Dual Contract Research Articles

Hierarchical Incentive Mechanism for Federated Learning: A Single Contract to Dual Contract Approach for Smart Industries

Federated learning (FL) has shown promise in smart industries as a means of training machine-learning models while preserving privacy. However, it contradicts FL’s low communication latency requirement to rely on the cloud to transmit information with data owners in model training tasks. Furthermore, data owners may not be willing to contribute their resources for free. To address this, we propose a single contract to dual contract approach to incentivize both model owners and workers to participate in FL-based machine learning tasks. The single-contract incentivizes model owners to contribute their model parameters, and the dual contract incentivizes workers to use their latest data to participate in the training task. The latest data draw out the trade-off between data quantity and data update frequency. Performance evaluation shows that our dual contract satisfies different preferences for data quantity and update frequency, and validates that the proposed incentive mechanism is incentive compatible and flexible.

Artificial Intelligence and Dual Contract

Artificial Intelligence and Dual Contract

Artificial Intelligence and Dual Contract

Artificial Intelligence and Dual Contract

Dilema aplikasi akad berbasis sosial dan bisnis dalam industri asuransi syariah di Indonesia: antara fatwa dan fakta

This article examines the legal issues on sharia insurance industries in Indonesia. The focus is on the application of the dual contract. It is the combination of the tabarru’ (voluntary) and tijārah (business) bonds. This qualitative study used secondary data. It will be approached with taxonomic technique. It is used to figure out the legal problems. Theoretically, the contract scheme should separate the management of both contracts. In this case, the main contract is the tabarru’, while the second is an additional. However, the takāful industries in Indonesia are more focused on the additional contract rather than the main. Based on research, Islamic insurances in Indonesia did not separate the tabarru’ and tijārah fund managements. It means that they mixed the returns obtained from both sectors. This shows that the dualism of tabarru’ and tijārah contracts in sharia insurance in Indonesia is not in line with the fatwas of The National Sharia Council-The Indonesian Ulama Council (DSN-MUI) on Islamic insurance. However, this article also found that there are some guidelines of DSN-MUI which are ambiguous. This article offers an alternative scheme of both contracts from the perspective of fiqh al-mu’āmalah (Islamic economic law). The contract that can be applied by the takaful as tabarru’ is a fee-based (ujrah). While the most logical contract for the rest is a profit and loss sharing-based investment contracts.

A Study on the Implementation of Dual Contracts of Tabarru’ and Tijarah on Shari’ah Insurance Industries in Indonesia

This article examines the legal issues associated with the application of the dual contract system, tabarru’ and tijārah, in sharia insurance industries in Indonesia. This qualitative study used secondary data. It is linked up with clauses and conditions of the contract used by Islamic insurance industries in Indonesia. This method is used for the purpose to examine the legal reasoning regarding the application of the contracts of tabarru’ and tijārah in Islamic insurance products. The research approach to the problems is normative-juridical. It is a method employed to figure out the legal problems based on secondary data. This study found that the application of Islamic insurance contracts was not created a separation between the returns obtained from the sectors tabarru’ with tijārah. This shows that the dualism of tabarru’ and tijārah contracts in sharia insurance in Indonesia is not in line with the basic principles of sharia engagement.

Balancing Duty to Client and Therapist in Supervision

ABSTRACT The clinical, ethical and training implications of supervision as a dual contract with supervisee as therapist and client as care recipient are considered. Particularly for the still unlicensed professional, the supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that treatment meets the standard of care which includes recognizing the existence and meaning of a dual contract with client and therapist. Careful selection of therapists does not fully ease the search for the proper balance of tolerance and oversight related to the supervisee's therapy work. In a field dedicated to accepting people in a very fundamental fashion, both supervisors and supervisees have difficulty with the evaluation and limit-setting sometimes involved in the training process. Two underlying aspects of the supervision process, modeling and relationship, modulate and shape supervisee learning. When the supervisor's responsibilities to the evolving supervisee/ therapist and the client do not lend themselves to reconciliation, the clinical, ethical and training aspects of the supervisory process all fall on the side of client welfare. A number of supervisory vignettes illustrate the complexities of the supervisory process.

Recent clinical research in geriatric dentistry.

Current increased interest in gerontology/geriatrics has extended to various areas of dental clinical research. Dental science is still at the stage of defining many problems in this field and much emphasis is placed on epidemiological studies. Contemporary trends in clinical research are reviewed, including radiographic studies of the jaw, masticatory studies, and studies on xerostomia, periodontal disease, and root caries. An emerging priority for this research is to distinguish normal functional and morphological changes with age from pathogenic processes. A cooperative and multidisciplinary approach, spanning various disciplines and methodologies, seems to be one which will yield the most comprehensive picture of clinical changes in the elderly. Of particular interest is the recently funded dual contract to Buffalo, NY and San Antonio, TX for the study of periodontal diseases in older adults. A major emphasis has been placed on a multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary approach with focus on clinical, radiological, immunological, microbiological, nutritional and psychological‐social factors. While each may be considered separately, a greater emphasis is placed on the interaction of these parameters. Such a multidisciplinary project with two investigation sites needs detailed planning of the overall design and the cooperation of each discipline to insure the ultimate success of such a venture, particularly with regard to the reproducibility between the sites.