Dual-earner Families Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF MOTHER-CHILD ATTACHMENT AND CAREGIVER-CHILD INTERACTION ON PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

In dual-earner families, the mother's role in fostering social-emotional development in children must be complemented by support from other caregivers, such as daycare staff. This study examines the impact of child and family characteristics, mother-child attachment, and caregiver-child interactions on the social-emotional development of preschool children attending daycare. Utilizing a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, the research was conducted in a daycare facility located in Bogor and included 40 mothers and their children, along with 20 caregivers. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between mother-child attachment and children’s social-emotional development. Conversely, negative interactions between caregivers and children—particularly those characterized by harassment and detachment—were found to have a significant detrimental effect on children’s social-emotional development. Additionally, the analysis indicated that a secure mother-child attachment positively influences children’s social-emotional development, while negative interactions, such as harassment, detachment, and permissiveness among caregivers, adversely affect this aspect of development.

Balancing Act: Examining the Relationship Between Role Conflict and Marital Satisfaction in Dual-Earner Families

Balancing Act: Examining the Relationship Between Role Conflict and Marital Satisfaction in Dual-Earner Families

Family well-being of single and dual earner families in Indonesia during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought life changing conditions to families that require coping strategies in order to survive and achieve family well-being. This study aims to analyze differences between single earner and dual earner families during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the factors that influence subjective family well-being. The research design used was a cross sectional study with sample collection through non-probability sampling. Data collection was carried out by filling out questionnaires online. The number of respondents involved in the study was 2084 intact families with children residing in DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten Provinces. Reliability and validity tests were conducted. The results of the independent t-test showed that dual-earner families experienced better life changes and a higher level of subjective family well-being than single-earner families and had lower economic pressure and lower economic coping than single earner families. The SEM analysis found that life changes affected economic coping negatively and subjective family well-being positively. Family income influenced economic coping negatively and subjective family well-being positively. Finally, it was found that economic coping had no effect on subjective family well-being.

Non-Supportive Coparenting and a High Interdependent Self-Construal as Risk Factors for Parental Burnout in Mothers and Fathers in Switzerland

Multiple determinants of parental burnout have been identified, among which two indexes of non-supportive coparenting play a central role: low endorsement of the partner’s parenting, and high exposure of the child to interparental conflicts. It is, however, unclear whether these coparenting dimensions play a role for both mothers and fathers, and if this role may be more important for parents who have a high interdependent self-construal. We surveyed a sample of upper-middle-class heterosexual parents living in a dual-earner family arrangement (152 mothers, 101 fathers) with 0- to 12-year-old children living at home. Parents answered questionnaires about burnout, sociodemographic variables, coparenting, self-construal independence and interdependence, and child-related variables. Generalized linear model analyses showed that (i) burnout is higher in mothers than in fathers; (ii) for fathers, burnout is associated with a higher exposure of the child to interparental conflicts; (iii) for mothers, it is associated with a younger age of the youngest child, a higher exposure of the child to interparental conflicts, a lower endorsement of the partner’s parenting, and a higher self-construal interdependence; and (iv) there is no moderation effect of interdependence on the link between the coparenting dimensions and burnout.

Remote Work, Gender Ideologies, and Fathers’ Participation in Childcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work became the new reality for many fathers. Though time availability theory suggests that this newfound flexibility should lead to more domestic labor on the part of fathers, many were skeptical that fathers would step up to shoulder the load at home. Indeed, the findings are decidedly mixed on the association of fathers’ remote work with their performance of housework and childcare. Nonetheless, research has yet to consider how contextual factors, such as fathers’ gender ideologies and mothers’ employment, may condition these associations. Using data from Wave 1 of the Study on U.S. Parents’ Divisions of Labor During COVID-19 (SPDLC), we examine how gender ideology moderates the association between fathers’ remote work and their performance and share of childcare during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in both sole-earner and dual-earner families. The results show, for sole-earning fathers and dual-earner fathers with egalitarian gender attitudes, that the frequency of remote work was positively associated with fathers performing more, and a greater share of, childcare during the pandemic. Yet, only dual-earner fathers with egalitarian gender attitudes performed an equal share of childcare in their families. These findings suggest that the pandemic provided structural opportunities for fathers, particularly egalitarian-minded fathers, to be the equally engaged parents they desired.

The Role of Dual Earner Families in Children's Psychological Well-Being: Literature Review

Economic demands often encourage husbands and wives in a family to work, and this has impacts that include both positive and negative sides. The positive impact is especially visible in the family economic aspect, where family income can be increased. However, the negative impact is more pronounced in the psychological aspect of the family, especially on the psychological well-being of children. This study is an analysis of the literature that seeks to investigate how children's psychological well-being is affected in the context of dual-earner families. Search engines are used as a tool to search for and collect relevant data. As a result, 12 studies were found which were then used as data sources. These studies show that dual-earner families tend to have a negative impact on children's psychological well-being, such as poor mood swings, higher levels of depression, increased levels of anxiety, increased anger, aggressive behavior, negative attitudes towards school, and a number of other negative behaviors. It is hoped that the results of this literature study can become the basis for further empirical research, especially in the Indonesian context, which may have differences in findings compared to previous studies

Factors Affecting the Resilience of Adolescent Victims of Cyberbullying in Dual-Earner Families

Adolescents are the age group that uses social media the most and is the age group most vulnerable to becoming perpetrators or victims of cyberbullying. This research generally aims to analyze differences based on region, relationship, and the influence of parent-adolescent interactions and coping strategies on adolescent resilience. This research uses a quantitative approach and cross-sectional study design using survey and questionnaire methods. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling with a total sample of 98 adolescents. This research was located in Bogor Regency and City, West Java. The results of the independent t-test showed that there are significant differences in adolescent resilience based on region. The results of the correlation test show that adolescent age has a significant negative correlation with the dimensions of self-acceptance. Family size has a negative correlation with parent-adolescent interactions. Correlation test results show that parent-adolescent interaction and coping strategies significantly correlate with adolescent resilience. The results of regression tests show that region, mother's education, parent-adolescent interactions, and coping strategies significantly positively affect adolescent resilience. The parents-adolescent interaction, coping strategies, and resilience in adolescents in this study are mostly still in the moderate category, so they still need to be improved.

Teenagers’ Well-Being through Family Leisure Activities

The rise in mental health issues and suicide rates among adolescents in Indonesia emphasizes the significance of prioritizing adolescent mental health. One key contributor to mental health issues and suicide among adolescents is the family unit. The psychological well-being of adolescents is linked to the dynamics of dual-earner families. The study seeks the correlation between family engagement in leisure activities and adolescents' psychological well-being from dual-income households in Indonesia. The research method employed is correlational. The study cohort comprises 173 adolescents from dual-income households selected through accidental sampling. Family Leisure Activity Profile (FLAP) and Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale (RPWBS) measured family participation in leisure activities and subsequent psychological well-being. The results of the Spearman-rank correlation test revealed a significant positive association between family engagement in leisure activities and psychological well-being dimensions such as autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relationships with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance (rs= 0.237-0.294, p< 0.01). The results also showed no correlation between family involvement in leisure activities and personal growth (rs= 0.880, p= 0.295). Therefore, increased family involvement in leisure time corresponds to enhanced psychological well-being for adolescents in dual-earner families. Parents who work should organize routine activities and leisure time with their teenagers, which promote self-expression, values transfer, and improved family members’ psychological well-being.

In-work poverty and family policy in Italy: from a frozen to a thawing landscape?

ABSTRACT The article investigates in-work poverty (IWP) in Italy through the lens of family policies. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the work scrutinizes whether and to what extent the configuration of family policy tools – family allowances, leave and ECEC (Early Childhood Care and Education) – has been effective in contrasting IWP in Italy. Furthermore, it probes whether the Italian family policy has reconfigured over time as a tool for countering IWP. The study shows that family policy can be useful both directly – by providing income support for the most disadvantaged families – and indirectly – by fostering the transition to a dual-earner family model. However, the analysis of the Italian case shows that such positive effects are only potential, and not automatic. In Italy, historically, family policy has been scarcely effective. Nevertheless, in the last few years a pattern of slow change has initiated, and its effectiveness as a device to tackle IWP appears to have increased.

Parents, Are You Getting Your Money’s Worth at Your Childcare Center?

Historically, mothers were the primary caregiver and were expected to stay at home to care for their child. In today’s society, there is an increasing trend of dual-earner families where both individuals contribute to the household income. This created a demand for childcare services such as preschools, childcare centers, and family daycare homes. Due to the high demand, a majority of parents had difficulty obtaining childcare services and it brought into question whether parents are still able to fully assess each available childcare centers’ quality and cost, or if they are forced to select any center with available space. Additionally, considering its high demand, it’s uncertain whether centers are still providing high quality care at their price points. This study investigated if the cost of childcare at licensed childcare facilities in cities and districts under the jurisdiction of Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) align with their structural qualities of care.

Association of parents' work-related stress and children's socioemotional competency: Indirect effects of family mealtimes.

Family mealtimes play an important role in promoting the physical and psychological well-being of children. However, parents' work-related stress may impact their ability to participate in frequent family mealtimes. In dual-earner families, gendered norms may also influence parents' shared responsibility to participate in mealtimes with their children. Prior studies have primarily focused on the mother's role in feeding children, while the father's participation has been relatively unexplored. We used a sample of dual-earner families consisting of heterosexual married couples with children in the United States who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort to investigate how stressors at work may affect the mother's and father's participation in family mealtimes and, in turn, related to the child's socioemotional development. We tested the associations between the mother's and father's work-related stress on the child's socioemotional competency from age two through preschool (age 4-5). We examined the direct and indirect effects of parents' work-related stress on child socioemotional competency through their involvement in mealtimes. The results indicate a negative direct association between the mother's job/financial dissatisfaction and the child's socioemotional competency. The father's job dissatisfaction had an adverse impact on children in terms of socioemotional competency, partially explained by the father participating less often in family mealtimes. Fathers' job/financial dissatisfaction had a negative influence on children's socioemotional competency, even with an increase in the mothers' participation in family mealtimes in the absence of the fathers. The findings emphasize the importance of fathers' involvement in mealtimes above and beyond mothers' involvement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

자녀가 있는 맞벌이가정의 건강성 척도 개발 연구

자녀가 있는 맞벌이가정의 건강성 척도 개발 연구

Do associations between coparenting relationships and parenting behaviors differ for new mothers and fathers?

Engaging and high-quality parenting is critical to children's positive development. At the transition to parenthood, the coparenting relationship serves as an important context for the development of patterns of positive engagement and sensitive parenting. As suggested by the father vulnerability hypothesis, the coparenting relationship may be more critical to fathers' than to mothers' development as parents. The present study examined associations between multiple dimensions of coparenting relationships and new mothers' and fathers' positive engagement and parental sensitivity and tested for differences in these associations between mothers and fathers. In addition, associations of parents' positive engagement and sensitivity over time were also examined. Survey and observational data were collected from 181 dual-earner different-gender couples in the first year postpartum (18-50 years old; 86% White; 48% children were girls) and analyzed with path models. The results showed that lower conflict exposure and higher partner endorsement at 3 months postpartum were associated with higher parental sensitivity at 9 months postpartum. Greater received support at 3 months postpartum was related to higher positive engagement at 9 months postpartum. Associations between coparenting and parenting behavior did not differ for mothers and fathers. However, fathers' (but not mothers') higher positive engagement at 3 months postpartum portended greater parental sensitivity at 9 months postpartum. In sum, contrary to the father vulnerability hypothesis, the findings of the present study suggest that coparenting and parenting are associated in similar ways for new fathers and mothers in dual-earner families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

MARITAL INTERACTION AND MARITAL ROLE ON MARITAL SATISFACTION OF DUAL EARNER FAMILY WITH SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

Lack of interaction and communication between husband and wife in various aspects of family life will cause conflict and disharmony. The purpose of the study was to identify interactions, husband-wife roles, and marital satisfaction of dual earner families with school children. The study involved 60 families consisting of 30 husbands and 30 non-partnered wives who are workers in Bandung Regency, West Java. Data were collected online using voluntary sampling technique. Husband-wife interaction was in the moderate category, husband-wife roles were in the low category for husbands and moderate for wives, and marital satisfaction was in the moderate category. The correlation test results show that there is a positive significant relationship between family income, husband-wife interaction, and husband-wife roles with marital satisfaction. The regression test results show that age, husband-wife interaction, the bonding and balanced relationship dimensions of the husband-wife interaction variable, and the social activity dimension of the husband-wife role variable have a positive effect on marital satisfaction. In increasing marital satisfaction, husband and wife are expected to be good at managing emotions, adjusting themselves, maintaining conjugal interactions, strengthening bonding and balanced relationships, and carrying out social activities.

Changes in food habits and food-related satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in dual-earner families with adolescents

Introduction: Food habits have been associated with positive outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family members may share protective factors, but each member may also respond differently to the pandemic. Aim: To examine food habits in different-sex dual-earner parents with adolescents, comparing reports from late 2019 before the pandemic (T1) and mid- 2020 during the pandemic (T2) in Temuco, Chile. Method: A sample of 193 families composed of mother, father, and one adolescent aged 10 to 15 responded to a questionnaire at T1 and T2. Non-parametric tests were used to compare family food-related habits and the satisfaction with food-related life of each family member at T1 and T2. An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was conducted to explore relations between T1 and T2 variables and between family members. Results: Frequency of family meals increased during the pandemic, and mothers increased their cooking hours. All family members improved their diet quality during the pandemic. Perceived family meal atmosphere and satisfaction with food-related life did not change. T1 food habits were not associated with T2 satisfaction with food-related life. Conclusion: These families changed their food-related habits during the pandemic, but their food-related life assessment was similar before and during the pandemic.

From Conflict to Balance: Challenges for Dual-Earner Families Managing Technostress and Work Exhaustion in the Post-Pandemic Scenario.

Within the last three years, the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has contributed to changing many aspects of individual and collective life. Focusing on professional life, the forced shift to remote working modalities, the consequent blurring of work-family (WF) boundaries, and the difficulties for parents in childrearing have significantly impacted family routines. These challenges have been more evident for some specific vulnerable categories of workers, such as dual-earner parents. Accordingly, the WF literature investigated the antecedents and outcomes of WF dynamics, highlighting positive and negative aspects of digital opportunities that may affect WF variables and their consequences on workers' well-being. In view of the above, the present study aims to investigate the key role of WF conflict and WF balance in mediating the relationship between technostress and work exhaustion. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine direct and indirect relationships among technostress, WF conflict, WF balance, and work exhaustion. Respondents were 376 Italian workers, specifically dual-earner parents who have at least one child. Results and implications are discussed with specific reference to the organizational policies and interventions that could be developed to manage technostress and WF conflict, fostering individual and social adjustment to the new normal.

Association of child neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems with maternal unemployment in a population-based birth cohort

PurposeTo estimate associations between suspected or diagnosed neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems in 7-year-old children and maternal unemployment at child age 7 and 10, in a Portuguese birth cohort.MethodsWe evaluated 5754 mothers and their children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI in Porto, Portugal. Data on suspected and diagnosed child neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems (exposures)—learning, attention and language problems, externalising behaviours, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, and other neurodevelopmental problems—were retrieved at 7 years of age by interviewing caregivers. Maternal employment status (outcome) was collected at the 7- and 10-year follow-up waves. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations.ResultsAfter adjustment for maternal and household characteristics, women were more likely to be unemployed at child age 10 if the child had, up to age 7, any of the following suspected problems: an autism spectrum disorder (PR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.07, 2.79), developmental delay (PR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.20, 2.06), externalising behaviours (PR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.11, 1.50) or learning problems (PR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.07, 1.48). When the exposure was restricted to clinically diagnosed disorders, the magnitude of associations remained similar but estimates were less precise. Associations with unemployment were stronger at child age 10 (prospective analyses), than at child age 7 (cross-sectional).ConclusionHaving a child with learning, developmental or behavioural problems, or an autism spectrum disorder up to age 7 was associated with maternal unemployment three years later, even in a less affluent European economy where the dual-earner family structure is often necessary to make ends meet.

Born or not: A moderated mediation model of the relationship between work-family conflict and female employees' wellbeing based on fertility intention during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The previous academic research on work-family conflict mainly focused on the relevant elements in the work field. This study concludes that elements of the family domain have a significant impact on the relationship between work-family conflict and employee wellbeing. Female employees' perceptions of wellbeing largely depend on their willingness to have children when they take on family roles. During COVID-19, employees had more time to fulfill both work and family roles in the family sphere due to the epidemic blockade, the contribution of the female employee's significant other (husband) in family matters had a significant impact on Fertility intention. This study using SPSS 24.0 AMOS 20.0 and M plus 7.4 statistical analysis tools to test the proposed hypotheses. In the paired data of 412 working female employees and husbands of Chinese dual-earner families with different occupational backgrounds, hypothesis testing results support that female employees' work → family conflict is negatively related to female employees' fertility intentions, and female employees' fertility intentions are positively related to wellbeing; female employees' family → work conflict is negatively related to female employees' wellbeing; husband's flexible work stress is negatively related to husband's share of housework; husband's share of housework moderated the front, rear and overall mediating effects by the fertility intention. When formulating policies, the managers should consider not only the direct effects of policies, but also the indirect effects that policies may have on other family members of employees. Managers should develop management policies during an epidemic that are more responsive to the actual needs of employees during an epidemic. The management of female employees should give due consideration to the family status of female employees and the enterprises should recognize the importance of childcare for female employees.

Revisiting the link between domain satisfaction and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Job-related moderators in triadic analysis in dual-earner parents with adolescent children.

Research has evaluated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on individuals' life satisfaction, but wellbeing interrelations between family members in this context have been less explored. This study examined the spillover and crossover effects of one parent's job satisfaction (JS), satisfaction with family life (SWFaL) and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) on their own, their partner's, and their adolescent children's life satisfaction (LS), and the influence of adolescents' SWFaL and SWFoL on their own and their parents' LS, in dual-earner families with adolescents. The moderating role of job-related variables of both parents were also explored. Questionnaires were administered to 860 dual-earner parents with adolescents in two cities in Chile during 2020. Mothers and fathers answered the Overall Job Satisfaction Scale and the three family members answered the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life Scale. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling, we found that fathers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL (crossover). Likewise, mothers' LS was positively associated with their own JS, SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), with fathers' and adolescents' SWFaL, and negatively with adolescents' SWFoL. Adolescents' LS was positively associated with their own SWFaL and SWFoL (spillover), and with their fathers' JS, and negatively with their fathers' SWFoL. JS showed gendered patterns in spillover and crossover associations. Parents' type of employment, mothers' working hours and city of residence moderated some spillover and crossover associations for father-mother and parent-adolescent dyads. These findings suggest that, for dual-earner parents with adolescents, improving individuals' LS requires interventions that should be carried out not individually, but at a family level.

Grounds for Post Retirement Jobs and Elderly Health

The biological process of ageing is inevitable, irreversible and involuntary phase which rate, increase in nutrition awareness, advancements in medical facilities, life expectancies have also increased with the development of science and technology which is demonstrated by the fact that there will be 771 million seniors worldwide in 2022, a number that is three times more than it was in 1980. By 2030, there will be 994 million older people in the world, and by 2050, there will be 1.6 billion. India has 104 million senior declines the productivity. This low productive ageing population increases due to the decreased mortality adults (60 years and above), or 8.6% of the total population, according to the Census of 2011. Unfortunately, the custom of honouring, welcoming, and appreciating the old has altered, and the realities of life have compelled seniors to choose occupations after retirement. Therefore, in the recent past, post retirement employment has become a rising phenomenon in the modern society replacing the context of “exit from the full time work to full time leisure”. The replacement is due to the breakdown of joint families, rise in dual earner families, loss of family& cultural values, force to avoid boring life, loneliness, context to lead a dignified life etc. Despite of aging, the elderly effort to post retirement jobs. Therefore the present study was carried in Coimbatore city with exploratory study design, aimed on socio - demographic profile, reasons for taking post retirement jobs, difficulties faced during their post-retirement jobs and their health. Through purposive sampling technique 160 respondents were identified and administered an interview schedule which focussed on socio demographic characteristics, reasons and difficulties in post-retirement jobs and health issues. The study findings were derived through simple percentage and cross tabulation which reveals that 78.12% were males and 21.87% were females, from which 60.62% live along with their children while 39.37% of them live as elderly couples. Part of the elderly took up a job after retirement due to economic reasons, 43.12% due to personal reasons and 1.87% were socially forced to take up job after retirement and most of them were treated well at the workplace as they are required to socialize their younger counter parts. Difficulties vary according to their positions like blue and white collar occupations. All the Working elderly are on the clutch of general and specific health issues. The study findings infer that post retirement jobs are not a good sign for the growth of an individual, family and society. Therefore they must be honoured and cared in terms of fundamental needs, health, peace and satisfactory life which would prevent them from insecure and dishonourable lives.