Dual Equilibrium Research Articles

Construction of high strength PVA/cellulose conductive hydrogels based on sodium citrate/aluminium chloride dual ions regulation

Hydrogels used for flexible sensing usually require a good balance between mechanical strength and conductivity. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose nanofibers (PVA/CMC/CNF) hydrogels with multi-hierarchical structures were firstly prepared by adjusting the CNF content. Then, PVA/CMC/CNF-xM with excellent mechanical properties and conductivity were prepared by cyclic freezing-thawing and sodium citrate/aluminium chloride (Na3Cit/AlCl3) dual ions salt equilibrium methods. Results showed that at an ion concentration of 3 mol/L, PVA/CMC/CNF-3 M hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength, elongation at break and conductivity of 3.41 MPa, 1271 % and 0.35 S/m, respectively. The structural evolution of PVA/CMC/CNF-xM conductive hydrogels were studied, and the results indicated that Cit3− formed numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds, while Al3+ could strongly coordinate with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups between the polysaccharide chains. Meanwhile, PVA/CMC/CNF-3 M possessed a low strain detection limit of 1 %, making it not only can be used for human motion monitoring, but also information encoding and transmission. This work may provide a facile approach for preparing high-strength and conductive hydrogels, which can be applied in flexible wearable electronic devices and information transmission.

Technological progress, fiscal policy, and economic fluctuations in China: Evidence from the heterogeneous firm DSGE model during the COVID-19 pandemic

Against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the deepening structural changes in the Chinese economy, this study presents a four-sector dual Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model that incorporates households, heterogeneous firms, capitalists, and the government, taking into account the current domestic "dual economic structure." The model is used to simulate and analyze the impacts of fiscal policies and technological progress on diverse economic entities during the pandemic. The study reveals several key findings: (1) the pandemic outbreak has a significant short-term impact on the economy, disproportionately affecting small and microenterprises but with higher natural recovery rates compared with large and medium-sized enterprises; (2) unbiased fiscal policies have positive effects on output and capital, with larger output recovery effects observed for large and medium-sized enterprises, while capital recovery effects are less favorable; (3) technological progress contributes to rapid and stable economic growth, yielding overall benefits for large and medium-sized enterprises, but leading to significant crowding-out effects on small and microenterprises; and (4) solely increasing tax support for small and microenterprises, assuming constant tax revenue sources, does not enhance the overall resilience of the economy. These research findings provide policymakers with a dynamic microeconomic foundation within a macroeconomic framework, thereby enhancing the efficacy and precision of policies.

A Hidden Convexity of Nonlinear Elasticity

A technique for developing convex dual variational principles for the governing PDE of nonlinear elastostatics and elastodynamics is presented. This allows the definition of notions of a variational dual solution and a dual solution corresponding to the PDEs of nonlinear elasticity, even when the latter arise as formal Euler–Lagrange equations corresponding to non-quasiconvex elastic energy functionals whose energy minimizers do not exist. This is demonstrated rigorously in the case of elastostatics for the Saint-Venant Kirchhoff material (in all dimensions), where the existence of variational dual solutions is also proven. The existence of a variational dual solution for the incompressible neo-Hookean material in 2-d is also shown. Stressed and unstressed elastostatic and elastodynamic solutions in 1 space dimension corresponding to a non-convex, double-well energy are computed using the dual methodology. In particular, we show the stability of a dual elastodynamic equilibrium solution for which there are regions of non-vanishing length with negative elastic stiffness, i.e. non-hyperbolic regions, for which the corresponding primal problem is ill-posed and demonstrates an explosive ‘Hadamard instability;’ this appears to have implications for the modeling of physically observed softening behavior in macroscopic mechanical response.

Intragroup-to-intergroup game envelopment analysis: Multi-subgroup modeling, dual Nash equilibrium, and dynamic evaluation application

In the competitive decision-making process, the mutual competition caused by limited resources can help participants improve their decision-making effectiveness. When it comes to rational self-interest, the competing individuals and groups play mutual games with each other from a partial perspective. In other words, they focus only on the games among the related individuals or groups, ignoring the competition between their related groups or included individuals. Thus, the obtained game results could exclude parallel dependence and progressive transformation relationships between individuals and groups. To address these issues, this study first proposes the intragroup and intragroup-to-intergroup game envelopment analysis models that consider multiple subgroups as the link between individuals and groups to further realize the dual game. Next, we prove that the proposed models show Nash and dual Nash equilibrium phenomena under the multi-subgroup environment, which shows the dual stability of the optimal results after the multiple mutual game calculations. Furthermore, the optimization algorithm in the multi-subgroup environment is fused with the aforementioned models to make global decisions for the intragroup individuals and intragroup-to-intergroup subgroups in the same schedule. Finally, this study applies the new methods to make a dynamic evaluation analysis of different country's banking competitiveness. The derived results demonstrate the real effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Snap-through dynamics of buckled flexible filaments in a side-by-side configuration

The flow-induced snap-through dynamics of side-by-side buckled flexible filaments in a uniform flow were investigated using the penalty immersed boundary method. We systematically examined the effects of gap distance and bending rigidity on the filament's motion and energy harvesting performance. Four distinct modes were observed as we varied the aforementioned parameters: the dual equilibrium mode, the dual streamwise oscillation mode, the single snap-through oscillation (STO) mode, and the dual STO mode. We analyzed the corresponding wake patterns associated with each of these modes. A phase transition from out-of-phase to in-phase motion was observed at low gap distances and bending rigidities. At lower gap distances, the interaction between two filaments was pronounced, leading to a co-motion of the filaments and enhanced elastic energy. This interaction decreased as the gap distance increased. Filaments in the 2STO mode exhibited significantly higher strain energy compared to the other modes. The elastic energy was concentrated at the rear part of the filaments and increased with higher gap distances and bending rigidities. Considering both energy harvesting efficiency and space utilization rate, a gap distance equal to 1 exhibited the best performance.

Complexation-driven assembly of imine-linked helical receptors showing adaptive folding and temperature-dependent guest selection

The development of synthetic receptors capable of selectively binding guests with diverse structures and multiple functional groups poses a significant challenge. Here, we present the efficient assembly of foldamer-based receptors for monosaccharides, utilising the principles of complexation-induced equilibrium shifting and adaptive folding. Diimine 4 can be quantitatively assembled from smaller components when d-galactose is added as a guest among monosaccharides we examined. During this assembly, dual complexation-induced equilibrium shifts toward both the formation of diimine 4 and the conversion of d-galactose into α-d-galactofuranose are observed. Diimine 6 is quantitatively assembled in the presence of two different guests, methyl β-d-glucopyranoside and methyl β-d-galactopyranoside, resulting in the formation of two dimeric complexes: (6-MP)2⊃(methyl β-d-glucopyranoside)2 and (6-MM)2⊃(methyl β-d-galactopyranoside∙2H2O)2, respectively. These two complexes exhibit distinct folding structures with domain-swapping cavities depending on the bound guest and temperature. Interestingly, (6-MM)2⊃(methyl β-d-galactopyranoside∙2H2O)2 is exclusively formed at lower temperatures, while (6-MP)2⊃(methyl β-d-glucopyranoside)2 is only formed at higher temperatures.

Superfast Phase Transformation Driven by Dual Chemical Equilibrium Enabling Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage

AbstractPhase transformation engineering provides new synthetic opportunities and pathways toward functional materials with desirable phases and structures. However, current phase transformation processes are generally time‐consuming or low‐yielding due to the lack of favorable driving forces. Herein, a superfast and scalable phase transformation technique driven by dual chemical equilibrium is developed. Taking manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) as an example, precipitation–dissolution and oxidation‐reduction dual chemical equilibrium co‐drive the superfast phase transformation from cubic KMnFe(CN)6 (C‐MnHCF) to monoclinic K2MnFe(CN)6 (M‐MnHCF) and simultaneously oxidative polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy), enabling the formation of homogeneous M‐MnHCF/PPy hybrid materials. For electrochemical energy storage, the uniform hybridization of PPy improves the electrical conductivity, restrains the dissolution of Mn, and more importantly, promotes K+‐intercalation kinetics of the K‐intercalated MnHCF‐based cathodes with a K+/Na+ competing insertion/extraction mechanism. As a result, the M‐MnHCF/PPy hybrid cathode manifests enhanced structural integrity and charge‐transport capability and thus long‐term cyclic life (114.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1) and high rate performance (113.3 and 92.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 and 1 A g−1, respectively).

Dual Loop FOPI Controller-Based Equilibrium Optimizer Tuning Approach for Three-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter: PEMFC HEVs

Dual Loop FOPI Controller-Based Equilibrium Optimizer Tuning Approach for Three-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter: PEMFC HEVs

The Pasinetti theorem in a task‐based model of automation

AbstractWe integrate the notion of task‐based automation into a two‐class model and study the interaction between endogenous automation and the wealth distribution between capitalists and workers. We find that, as the economy becomes more automated, the possibility of a sustained capitalist class naturally arises. We show that capital‐augmenting technical progress induces automation and that it can generate a historical path from the dual equilibrium (where workers own all wealth), over the Pasinetti equilibrium (where capitalists own some wealth) to the anti‐dual outcome (where capitalists own all wealth). The model's implications are related to Piketty's account of rising wealth inequality.

Revisiting boundary-driven non-equilibrium Markov dynamics in arbitrary potentials via supersymmetric quantum mechanics and via explicit large deviations at various levels

For boundary-driven non-equilibrium Markov models of non-interacting particles in one dimension, either in continuous space with the Fokker–Planck dynamics involving an arbitrary force F(x) and an arbitrary diffusion coefficient D(x), or in discrete space with the Markov jump dynamics involving arbitrary nearest-neighbor transition rates , the Markov generator can be transformed via an appropriate similarity transformation into a quantum supersymmetric Hamiltonian with many remarkable properties. We first describe how the mapping from the boundary-driven non-equilibrium dynamics towards some dual equilibrium dynamics (see Tailleur et al 2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 505001) can be reinterpreted via the two corresponding quantum Hamiltonians that are supersymmetric partners of each other, with the same energy spectra. We describe the consequences for the spectral decomposition of the boundary-driven dynamics, and we give explicit expressions for the Kemeny times needed to converge towards the non-equilibrium steady states. We then focus on the large deviations at various levels for empirical time-averaged observables over a large time-window T. We start with the always explicit Level 2.5 concerning the joint distribution of the empirical density and of the empirical flows before considering the contractions towards lower levels. In particular, the rate function for the empirical current alone can be explicitly computed via the contraction from the Level 2.5 using the properties of the associated quantum supersymmetric Hamiltonians.

Convergence and persistent contrasts in the determinants of working-age women in Sweden and Japan living alone since the 1990s

The increase in one-person households (OPHs) in the developed world is often seen as the result of a trend in which individualistic values and behaviors are replacing family solidarity. Nordic countries have been identified as frontrunners in this development. In Asia, equally developed countries like Japan retain elements of a strong-family system and an asymmetrical gender regime, simultaneously as they are experiencing rapid increases in OPHs. This article aims to uncover how the demographic and socioeconomic composition of OPHs have developed since the 1990s among working-age women in Sweden and Japan. Our results show that, in particular, civil status and income play different roles for OPH-living in Sweden and Japan. In contrast to Japan, the level of OPHs remained stable over time in Sweden, and even declined among women with high incomes. This suggests that the negative association between family formation and women’s economic activity is temporary and only prevails as long as society has not adapted to the convergence of men’s and women’s socioeconomic roles. The findings are discussed in light of the “second demographic transition” and “dual equilibrium theory”.

Composite anti-unwinding attitude control of spacecraft under actuator saturation and angular velocity limits

Spacecraft attitude control employs quaternion representation to avoid singularity issues and obtain global maneuver stability. However, it has redundancy associated, resulting in dual equilibrium points. The attitude control may confront the unwinding phenomenon due to the presence of the equilibria. In this paper, an anti-unwinding controller for spacecraft stabilization in the presence of external disturbances and inertial uncertainties, angular velocity limit, actuator saturation and faults is presented. Specifically, a modified extended state observer (ESO) is designed to obtain total disturbance estimates of the rigid-body spacecraft. Auxiliary parameters are added in the design to avoid initial high estimates in the proposed ESO design resulting in faster convergence. The proposed disturbance observer is to release the assumption that requires the estimated disturbance to be constant or varying at slow rates. Using the ESO estimates, a particular back-stepping-SMC (ESO-BTSMC) controller is devised to formulate anti-unwinding control law for spacecraft stabilization. Lyapunov stability theory is employed to prove closed-loop stability of system and estimation error convergence. Comparative simulations are performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control scheme. It is found that the proposed control scheme gives smooth and precise control performance along with faster transient response. Additionally, it also alleviates the chattering phenomenon.

Exploring the nonlinear partitioning mechanism of volatile organic contaminants between soil and soil vapor using machine learning

Traditional phase equilibrium models usually depend on simplified assumptions and empirical parameters, which are difficult to obtain during regular site investigations. As a result, they often under- or over-estimate soil vapor concentrations for assessing the risks of volatile organic compound (VOC)-contaminated sites. In this study, we develop several machine learning models to predict soil vapor concentrations using 2225 soil-soil vapor data pairs collected from seven contaminated sites in northern China. Compared to the classic dual equilibrium desorption model, the random forest (RF) model can provide more accurate predictions of soil vapor concentrations by at least 1–2 orders of magnitude. Among the employed covariates, soil concentration and organic carbon-water partition coefficient are two of the most significant explanatory covariates affecting soil vapor concentrations. Further examination of the developed RF model reveals the phase equilibrium behavior of VOCs in soil is that: the soil vapor concentration increases with soil concentration at different rates in the first two intervals but remains almost unchanged in the last interval; the solid-vapor partitioning interface may still exist at up to 15% mass water content in our simulations. These findings can help site investigators perform more accurate risk assessments at VOC-contaminated sites.

A dual industrial chain model and optimal equilibrium condition analysis based on information computation

A dual industrial chain model and optimal equilibrium condition analysis based on information computation

The impact of entrepreneurs' cognitive flexibility on the business performance of New Ventures: an empirical study based on Chinese New Ventures.

We developed a “thinking-behavior-outcome” logical framework to explore the effect of entrepreneurs’ cognitive flexibility on dual innovation and the performance of new ventures, drawing on social cognitive theory, and collected data from a sample of 293 new ventures through a questionnaire to conduct an empirical analysis. We find that entrepreneurs’ cognitive flexibility may indirectly affect the performance of new ventures by influencing their dual innovation activities; resource management capabilities positively moderate the relationship between entrepreneurs’ cognitive flexibility and dual innovation. In addition, our study demonstrates that dual innovation equilibrium has a stronger effect on the performance of new ventures than single-dimensional innovation activities. Our study highlights the importance of entrepreneurial cognitive flexibility for new ventures to implement innovation strategies and improve performance. The findings not only help to clarify the relationship between entrepreneurs’ cognitive flexibility and new venture performance and to enrich social cognitive theory, but they also provide new perspectives on responses to enhance dual innovation capabilities of new ventures under the influence of COVID-19.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03532-x.

Closed-loop Nash equilibrium for a partial differential game with application to competitive personalized advertising

This paper is devoted to an N-person partial differential game whose dynamics of the state variable is described by a hyperbolic differential equation with certain boundary and initial conditions while the objective of each player is given by a finite horizon accumulated payoff functional with discounting. We extend the concept of a closed-loop Nash equilibrium for a partial differential game with the dynamics of the states described by a hyperbolic differential equation (a transport equation). We propose the definition of a dual closed-loop Nash equilibrium for which we give sufficient conditions. Moreover, we present the relationship between the Nash equilibria with the dual closed-loop and the classical closed-loop information structure. We apply the new results to the goodwill dynamics model in which the goodwill is influenced by personalized advertising and consumers’ recommendations for which we construct a dual closed-loop Nash equilibrium and we examine its economic properties.

Energy-Water Consumption and Food Yield: An Empirical Dual Sectors Dynamic Equilibrium Model

ABSTRACT This paper develops a dual sectors dynamic equilibrium model and introduces agricultural energy consumption and agricultural water consumption in a growth model that tested by using a panel data set from 2004 to 2016 in China. It presents a theoretical prediction on the interactions between agricultural energy consumption, agricultural water consumption, and food yield. Consistent with this prediction, agricultural electricity consumption and agricultural water consumption by themselves appear to have significant effects on food yield. The fixed-effects models verify that agricultural electricity consumption, agricultural water consumption, and food yield have long-run equilibrium relationships. The results of weather-based robustness checks reveal that food yield is positively correlated with agricultural electricity consumption. Also consistent with theory, agricultural water consumption is positively associated with food yield. These results are generally stable and hold with tests of panel data unit roots, with alternative estimation strategies, and with or without controlling for covariates.

Electricity-Water Consumption and Metropolitan Economic Growth: An Empirical Dual Sectors Dynamic Equilibrium Model

This paper develops a dual sectors dynamic equilibrium model and introduces electricity consumption and water consumption in a growth model that tested by using a time series data set from 1950 to 2014 in Guangzhou, China. It presents a theoretical prediction on the interactions between electricity consumption, water consumption, and the metropolitan economic growth. Consistent with this prediction, electricity consumption and water consumption by themselves appear to have significant effects on metropolitan economic performance. The cointegration techniques show that electricity consumption, water consumption, and the metropolitan economic performance have long-run equilibrium relationship. The results of kernel-based regularized least squares reveal that metropolitan economic growth is positively correlated with electricity consumption. Also consistent with the theory, water consumption is positively associated with metropolitan economic performance. These results are generally stable and hold with alternative measures of unit roots, with alternative estimation strategies, and with or without controlling for trends, intercepts, and break points.

Tighter price of anarchy for selfish task allocation on selfish machines

Given a set $$L = \{J_1,J_2,\ldots ,J_n\}$$ of n tasks and a set $$M = \{M_1,M_2, \ldots ,M_m\}$$ of m identical machines, in which tasks and machines are possessed by different selfish clients. Each selfish client of machine $$M_i \in M$$ gets a profit equal to its load and each selfish client of task allocated to $$M_i$$ suffers from a cost equal to the load of $$M_i$$. Our aim is to allocate the tasks on the m machines so as to minimize the maximum completion times of the tasks on each machine. A stable allocation is referred to as a dual equilibrium (DE). We firstly show that 4/3 is tight upper bound of the Price of Anarchy(PoA) with respect to dual equilibrium for $$m\in \{3,\ldots ,9\}$$. And secondly $$(7m-6)/(5m-3)$$ is an upper bound for $$m\ge 10$$. The result is better than the existing bound of 7/5.

Balance between affect and outcome control or face and behaviour control for better learning: evidence from Chinese engineering project team

Exploitative learning and exploratory learning are of great significance to the survival and long-term development of an organization. The former refers to the improvement of existing knowledge, skills and paradigms. The latter refers to the search for new knowledge, technology and experience. Therefore, the dual learning equilibrium (balance between exploitative learning and exploratory learning) is very important. However, for the engineering project organization, due to the pressure of cost and time cycle assessment, the engineering project organization is often more inclined to exploitative learning rather than exploratory learning. Therefore, how to realize the dual learning equilibrium (balance between exploitative learning and exploratory learning) of engineering project organization has become an urgent problem to be solved. Through formal control structures (outcome control vs. behaviour control) and guanxi (affect vs. face) can get the information needed by organizational dual learning (exploratory learning vs. exploitative learning), but whether the balance (formal control structures vs. guanxi) is still an effective strategy to promote dual learning equilibrium (balance between exploratory learning and exploitative learning) is still lack of theoretical and empirical support. It was examined assumptions related to how dual learning equilibrium is influenced by Guanxi and formal control structures equilibrium in project partnerships. Practically, this paper investigates the extent to which distinct components of Guanxi (i.e., affect and face) are differentially and interactively associated with outcome and behavioural controls on influencing ambidextrous learning equilibrium. Survey data were collected from 221 construction project partnerships in China. The results showed that both of the affect and behavioural controls have a positive impact on the ambidextrous learning equilibrium. Besides, the equilibrium between formal control structures and Guanxi can promote the ambidextrous learning equilibrium of the engineering project team. Compared with behavioural controls, the equilibrium between the affect and outcome controls has a stronger positive correlation with the ambidextrous learning equilibrium of the engineering project team. Compared with the outcome controls, the equilibrium of face and behavioural controls has a stronger positive correlation with the ambidextrous learning equilibrium of the engineering project team. However, the equilibrium between the affect and behavioural controls has no significant impact on the ambidextrous learning of the project team. On the whole, the two-pronged and balanced strategy is still effective for dual learning equilibrium, but it should avoid the balanced use of affect and behavioural controls. In addition, the affect plays a negative moderating role in the process of behavioural controls affecting ambidextrous learning equilibrium. Face plays a positive moderating role in the influence of formal control structures on ambidextrous learning equilibrium. These findings have important implications for firms hoping to facilitate the dual learning equilibrium in China and other countries.