Dual Ions Research Articles

Construction of high strength PVA/cellulose conductive hydrogels based on sodium citrate/aluminium chloride dual ions regulation

Hydrogels used for flexible sensing usually require a good balance between mechanical strength and conductivity. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose nanofibers (PVA/CMC/CNF) hydrogels with multi-hierarchical structures were firstly prepared by adjusting the CNF content. Then, PVA/CMC/CNF-xM with excellent mechanical properties and conductivity were prepared by cyclic freezing-thawing and sodium citrate/aluminium chloride (Na3Cit/AlCl3) dual ions salt equilibrium methods. Results showed that at an ion concentration of 3 mol/L, PVA/CMC/CNF-3 M hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength, elongation at break and conductivity of 3.41 MPa, 1271 % and 0.35 S/m, respectively. The structural evolution of PVA/CMC/CNF-xM conductive hydrogels were studied, and the results indicated that Cit3− formed numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds, while Al3+ could strongly coordinate with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups between the polysaccharide chains. Meanwhile, PVA/CMC/CNF-3 M possessed a low strain detection limit of 1 %, making it not only can be used for human motion monitoring, but also information encoding and transmission. This work may provide a facile approach for preparing high-strength and conductive hydrogels, which can be applied in flexible wearable electronic devices and information transmission.

Thermally stable white light emission and energy transfer analysis of tungstate-tellurite glasses co-activated with Dy3+/Eu3+ for optoelectronic applications

In this study, dual ions (Dy3+/Eu3+) doped tungstate-tellurite (TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+) glass matrices have been formed with the help of the melt quenching approach. The structural, thermal, morphological, and photoluminescent (PL) characteristics, as well as the energy transfer (ET) processes were thoroughly investigated. The structural features of the titled glasses have been explored via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The morphology and elemental studies of the titled glass matrices were verified with the help of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The PL results designate that the TWKZBi doped with Dy3+ ions glass samples exhibit a strong emission peak at 575 nm when excited via n-UV light, whereas Eu3+ doped TWKZBi glass sample demonstrates a conspicuous red emission band at 614 nm when stimulated with the n-UV light. In addition, TWKZBi glasses doped with both Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions demonstrate the emission peaks in the blue (B), yellow (Y) and red (R) zones of the electromagnetic spectrum. The combination of these peaks generates white and orange-red light through properly controlling the activator ion concentrations and selected excitations. Based on Dexter's and Reisfeld's approximation, dipole-dipole (d-d) interaction is responsible for the transfer of energy from donor (Dy3+) to accepter (Eu3+) ions. The decay profiles demonstrate the bi-exponential behavior with a decline in the average lifetime (τavg) values as varying activator (Eu3+) ion concentrations in the titled TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+ glasses. All the results above validate that the titled TWKZBi: Dy3+/Eu3+ glass samples could be fascinating for white LEDs and other optoelectronic applications.

A new approach to overcome cytotoxic effects of Cu by delivering dual therapeutic ions (Sr, Cu)

A new approach to overcome cytotoxic effects of Cu by delivering dual therapeutic ions (Sr, Cu)

Si and Zn dual ions upregulate the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs: mRNA transcriptomic sequencing analysis

Both silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) ions are essential elements to bone health and their mechanisms for promoting osteogenesis have aroused the extensive attention of researchers. Thereinto, the mechanism by which dual ions promote osteogenic differentiation remains to be elucidated. Herein, the effects of Si and Zn ions on the cytological behaviors of mBMSCs were firstly studied. Then, the molecular mechanism of Si-Zn dual ions regulating the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs was investigated via transcriptome sequencing technology. In the single-ion system, Si ion at the concentration of 1.5 mM (Si-1.5) had better comprehensive effects of cell proliferation, ALP activity and osteogenesis-related gene expression levels (ALP, Runx2, OCN, Col-I and BSP); Zn ion at the concentration of 50 μM (Zn-50) demonstrated better combining effects of cell proliferation, ALP activity and same osteogenic genes expression levels. In the dual-ion system, the Si (1.5 mM)-Zn (50 μM) group (Si1.5-Zn50) synthetically enhanced ALP activity and osteogenesis genes compared with single-ion groups. Analysis of the transcriptome sequencing results showed that Si ion had a certain effect on promoting the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs; Zn ion had a stronger effect of contributing to a better osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs than that of Si ion; the Si-Zn dual ions had a synergistic enhancement on conducting to the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs compared to single ion (Si or Zn). This study offers a blueprint for exploring the regulation mechanism of osteogenic differentiation by dual ions.Graphical

A synergistic enhancement strategy for mechanical and conductive properties of hydrogels with dual ionically cross-linked κ-carrageenan/poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) network

Applying conductive hydrogels in electronic skin, health monitoring, and wearable devices has aroused great research interest. Yet, it remains a significant challenge to prepare conductive hydrogels simultaneously with superior mechanical, self-recovery, and conductivity performance. Herein, a dual ionically cross-linked double network (DN) hydrogel is fabricated based on K+ and Fe3+ ion cross-linked κ-carrageenan (κ-CG) and Fe3+ ion cross-linked poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) P(AANa-co-AM). Benefiting from the abundance of hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonds, the conductive hydrogel has excellent mechanical properties (fracture strain up to 1420 %, fracture stress up to 2.30 MPa, and toughness up to 20.63 MJ/m3) and good self-recovery performance (the recovery rate of the toughness can reach 85 % after waiting for 1 h). Meanwhile, due to the introduction of dual metal ions of K+ and Fe3+, the ionic conductivity of conductive hydrogel is up to 1.42 S/m. Furthermore, the hydrogel strain sensor has good sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 2.41 (0–100 %). It can be a wearable sensor that monitors different human motions, such as sit-ups. This work offers a new synergistic strategy for designing a hydrogel strain sensor with high mechanical, self-recovery, and conductive properties.

Dual structure cobalt sites on surface hydroxyl and oxygen vacancy of BiOCl for cooperative CO2 reduction and tetracycline oxidation

Metal ion cocatalysts have huge prospect for photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with organic decomposition because of their cost effectiveness and abundant active sites. Herein, we exploit a defect−group oriented tactic to induce dual−structured Co sites on BiOCl with rich surface hydroxyls (OHs) and oxygen vacancies (OVs) (labeled as BiO1−xCl−OH), in which the surface OHs and OVs acted as anchoring points to anchor Co2+ ions. Density functional theory calculations manifested that surface OHs anchored Co2+ ions via hydrogen bonding to produce tight OH−Co sites, meanwhile, surface OVs with unsaturated metal sites and unpaired electrons captured Co2+ ions through chemical bonding to form close−knit OV−Co site. The as−generated OV−Co and OH−Co site served as reductive and oxidative cocatalyst for CO2 reduction and tetracycline oxidation, respectively, thereby achieving high−efficiency redox activity. This work provided a novel strategy to devise progressive dual functional metal ions cocatalysts for high−efficiency CO2 reduction and organic pollutants oxidation.

Upconversion nanoparticles-CuMnO2 nanoassemblies for NIR-excited imaging of reactive oxygen species in vivo

Here, we designed a ratiometric luminescent nanoprobe based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles-CuMnO2 nanoassemblies for rapid and sensitive detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in living cells and mouse. CuMnO2 nanosheets exhibit a wide absorption range of 300–700 nm, overlapping with the visible-light emission of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), resulting in a significant upconversion luminescence quenching. In an acidic environment, H2O2 can promote the redox reaction of CuMnO2, leading to its dissociation from the surface of UCNPs and the restoration of upconversion luminescence. The variation in luminescence intensity ratio (UCL475/UCL450) were monitored to detect ROS levels. The H2O2 nanoprobe exhibited a linear response in the range of 0.314–10 μM with a detection limit of 11.3 nM. The biological tests proved the excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity of obtained UCNPs-CuMnO2 nanoassemblies. This ratiometric luminescent nanoprobe was successfully applied for the detection of exogenous and endogenous ROS in live cells as well as in vivo ROS quantitation. The dual transition metal ions endow this probe efficient catalytic decomposition capabilities, and this sensing strategy broadens the application of UCNPs-based nanomaterials in the field of biological analysis and diagnosis.

Comprehensive process optimization for rapidly vascularized osseointegration by dual ions effects

Osseointegration involves a series of sophisticated physiological processes including osteoimmune responses, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. However, a comprehensive process optimization to tackle the dilemma of the prolonged implant osseointegration still remains a challenge. In this study, we designed a micro/nanoscaled hierarchical topography and simultaneously incorporated strontium ions and zinc ions onto titanium surface (SLA-Sr/Zn). SLA-Sr/Zn exhibited potent pro-angiogenic capacity in vitro by expressing essential angiogenic genes and activating Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Meanwhile, SLA-Sr/Zn exerted robust osteogenic potential by facilitating bone mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the continuous release of dual ions orchestrated a favorable osteoimmune microenvironment by modulating macrophage polarization towards M2a phenotype and up-regulated expression of platelet-derived growth factor. In vivo study corroborated the excellent efficacy of SLA-Sr/Zn implant on promoting vascularized osseointegration by augmenting type H vessel generation. Collectively, the distinct SLA-Sr/Zn titanium implant surface exerted versatile biological functions in angiogenesis, osteogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation, rendering its therapeutic potential for rapidly vascularized osseointegration.

The effect of hydrogen co-injection on the microstructure of triple ion irradiated F82H

The reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel F82H-IEA was studied through a systematic set of dual (Fe2++He2+) and triple (Fe2++He2++H+) ion irradiations to determine the effect of hydrogen co-injection with helium and radiation damage on the irradiated microstructure and in particular, cavity evolution. Irradiations were conducted in four distinct permutations from a set of nominal irradiation parameters of 50 dpa, 1 × 10–3 dpa/s, 500 °C, and 40/10 appm/dpa of H/He or 10 appm/dpa of He. A temperature series of dual and triple ions ranging from 400 to 600 °C was conducted where swelling values of 1.3–2.4x were obtained with the co-injection of hydrogen. A damage level (50 to 150 dpa) and damage rate (2.5 × 10–4 to 2.5 × 10–3 dpa/s) series were also conducted where hydrogen was again observed to cause a ∼1.2–1.8x increase in swelling in triple ion irradiation versus dual ions. The effect of hydrogen was also observed to increase the overall steady state swelling rate from 0.02%/dpa in dual ions to 0.034%/dpa under triple ions at 500 °C by 150 dpa. A final series of triple ion experiments was conducted at 450 °C and 500 °C at 80 appm/dpa of H where swelling was suppressed by 50% compared to the dual ion irradiated case due to over-nucleation of small bubbles. The effect of hydrogen on bubble nucleation was to stabilize higher densities of smaller helium bubbles possibly through increasing nucleation rates and reduction of the stable bubble radius. The effect on swelling was in the promotion of higher densities of larger voids experiencing bias-driven growth. Hydrogen was shown to have a moderate influence on the nucleation and growth of dislocation loops, although these effects appear to be convoluted by the changes in cavity microstructure dominating sink strength across conditions. Hydrogen co-injection was also loosely correlated with enhanced dissolution of M23C6 precipitates across temperature and damage level regimes.

A Spontaneous Heavy Hydrogen Generator via a Protium Redox.

The extreme significance of heavy hydrogen (D2) in medicinal, nuclear, and chemical sectors, despite its scarce natural abundance, underscores the vital imperative for inventing novel chemistries for its production. We showcase a spontaneous heavy hydrogen generator during commensurate electrical energy production by decoupling the direct chemistry of OD-/D+ dual ions via a protium redox. This exergonic electrochemistry yields ∼357 mL of D2 in nearly 85 h of continuous operation, with a commensurate electrical energy output of 122 kJ/per mole of D2. This laboratory-level demonstration of spontaneous heavy hydrogen production presents a novel chemistry for the scalable manufacture of nonprimordial D2.

Harnessing bimetallic iMWA nanosensitizer to unleash ferroptosis and calcium overload: Unlocking tumor vulnerability for potentiated iMWA therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma

Microwave ablation (MWA) holds promise as a tumor treatment modality, yet incomplete ablation with low-frequency MWA (iMWA) remains a significant obstacle to survival, while the high-frequency MWA poses safety concerns. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel bimetallic iMWA nanosensitizer, CFT-NPs, constructed via metal-coordination interactions between tannic acid (TA) and iron/calcium dual metal ions (Fe3+/Ca2+). The Fe3+/Ca2+ in CFT-NPs work in harmony to convert electromagnetic energy into heat, thereby bolstering the effectiveness of iMWA while maintaining good biosafety. Furthermore, the pH-triggered rupture of CFT-NPs release TA, Fe3+, and Ca2+. The liberated Fe3+ undergoes reduction by TA, and when combined with Ca2+, they trigger ferroptosis and Ca2+ overload respectively, significantly amplifying the therapeutic effects of iMWA. Utilization iMWA with CFT-NPs results in lipid oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of redox balance, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, this nanosensitizer exerts a robust antitumor effect, effectively inhibiting tumor growth and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, which is associated with tumor metastasis. Collectively, this innovative study offers a promising approach to overcome the challenges of incomplete ablation and biological safety, enhancing the antitumor efficacy of iMWA..

Comparison of hardening and microstructures of ferritic/martensitic steels irradiated with fast neutrons and dual ions

Ferritic/martensitic steels T91 and HT9 were irradiated with neutrons (BOR-60 reactor) and dual ions (9 MeV Fe3+ and 3.42 MeV energy degraded He2+) from 369 to 520 °C and damage levels of 16.6 to 72 dpa to quantify the possibility of using ion irradiation to simulate neutron irradiation in terms of microstructures and mechanical properties. Nanoindentation testing was performed to obtain the bulk equivalent hardness of the dual-ion irradiated samples. For the neutron irradiated samples, both nanoindentation and Vickers hardness testing were conducted. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) characterizations of the cavities, dislocation loops and precipitates were conducted to account for the strengthening contribution of each microstructure element. The good agreement between the microstructure-predicted (dispersed barrier hardening) and measured strength of the irradiated specimens demonstrated the accuracy of the strengthening model and the nanoindentation tests. The comparison of mechanical property and microstructure changes in ion and neutron irradiated structural materials indicated that ion irradiation replicated many neutron irradiation features. However, a single 70 °C temperature shift is insufficient to match all complex microstructures of neutron vs. ion irradiation over the irradiation temperature range of 369–520 °C.

The property and mechanism of peroxymonosulfate activation boosted carbon cage encapsulated Mo2C/Bi2O2CO3 Z-scheme heterojunction for enhanced catalytic degradation and antibacterial activity

The regulation of heterogeneous material properties for the synergistic degradation of pollutants remains a challenge. Herein, cobalt-nitrogen co-doped carbon cage (NCC) encapsulated Mo2C nanoparticles boosting Bi2O2CO3 photocatalyst (Mo2C@NCC/BOC) we designed to achieve photoexcitation synergistic PMS activation. The degradation results revealed Mo2C@NCC/BOC could achieved 96.4 % tetracycline (TC) removal after only 5 min. The degradation rate was 3.1 times and 5.9 times higher than those of pure Bi2O2CO3 and pure Mo2C@NCC, respectively. The improved TC degradation performance could be attributed to the Z-scheme heterostructure, resulting in a higher conversion rate of photo-generated electrons into radicals. In addition, Co2+/Co3+ and Mo5+/Mo6+ dual ions redox cycle system effectively triggers the activation of HSO5− under visible light. The TC degradation pathways and intermediate toxicity, including the photocatalyticmechanism were evaluated in detail. This study provides novel perspectives on the rational design of atom co-sharing heterojunction photocatalysts in activating PMS for water remediation.

Sustainable fabrication of fluorescent carbon quantum dots as an optical amplifier in modern agriculture, anti-counterfeiting, food packing and intelligent pH detection

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have received a great deal of attention due to their distinctive luminescent features and exciting potential applications in the fields of agronomy, enhanced anti-counterfeiting, drug tracking and intelligent sensing and detection. The focus of the current effort is on easily transforming toxic, non-biodegradable waste expanded polystyrene foam (WEPS) into extremely luminescent CQDs and investigating their various applications. As a nano-priming agent for Cajanus cajan (L.), the green pigeon pea (GPP), WEPS derived CQDs are used. The outcomes showed that seed priming had beneficial effects at all CQDs concentrations (100–900 mg/L), including accelerated seed germination rate, increased shoot and root length, augmented root vigour, higher chlorophyll content and biomass accumulation in comparison to the control groups. The most crucial data coding can be protected under 365 nm UV light using the optimized CQDs concentration (700 mg/L) blue fluorescent ink. In addition, a straightforward sensing platform with high sensitivity and selectivity is needed for the detection of dual metal ions, as well as one with a "turn-on and turn-off" fluorescence (FL) response. Additionally, a composite film containing well-dispersed CQDs (700 mg/L) in polyvinyl alcohol and strong hydrogen-bond interaction is successfully developed to alleviate the FL quenching caused by CQD aggregation. The resulting film had extraordinary FL performance, good mechanical flexibility and high transparency (transmittance of 90 %). Even more remarkably, this luminescent film showed sensitive pH responsiveness, signifying that when pH is stimulated, the FL intensity changed. A smart pH-detector based on this luminescent film is logically created as a proof-of-concept for real-time sensing and detection of pH changes in human sweat. These results show that WEPS derived CQDs have enormous potential as nano-priming agents for seed germination, seedling development, anti-counterfeiting ink, food packaging and intelligent pH-detector in wearable, real-time health monitoring.

Single composite electrolyte prepared by infiltration and characterization

Oxygen-ion and proton-conducting electrolytes should be combined into a composite to improve fuel cell capacity and electrocatalytic efficiency. To realize a single membrane of a composite electrolyte with dual charge carriers, we use only a single process. A BaZr0.8Ni0.01Y0.19O3 (BZNY) proton-conducting electrolyte solution and suspension are infiltrated into a porous oxygen-ion-conducting electrolyte (La0.75Sr0.2Ba0.05)0.175Ce0.825O1.891 (LSBC) substrate using a simple pumping process. The infiltration of BZNY into the porous LSBC results in a gradient composition of BZNY. The obtained single-composite electrolyte, BZNY-LSBC, possesses individual perovskite and fluorite crystal structures after sintering. The BZNY solution infiltrates the porous LSBC substrate to a smaller depth than the phase-preformed nano-BZNY slurry. The effective infiltration depth is approximately 50 μm for the BZNY solution, and 300 μm for the nano-BZNY into a 400 μm thickness of LSBC. The infiltrated composite electrolyte exhibites lower conductivity compared to the solid-state-prepared single-phase LSBC electrolyte at 600 °C, but almost the same conductivity at 800 °C from the AC impedance analyses. When the Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 (SFM) are applied as symmetric electrodes, the SFM|BZNY-LSBC|SFM fuel cells maintain the higher open circuit voltage of 0.8 V than 0.5 V for SFM|LSBC|SFM fuel cells at 600 °C. The fuel cell with nano-BZNY infiltrated composite electrolyte achieves over double power density than cells with single LSBC and solution BZNY infiltration electrolytes at 600 °C that may be due to the proton conduction enhancement at lower temperature and further promotes the triple power density at 800 °C contributed from the oxygen ions conduction of LSBC and BZNY at high temperature. Those results provide evidence that dual ions pass through individual conduction paths in a two-phase composite electrolyte.

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional hierarchical self-supporting potassium ammonium vanadate@MXene hybrid film for superior performance aqueous zinc ion batteries

Currently, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have grown to be a good choice for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high theoretical specific capacity, low redox potential, low cost, and non-toxicity of the aqueous electrolyte. However, it is still challenging to obtain high specific capacity and stability suitable cathodes. Herein, hierarchical self-supporting potassium ammonium vanadate@MXene (KNVO@MXene) hybrid films were prepared by vacuum filtration method. Due to the three-dimensional nanoflower structure of KNVO with dual ions intercalation, high conductivity of two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene, and the hierarchical self-supporting structure, the AZIB based on the KNVO@MXene hybrid film cathode possessed superior specific capacity (481 mAh/g at 0.3 A/g) and cycling stability (retaining 125 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A/g). In addition, the storage mechanism was revealed by various ex-situ characterizations. Hence, a new viewpoint for the preparation of AZIB self-supporting cathode materials is presented.

Atomic-Level Customization of Zinc Crystallization Kinetics at the Interface for High-Utilization Zn Anodes.

Understanding the crystallization occurring at the inner interfaces during electrochemical deposition is crucial for achieving a high reversibility in zinc anodes. However, design rules for crystallization kinetics still lack predictive power, particularly at the atomic scale, posing a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a crystal facet terminating agent, LaCl3, which modulates the preferential crystallization orientation of Zn by regulating its growth kinetics through the synergistic adsorption of dual ions. Interface molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and crucial experimental parameters reveal that the strong (002) facet texture of Zn deposits primarily depends on the adsorption of strong inhibitors. Specifically, the high adsorption free energy of Cl- on the Zn (002) facet and the concomitant aggregation of La3+ reduces the growth rate of the Zn (002) facet, thereby favoring its preservation as the final crystal facet. Consequently, this terminating agent enables the Zn anodes to deliver a high cumulative capacity of 12 Ah cm-2 at 40 mA cm-2, 20 mAh cm-2. The Zn||MnO2 full cell, when coupled with a high-mass-loading cathode and limited Zn supply, can maintain a practical areal capacity of 3.39 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, rigorous testing conditions and the successful scaling up to a 0.34 Ah pouch cell further confirm its promising prospects for practical applications.

Competition between dual alkali metal ions fuels high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Dual alkali metal ion battery is expected to apply in future high-efficiency energy storage applications as it can skillfully combine the advantages of Li+ and Na+. However, the specific insertion and extraction processes of the two ions are not well explained. Herein, a layered sodium transition metal oxide electrode with ordered mixing of Na/Li ions is prepared by ion exchange method. The ion behavior is explained in terms of activation energy of chemical reaction and Gibbs free energy. Based on thermodynamic analysis and material characterizations, the priorities of Na+ and Li+ deblock reactions are determined. The competition mechanism of alkali metal ions and the double gain effect of Li are revealed by electrochemical experiments. This work is expected to provide a positive impact on the future design of multifunctional cathodes for advanced rechargeable batteries.

Salicylaldehyde built fluorescent probe for dual sensing of Al3+, Zn2+ ions: Applications in latent fingerprint, bio-imaging & real sample analysis

This Schiff base chemosensor (SNN) detected dual ions, Al3+ and Zn2+ ions selectively. Fluorescence spectrum investigations showed that Al3+ ions increased fluorescence intensity, notably at 493 nm. Introducing Zn2+ ions caused a significant blue shift of roughly ∼65 nm at a wavelength of 434 nm, resulting in a notable change in fluorescence intensity. When binding Al3+/Zn2+ ions, the SNN receptor uses three methods. Inhibition of photoinduced electron transfer (PET), excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and restriction of CN isomerization. The jobs plot method found that SNN + Al3+ and SNN + Zn2+ complexations had a 1:1 stoichiometry. DFT, LC-HRMS, and 1H NMR titration confirm this conclusion. The probe SNN's limit of detection (LOD) for Al3+/Zn2+ ions was 3.99 nM and 1.33 nM. Latent fingerprint (LFP), food samples, pharmaceutical products, and E. coli pathogen bio-imaging have all used the SNN probe to identify Al3+ and Zn2+ ions.

An efficient material (Mn–Cu-AC/cellulose beads) for immobilizing laccase: excellent activity, high stability and effective pollutant removal rate

A novel immobilized laccase carrier was prepared using waste Mn–Cu-loaded activated carbon powder. Due to the existence of Mn–Cu dual ions, the immobilized laccase showed excellent application stability and performance in BPA removal.