration in Israel and Germany by Jannis Panagiotidis

Reviewed by: The Unchosen Ones: Diaspora, Nation, and Migration in Israel and Germany by Jannis Panagiotidis Joseph Cronin Jannis Panagiotidis . The Unchosen Ones: Diaspora, Nation, and Migration in Israel and Germany . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2019 . 363 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009420000598 The front cover of The Unchosen Ones shows a family of smiling Moroccan Jews upon their arrival in Israel in 1954, about to complete their Aliyah. However, as Jannis Panagiotidis shows in this stimulating book, many of their compatriots were prevented from doing the same, on grounds dressed up in bureaucratic complexity, but which derived essentially from their origin in a North African state. In short, the Israeli authorities considered them "backward," "primitive," "violent," and "lazy" (110), compared to the "desirable" Jewish migrants from Europe and North America. Yet Israel is not the only case of "co-ethnic" migration discussed in this book. The other standout example—and Panagiotidis fully acknowledges the irony—is Germany, or at least the Federal Republic of Germany, which initiated a long-running scheme to integrate "ethnic Germans" ( Aussiedler ) scattered across communist Eastern Europe over a time period almost exactly coterminous [End Page 196] with its Israeli counterpart. Panagiotidis takes full advantage of the potential for comparison, delving into the minutiae of legislation, political disputes, and individual case studies. His conclusions are as insightful as they are startling. Co-ethnic migration is based on the notion of shared ethnicity—that one has the right to live in a particular nation-state based on one's ethnic "belonging" to it. Yet Israel's and Germany's claims to be open to all their co-ethnics were frequently tested. After all, how does one define who is a German and who is a Jew? It fell to politicians, lawmakers, and civil servants to do the sifting, with mixed results. Unlike Israel, Germany did not have a religious definition to fall back on, and its politicians were also anxious to avoid the racial classifications the Nazis had used. So, they formulated a new concept—"people-belonging" ( Volkszugehörigkeit ). This had overtones of the old völkisch terminology, but was presented as an exclusively cultural category. One therefore had to "affirm" that one belonged to the German people through one's actions. In practical terms, this meant language (how well one spoke German), along with cultural habits, even the names one gave one's children. Inevitably, though, this cultural definition of "Germanness" was extremely fuzzy around the edges and open to interpretation by the "gatekeepers" as well as by applicants themselves. Former Nazi collaborators—SS volunteers from places like Yugoslavia—were often treated preferentially to those who had fought against the Nazi occupiers: after all, they had enthusiastically affirmed their "people-belonging" in the most dramatic of circumstances. Jewish applicants, by contrast, often found themselves in a difficult situation. Although West Germany's Federal Expellee Law stipulated that being Jewish did not preclude one's belonging to the German people, as it was careful to define Jewishness as a purely religious category, in reality, Jewish applicants were often suspected of dual loyalties. A prior attempt to migrate to Israel, for example, or indeed anywhere based on one's persecution as a Jew , was enough to thwart one's prospects of being let into the Federal Republic. Why? Because in doing so you had affirmed your Jewish "people-belonging," and you could only belong, following the logic, to one people. Panagiotidis scrutinizes a handful of rejected applications to both Germany and Israel —the eponymous "unchosen ones"—and argues that it was these exceptions or outliers that exposed "the limits of each country's co-ethnic commitment" (4). It is a bold claim for such a small sample, which by its very nature can hardly be described as representative. But because these cases were so often borderline, they forced the "gatekeepers," politicians and lawmakers, to define precisely what they meant when they spoke of the Jewish or German people. Where did the boundaries lie? Sometimes they jagged around one particular applicant. Brother Daniel is probably the most famous example: a Polish Jew (born Oswald Rufeisen) who converted to Catholicism—and then became a monk—to facilitate his hiding in...

Horace Kallen in the Heartland: The Midwestern Roots of American Pluralism by Michael C. Steiner

Reviewed by: Horace Kallen in the Heartland: The Midwestern Roots of American Pluralism by Michael C. Steiner Jeanne Abrams (bio) Horace Kallen in the Heartland: The Midwestern Roots of American Pluralism. By Michael C. Steiner. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2020. xi + 240 pp. German-born and Harvard-educated American Jewish philosopher Horace Meyer Kallen is best known for introducing the influential concept of cultural pluralism in the early decades of the twentieth century, and it is a theory which continues to resonate to this day. Kallen maintained that diverse immigrants and minority groups cultivated their own social spaces and that they interacted to create an inclusive, ever-changing American overarching culture. In Horace Kallen in the Heartland, Michael C. Steiner, a professor emeritus of American Studies at California State, argues persuasively that the seven, often restless, years that Kallen spent in the Midwest, a "matrix of cultural pluralism," played a pivotal, although often overlooked role in the development and maturation of his thought on the subject (2). In fact, Steiner maintains that Kallen's sojourn in the Midwest (1911–1918), including his visits to Chicago and his stint at the University of Wisconsin, "ensured that Kallen's sweeping theory reached full expression" in that region (73). Steiner asserts that it was there that the crucial finishing touches were added and that Kallen's essential message contained a clear warning against the "forces of uniformity and tyranny" (2). Steiner clearly admires what he refers to as the expansive vision reflected in the work of Kallen and the other thought leaders he interacted with who came into his intellectual orbit during his time in the Midwest. [End Page 310] He observes that they "forged a generous open-ended vision of diversity in the face of rising white racism and vicious war hysteria" and notes that Kallen often urged his own University of Wisconsin students to "embrace their ethnic heritage" (3, 107). At first, Kallen bemoaned his life in Wisconsin in what he considered a backwater compared to the East Coast, particularly Boston, where he grew up. However, he soon grew to appreciate the Midwest "region's intellectual vitality and urban and rural diversity," and his time there included some of the most productive years in terms of his writing (17). Kallen's ideas served as a counterpoint to the contemporary melting pot theory made popular by English-born Jewish playwright Israel Zangwill. According to Steiner, in contrast to Kallen, Zangwill's narrow concept "promoted the abandonment of ethnic identity in the crucible of American Culture" (85). Kallen left the University of Wisconsin in 1918, and in 1919 he became a founding faculty member at the New School for Social Research in New York. Although his seminal ideas evolved, expanded, and occasionally waned over time, through his interaction with a cross section of public figures, including key Black intellectuals, social activists, and artists, Kallen remained a vocal champion of cultural pluralism through most of his lifetime, even up to his death at the age of ninety-two in 1974. He became a particularly active proponent after World War II, and Steiner asserts that in the late 1950s, Kallen adopted an even more generous version of pluralism than he had espoused forty years earlier. Kallen was also an early and staunch defender and prime mover of American Zionism until the 1920s. He even convinced Louis Brandeis that support of Zionism enhanced American patriotism and accusations of dual loyalties were unfounded aspersions. Michael C. Steiner is an eloquent writer who has mastered the relevant primary and secondary sources to weave an informative, detailed, and often engaging narrative. He does a fine job of demonstrating the centrality of the Midwest to Kallen's influential theory. Despite the relatively slim size of the volume, however, the book is often repetitive. For example, the countless number of times the word "expansive" is used becomes tiresome. Nevertheless, Steiner has provided an important new perspective on Kallen's life and work, one that opens a wider window in which to examine the factors that influenced the creation of an intellectual paradigm that has remained influential and relevant for over a century. Moreover, he reminds us of the underlying importance...

Qualitative exploration of the medical learner\u2019s journey into correctional health care at an academic medical center and its implications for medical education

Correctional systems in several U.S. states have entered into partnerships with academic medical centers (AMCs) to provide healthcare for persons who are incarcerated. One AMC specializing in the care of incarcerated patients is the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), which hosts the only dedicated prison hospital in the U.S. and supplies 80% of the medical care for the entire Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). Nearly all medical students and residents at UTMB take part in the care of the incarcerated. This research, through qualitative exploration using focus group discussions, sets out to characterize the correctional care learning environment medical trainees enter. Participants outlined an institutional culture of low prioritization and neglect that dominated the learning environment in the prison hospital, resulting in treatment of the incarcerated as second-class patients. Medical learners pointed to delays in care, both within the prison hospital and within the TDCJ system, where diagnostic, laboratory, and medical procedures were delivered to incarcerated patients at a lower priority compared to free-world patients. Medical learners elaborated further on ethical issues that included the moral judgment of those who are incarcerated, bias in clinical decision making, and concerns for patient autonomy. Medical learners were left to grapple with complex challenges like the problem of dual loyalties without opportunities to critically reflect upon what they experienced. This study finds that, without specific vulnerable populations training for both trainees and correctional care faculty to address these institutional dynamics, AMCs risk replicating a system of exploitation and neglect of incarcerated patients and thereby exacerbating health inequities.

National Teams, Multiple Loyalties. A Discussion of three Football Case Studies

En varios países de la Europa occidental podemos encontrar sociedades con una composición multi-étnica que se refleja también en la composición de sus equipos nacionales de fútbol, los que cada vez alinean más jugadores de origen emigrante. Este artículo, con un énfasis principalmente empírico, analiza cómo los jugadores de fútbol con identidad nacional dual negocian su adhesión a su país de origen y al país de adopción futbolística. La investigación se plantea mediante tres casos de estudio situados en Alemania, Suiza y Francia en 2018. En estos casos se analiza la manera en que distintos futbolistas se han enfrentado a su identidad dual al jugar en la selección nacional de su país de adopción. El principal resultado de la investigación sugiere que, mientras la identidad nacional de los futbolistas parece no ser excesivamente relevante en las competiciones Europeas de clubes, no ocurre lo mismo con las selecciones nacionales. Jugadores con origen emigrante encuentran tremendas dificultades para expresar, de manera sencilla o espontánea, su identidad dual dentro del fútbol de selecciones. La principal contribución teórica del artículo es una conceptualización del proceso por el que una gran parte de la opinión pública y del discurso de los medios de comunicación, incluso en países con una amplia tradición de acogida de emigrantes como Francia, Suiza o Alemania, tienen dificultades para entender las complejidades de las identidades duales. En esos casos, los futbolistas se ven forzados a hacer pública, de manera clara y expresa, su lealtad hacia los ‘colores’ de su país sobre el terreno de juego.

Institutional Maintenance Work as a Response to the Introduction of Inspections in Swedish Schools 2003-2008

This paper focuses on a national governmental school inspections program that was reintroduced in the Swedish school system in 2003. The program included controls conducted by governmental inspectors whose task was to strictly inspect, ignoring activities such as consulting and advice-giving. In the article, we show that while the reintroduced school inspections pointed to the contours of a stricter audit regime in Sweden, studies of micro-level processes provided a more complex picture. Based on an interview study including inspectors, teachers, principals and public employees in the Swedish school system, our results show that the practices of the inspectors did not change dramatically. The inspectors participated in institutional maintenance work that kept institutionalised practices more or less intact. The paper contributes to the discussion on institutional maintenance work by investigating the role of hybrid professionals (inspectors with dual loyalties and obligations both to the state and to their professional peers) and how their interdependent relationship to stakeholders affected the conditions and character of institutional work activities.

Edwidge Danticat: The Haitian Diasporic Imaginary by Nadège T. Clitandre

Reviewed by: Edwidge Danticat: The Haitian Diasporic Imaginary by Nadège T. Clitandre Carine Mardorossian CLITANDRE, NADÈGE T. Edwidge Danticat: The Haitian Diasporic Imaginary. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2018. 272 pp. $65.00 hardcover; $65.00 e-book; $29.50 paper. Edwidge Danticat is one of the most important Caribbean authors writing in the diaspora today. Her entire body of work may be summarized as a response to the displacement she experienced first after her parents left her behind with her aunt to immigrate to the US, and secondly after she herself left to join them at twelve years of age. Haiti may be the country where she first felt orphaned, but the United States is the place where she truly experienced transplantation after leaving the only home she had ever known. Danticat has since remarked that it was only through and in her encounter with the English language that she felt like she was home again. Language was the space she could enter, engage, learn with, use, and manipulate without judgment or fear of reprisal. It is the tool through which she could fashion her own identity, represent and move beyond the many traumas of her life. It was home. Nadège T. Clitandre’s new book on Danticat beautifully renders this transnational and prolific author’s complex negotiation of the diasporic consciousness and its multilayered relation to the nation of origin. Edwidge Danticat: The Haitian Diasporic Imaginary is a much-needed critical analysis not only because it offers the first sustained monograph about the works of this celebrated author, but also because it successfully recalibrates our understanding of diaspora in postcolonial studies. Indeed, over the last few decades, postcolonial studies has moved from nation to diaspora as a key concept, with many scholars highlighting the opposition between the two. By contrast, Clitandre emphasizes the dialogic relationship between nation and diaspora in Danticat’s work. Her recasting of diaspora as a more complicated phenomenon than what has been theorized under the aegis of “transnationalism” is lucidly articulated, but it is also evocatively and lyrically rendered through the trope of the “echo.” Clitandre shows that the echo effect and its reverberation in any diasporic context may truly be the only appropriate way in which the silenced histories of post-slavery migration and transplantation can actually be represented; that is, through the resonances and traces left by often undocumented and inaccessible wounds whose effects remain as pervasive today as if we had witnessed them firsthand. These are histories that can only be returned to us in a diffused and indirect way, in echoes rather than through any mimetic representational rhetoric. As Clitandre points out, the diaspora is often configured in Caribbean women’s narratives through strategies and metaphors of doubleness, another concept that evokes the repetitive quality of the echo. The double, Clitandre rightly points out, is a recurring [End Page 601] trope especially in texts that tackle sexual trauma (as most Caribbean women’s fiction does). As such, it functions both as a coping mechanism and as a narrative strategy, a double-pronged dimension whose rippling repercussions are indeed echo-like. In Chapter One, it is through a review of Haiti’s turbulent history of colonialism and decolonization that the echo takes on an even more resonant valence. Clitandre discusses, for instance, the three waves of Haitian migration to the US and the echoing ways in which they completely transformed the social and relational fabric of the two countries. She also shows how “Danticat’s literary return to a localized, geographically bounded fictional space does not expunge the diasporic and transnational contours of the small village” (31). Considering the realities of diasporic subjects that have and maintain dual relationships and loyalties to multiple places in our era of globalization, this historicized intervention could not be more timely. Also particularly successful is the theoretical discussion that frames the historicized chronicling and close readings that are offered throughout the book. Clitandre does a convincing job of clearly referencing the theoretical paradigms she uses to articulate her reconceptualization of diaspora, nation, identity. For instance, she offers an illuminating distinction between the Fanonian and the Duboisian notions of double consciousness. The...

Dual loyalties: Everyday ethical problems of registered nurses and physicians in combat zones.

When healthcare personnel take part in military operations in combat zones, they experience ethical problems related to dual loyalties, that is, when they find themselves torn between expectations of doing caring and military tasks, respectively. This article aims to describe how Swedish healthcare personnel reason concerning everyday ethical problems related to dual loyalties between care and military tasks when undertaking healthcare in combat zones. Abductive qualitative design. Individual interviews with 15 registered nurses and physicians assigned for a military operation in Mali. The participants signed up voluntarily, and requirements for informed consent and confidentiality were met. The research was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg (D no. 816-14; 24 November 2014). Three main categories emerged: reasons for not undertaking combat duties, reasons for undertaking combat duties and restricted loyalty to military duties, and 14 subcategories. Reasons for not undertaking combat duties were that it was not in their role, not according to ethical codes or humanitarian law or a breach towards patients. Reasons for undertaking combat duties were that humanitarian law does not apply or has to be treated pragmatically or that it is a case of force protection. Shortage of resources and competence were reasons for both doing and not doing military tasks. Under some circumstances, they could imagine undertaking military tasks: when under threat, if unseen or if not needed for healthcare duties. These discrepant views suggest a lack of a common view on what is ethically acceptable or not, and therefore we suggest further normative discussion on how these everyday ethical problems should be interpreted in the light of humanitarian law and ethical codes of healthcare personnel and following this, further training in ethical reflection before going on military operations.

Citizen Seismology, Stalinist Science, and Vladimir Mannar’s Cold Wars

This essay takes a historical view on “citizen science” by exploring its socialist version via the case of a Soviet amateur seismologist Vladimir Mannar. In the wake of the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, which coincided with Lysenko’s victory in his campaign against genetics, Mannar launched an aborted campaign for a participatory “socialist seismology.” Mannar co-opted Lysenkoist language of science for the people and gained professional status within professional seismology but was shut out by the experts capitalizing on a “big science” imperative of cold war. Mannar’s personal experiences of navigating competing pulls of cold war seismology and his vision of “people’s seismology,” marginalized within increasingly technical and instrumental cold war science, shed light on oxymoronic nature of citizen science, and the clash between participatory vision of science and an increasing reliance on high-level technical expertise. This case provides a vantage point from which to examine the dual nature of citizen science with its dual loyalties, ambiguities, and the constantly renegotiated status of data—the raison d’être and the most tangible outcome of the initiatives unfolded on the outer fringes of academic science.

Social decision making in integrated care

The literature on integrated care mainly focuses on institutional and structural aspects of integration, such as macro-level organizational characteristics, information systems, legislation, and funding mechanisms, in a number of publications conceptualized in definitions and models. Although it is acknowledged that human factors, such as motivation, leadership, entrepreneurship, and commitment, are relevant as well (Nies & Berman, 2004; Billings & Leichsenring, 2005; Minkman, et al., 2009; Sun, et al., 2014), in the field of integrated care, there seems to be little integration between macro-level theories on the one hand and knowledge on micro-level processes on the other hand (cf. Goodwin, 2013). This is unfortunate, as it has been argued that macro lines of research could profit from a micro motor (see for example Powell & Bromley, 2015; Powell & Colyvas, 2008). Such a motor would involve theories that intend to enact structural and institutional factors by individuals in concrete social situations. This might clarify why pilot experiences often do not transfer to other situations (Bengoa, 2013) and might shed a new light on successful implementation of good practice examples.In this workshop we will explore how successful integration can be understood by applying social decision making theory, in particular the Motivated Information Processing in Groups (MIP-G) model (De Dreu, Nijstad, & Van Knippenberg, 2008). We propose that what makes integration work depends on underlying mechanisms of collaboration, competition, and information exchange (Beersma, 2015).Integrated care is characterized by mixed motive contexts at different levels: motives to collaborate with others (organizations and individuals) and to strive for one's own (organization's) interests both play a role at the same time. Specifically, the actors in the field of integrated care often have dual loyalties. They operate in diverse institutional settings, with their own identities, money, legislation, incentives, cultures and so on. This holds for all levels of integration: the clinical, professional, organizational and system level (Valentijn et al., 2013). Moreover, it holds not only for professional actors, but also for people in the non-professional or informal domain, in the community, an emerging field in integrated care (Nies, 2014; Goodwin, 2014).Besides the mixed-motive nature of integrated care, another element that should be noted is its complexity (Goodwin, 2013). By definition, integration requires understanding others' perspectives and language, and as such it requires in-depth information processing.Based on our knowledge of integrated care and motivated information processing in groups, we will discuss two central elements that explain why an integration process will or will not work: social motivation and epistemic motivation. Social motivation refers to how individuals weigh their own and others' interests in a decision-making context; whereas a pro-self motivation reflects striving for one's own interests only, a pro-social motivation reflects striving for both high own, as well as others' outcomes. Epistemic motivation refers to the willingness to expend effort to achieve a thorough understanding of the decision problem at hand (De Dreu et al., 2008; Nijstad & De Dreu, 2012). When individuals have high rather than low epistemic motivation, they are more likely to engage in a thorough, in-depth search for and processing of information. Together, social and epistemic motivation have been shown to drive the success and failure of integrative decision making in laboratory contexts (De Dreu et al., 2008, see also De Dreu, Beersma, Stroebe, & Euwema, 2006). Specifically, laboratory experiments demonstrated that prosocial motivation leads to optimal integration, but only when combined with high epistemic motivation.In the workshop we propose they are also highly applicable in the context of integrated care. In this specific context, the inter-organizational perspective is an extra dimension, which at first sight complicates collaboration. However, in our workshop we will explore whether and how insights derived from the MIP-G model can be applied to integrated care and linked to structural / institutional interventions in this field. The aim of the workshop is to provide care providers, commissioners and users’ representatives with key principles of social decision making, to test the applicability of the model, and to explore research questions and networks.

Situating secondary schooling in the transnational social field: contestation and conflict in Greater Toronto Area classrooms

ABSTRACTThis article situates secondary schooling within the evolving transnational social field. Drawing on 43 interviews with teachers and former students with transnational connections in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada, I examine how transnational practices and dispositions fit within existing curricular and pedagogical frameworks in secondary schools. It is suggested that the ‘ways of being’ and ‘ways of belonging’ for transnational students are in conflict with the teachers’ views on how students ought to act and feel within classroom settings. When transnational secondary students travel to their sending societies for ongoing periods, the data reveal disconnections at school that threaten the dominant classroom norms. When there is sustained direct contact with multiple countries, including both travel and new modes of communication, this may create knowledge and vivid experiences for transnational youth who are ‘betwixt and between’, but also leads to concerns by teachers about a ‘strategic’ use of Toronto-area schools and fears about ‘dual loyalties’. Finally, many of the transnational youth find their teachers’ assumptions of schooling superiority in the Global North to be sorely misdirected, and perhaps even harmful. These discordances highlight the existence of competing systems of capital within GTA classrooms.

Dual loyalties, human rights violations, and physician complicity in apartheid South Africa.

The gross negligence of the physicians who cared for Steve Biko, an apartheid-era South African political activist who died of injuries inflicted while in police custody, illustrates how dual loyalty—toward patients and, in this case, the state—makes performance of professional duties difficult.

Mental Health in the War on Terror: Culture, Science, and Statecraft

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessMental Health in the War on Terror: Culture, Science, and StatecraftJerrold M. Post, M.D.Jerrold M. PostSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Sep 2015https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.660704AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail by Neil Krishan Aggarwal, M.D.; New York, Columbia University Press, 2015, 232 pagesReflecting his long-standing interest and fellowship training in cross-cultural psychiatry, Neil Aggarwal looks at the theory and practice of psychiatry through the lens of an anthropologist as he surveys the complexity of the psychiatrist’s role in the war on terror in this important book. Early attracted to the interdisciplinary perspective of Michel Foucalt, Aggarwal provides a perspective that will challenge the complacency of psychiatrists as they enter the culturally complex arena of mental health in this era. During our training as mental health practitioners, we all were taught the importance of assessing our patients accurately in their cultural context. Here Aggarwal confronts us with the importance of understanding that psychiatrists, too, are embedded in a cultural context that affects the manner in which they understand their clients’ behavior, and it inevitably affects diagnosis and treatment.At the 2005 major terrorism summit in Madrid, a committee on the psychological roots of terrorism, which I chaired, included in its consensus statement that “it is not going too far to assert that terrorists are psychologically normal”—in the sense of not being clinically psychotic. They are neither depressed, nor severely emotionally disturbed, nor crazed fanatics. In fact, terrorist groups and organizations regularly screen out emotionally unstable individuals. They represent, after all, a security risk. “But if not individual psychopathology, then what?” The committee concluded that “it is group, organizational and social psychology that provide the greatest analytic power in understanding this complex phenomenon,” that “terrorists have subordinated their individual identity to the collective identity.” Aggarwal powerfully stresses the importance of the social field of the terrorist and of the examining psychiatrist.In his chapter on bioethics, Aggarwal stresses the dilemma of dual loyalties. This is particularly relevant for the military psychiatrist. He explores the challenges of how to resolve the conflicting issues of operating in the command hierarchy and being true to the ethical imperatives of the Hippocratic Oath.In a chapter devoted to the complexity of the role of the psychiatrist in cases involving the Guantanamo detainees, he persuasively demonstrates the differing interpretive contexts of working for the defense versus working for the prosecution, as psychiatrists interpret patients’ symptoms. The chapter on the psychology of suicide terrorism is especially powerful concerning the requirement of the examining psychiatrist to be actively aware of the manner in which the patient has been socialized, that the individual has been promised rewards for martyrdom, such as a higher place in the afterlife, a place in Paradise. In an interesting chapter on deradicalization programs, Aggarwal directs attention to the central role played by moderate Muslim clerics in several of the programs, noting the tendency of psychiatrists to operate in a medical hierarchy, whereas challenging beliefs to which they have been socialized by religious authorities may be quite efficacious.This book should be considered required reading for psychiatrists and mental health professionals interested in the psychology of Islamist terrorism, especially those who will be involved with the evaluation and treatment of terrorists. It is an exemplar of the manner in which the lens of transcultural psychiatry can clarify our perspective as we try to understand the complexities of the manner in which ordinary people can be socialized to righteously pursue the path of political extremism.Dr. Post is professor of psychiatry, political psychology, and international affairs at George Washington University, Washington, D.C., where he is director of the Political Psychology Program.The reviewer reports no financial relationships with commercial interests. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 66Issue 9 September 01, 2015Pages e1-e2 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 September 2015 Published in print 1 September 2015

Dual Loyalties and Impossible Dilemmas: Health care in Immigration Detention

Dual Loyalties and Impossible Dilemmas: Health care in Immigration Detention

Never Take Kinship Personally: Confronting Slavery, Masculinity, and Family in Revolutionary America

Never Take Kinship Personally:Confronting Slavery, Masculinity, and Family in Revolutionary America Bill L. Smith (bio) Introduction Suffering from a “severe spell of sickness,” David Cooper spent most of 1751 confined to his room. One night of that year, he was awoken by loud knocking at his front door. Startled and worried that the noise might wake his pregnant wife Sybil and his two young children, David gathered the strength to get out of bed. Upon answering the door, he laid eyes on his beloved younger brother John, who he had not seen in months.1 John Cooper was caught in a “violent hurricane” while traveling in the West Indies and was “thought to be lost.”2 Now John had suddenly returned from beyond his watery grave, causing David to admit he “had never known such an effect from joy.” David was speechless, declaring that “The surprise was so great that I could not speak to him, but the tears gushed from my eyes.”3 John Cooper evaded this brush with death in the West Indies, and later became a leader of the American Revolution, author of the New Jersey Constitution of 1776, and First Judge of Gloucester County, New Jersey. He was also elected to the Second Continental Congress to adopt the Declaration of Independence. John chose to ignore Quaker doctrine instructing Friends to distance themselves from the Revolution and maintain their allegiance to the “power that be.”4 As a result of his political actions, John was disowned by the Society of Friends, causing his familial relationships to deteriorate. John’s family had prematurely mourned his death in 1751. Thirty-four years later, in 1785, he did pass away, but “without any of his relations being present, or even having the knowledge that he was ill.” Upon hearing of John’s death, David reflected that he and John “had been as nearly united as perhaps two brothers ever were.” But the two had not spoken in over eight years, causing David to lament that he had not been able to give “a last farewell to one who had been very dear.”5 The Cooper brothers spent their lives linked together, but became divided by a subtle, albeit significant, difference in their approaches to Quaker theology and the American Revolution. They embody the struggle of those who navigated through changing conceptions of what it meant to be a Quaker, an American, and a man during the late eighteenth century. Drawing on Quaker meeting records, tax records, and the personal papers of the Cooper family members, this [End Page 17] work offers an analysis of the Cooper brothers’ personal, spiritual, and political struggles as they pursued markedly different paths. It offers a microcosmic view of the moral uncertainty, dual loyalties, and role conflicts faced by many eighteenth century Quaker men as a result of familial and communal ties, class consciousness, civic engagement, religious affiliation, and conflicting notions of masculinity. Yet despite their differences, the Cooper brothers found common, ethical ground on which to stand during the last years of their lives. An examination of the Coopers’ abolitionist efforts elucidates the fact that although David and John followed different paths during the Revolution and may have disagreed on what it meant to be a man, they were reunited in the cause of abolitionism during the final years of their lives because they were both good men. The Coopers of the Delaware Valley The Cooper brothers were born in Woodbury, New Jersey, on the banks of the Delaware River, directly east of Philadelphia. Both their maternal and paternal grandparents arrived in southwestern New Jersey during the latter half of the seventeenth century. The Coopers’ maternal grandfather Benjamin Clarke was one of the first Quaker abolitionists, writing against the institution in the late seventeenth century.6 William Cooper, their paternal grandfather, was a minister in Hertfordshire, England, and an acquaintance of George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends.7 By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Coopers’ grandparents had helped transform the “untamed” territory of southwestern New Jersey into an “idyllic, peaceful countryside, with an air that was very clear, sweet and wholesome.”8 John Cooper Sr.—David and John...