Soybean Drying Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF POWER AND ENERGY PARAMETERS OF THE CONVEYOR INFRARED DRYER OF OIL-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS

Infrared drying of bulk agricultural products is becoming increasingly widespread in processing and food industries due to energy efficiency, compactness of technological equipment, and ease of operation. The purpose of the presented research is to determine the influence of the technological parameters of the process of infrared drying of the moving layer of oil-containing raw materials. An experimental model of a vibro-conveyor dryer and a set of measuring equipment were developed to solve the problems. The scientific novelty of the work is the confirmation that in the conditions of a vibro-liquefied layer of products, unique conditions are created for the constant renewal of heat exchange surfaces and, accordingly, the leveling of the negative thermal radiation effect on the products, the possibility of advancing the product layer along the working zone, reducing the forces of internal friction in the technological mass, which leads to a decrease in energy consumption on the process Laws have been established regarding the effect of the number of thermoradiation blocks, the load on the flexible belt of the wave conveyor, the speed of product advancement on the belt on the dynamics of infrared drying of soybeans and rapeseed. The practical value of the work was the substantiation of the operating modes of thermoradiation drying with the help of a vibrating wave conveyor installation based on the energy saving of the technological impact, high intensification of the process and minimization of the negative effect on the properties of the processed products.

Intermittent Drying of Soybeans in Conical Spouted Beds: Modeling Approach

Intermittent drying is a promising methodology to conventional drying which offers benefits related to energy and better-quality products. However, modeling of this technique remains a challenge. Thus, this study aims to propose a fully predictive model for intermittent drying in conical spouted bed dryers. A single-phase model is used to account for the heat and mass transfer on the soybean surface and their inside, and the predictions are compared with the experimental results. The proposed model provides physically consistent results and is coherent with the experimental data, mainly for drying under moderate air temperatures with moderate and long resting periods. As the average moisture content and the average particle temperature are estimated based on the spatial discretization used in the numerical solution, as well as on the boundary conditions adopted, the internal gradients of moisture and temperature are also estimated by the model, thus providing a physically consistent representation of the internal gradient behavior. Therefore, this study describes the successful application of an accurate model for continuous and intermittent drying. Accordingly, it contributes to obtain optimal drying parameters in order to minimize drying costs and improve product quality.

Performance of dehumidifier drying machine for soybean seeds drying

The number of soybean consumption in Indonesia has increased every year. However, the amount of domestic production is still insufficient and continues to decline, so imports must be carried out. A strategy used to increase soybean production is by using a good quality of seeds. Drying with low relative humidity can reduce the drying temperature so that the quality of the seeds is maintained. A performance test was conducted by a dehumidifier drying machine with the temperature of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and oven drying as control at 40°C. Drying was carried out until the moisture content reach 10-11% with every 30 minutes observations. The result showed that the dehumidifier drying machine gave constant air temperature and relative humidity at the drying chamber during the drying period. Duration of drying at the temperature of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and control was 7 hours; 6 hours; 3 hours; and 7.5 hours respectively. The application of a dehumidifier drying machine can reduce humidity up to 54% so that soybean drying can run faster than oven drying. A germination test could reach 87.96% in dehumidifier drying at 40°C which is higher than the control. This result showed that dehumidifier drying did not cause significant damage to soybean seeds.

Optimization of Parameters of a Vibroconveyor System for Infrared Drying of Soy

Abstract This paper proposes a method to determine the optimal parameters for the drying of soybean using a kinematic vibration dryer. Among the main parameters of the investigated vibroconveyor are heat and mass transfer, physical and mechanical. The paper presents a mathematical model of the dependence of parameters of the soybean drying process of soybean built based on experimental data obtained by organizing an effective experiment plan with a sufficiently large number of factor levels. To determine the rational parameters for drying soybean, it is important to build the most accurate and adequate mathematical model, which will determine the most accurate values of the required parameters. For this purpose, it is recommended to conduct an experiment with as many levels of factors as possible. The article proposes an experiment established on a dedicated balanced orthogonal plan, which is optimal according to the D-efficiency criterion. Based on the experimental data, an adequate mathematical model of the dependence of the drying characteristics of soybean (moisture of the processed material (%), temperature inside the product layer (°С) on the parameters – vibration amplitude (mm), distance from the conveyor surface (mm), radiation power (Wt), weight (g·min−1). Following the analysis of the constructed mathematical model, optimal parameters of the developed vibroconveyor infrared dryer were substantiated. The main characteristics of the vibroconveryor mechanism of interoperational transportation of bulk products in the working area were also determined, and a technical and economic analysis of the developed oscillatory system was conducted.

Drying of particulate materials in draft tube conical spouted beds: Energy analysis

Drying is a highly energy-intensive process and dryers are considered one of the most energy-consuming industrial equipment. Nevertheless, the energy contribution of the draft tube in the spouted bed has hardly been studied. This equipment is widely recognized as a versatile and efficient gas-solid contact method for several chemical and physical operations. Thus, the objective of this study is to perform an energy analysis of a draft tube conical spouted bed for particulate materials. Drying of alumina, soybean, and barley has been performed with three different configurations: without tube and with nonporous and open-sided tubes. Energy Efficiency, Drying Efficiency, and Specific Energy Consumption have been the parameters considered for energy analysis. The nonporous tube provided the best energy performance for diffusive materials, such as barley and soybean particles, with reductions in the energy consumption in the range from 31.60% to 42.40% in relation to configuration without tube. The configurations with open-sided tube and without tube provided similar energy performance for all materials. Therefore, this study contributes to support that draft tubes are promising devices for improving energy issues in the spouted bed, mainly in the processing of low moisture materials.

Comprehensive study of fluidization characteristics and variations of moisture content in fluidized bed drying of soybean

In this exhaustive study, the investigation has been done on the strength of moisture content, air temperature and air entry speed on the drying kinetics and fluidization height during fluidized bed drying of soybean using electric heater as a heating medium. And it is obvious from the observing values, the height of the fluidized bed increased with the increment in inlet Vs and fluidization height decreased with lower inlet Vs. If the mass flow rate reduced, the corresponding height of the bed increased and vice versa for high mass flow rate. Fluidized bed drying was able to reduce drying time in comparison to the fixed bed and hence it could be used to reduce heterogeneity in the bed during drying. In drying kinetics, with the increase in drying parameters, rate constants and diffusivity have also increased.

Silo–dryer–aerator in fixed and thick layer conceptualized for high quality of grains applied in different social scales post-harvest: modeling and validation

Several studies have been conducted for developing new dryers and improving existing ones to obtain a higher yield and maintain the quality of agricultural products. Thus, the objective of this study was to model and validate a new concept of a silo–dryer–aerator with a drying chamber and four storage compartmented cells in a fixed and thick layer with the application of high and low air-drying temperatures. To fit the experimental data to a mathematical model, nonlinear regression analysis was performed. To assess the fluid from the heated and cooling air in the silo–dryer–aerator, computational fluid dynamics was used. The experimental prototype of the fixed-bed dryer enabled a uniform distribution of the heated air in the drying cells. There was a uniform distribution of the air in the drying cells of the silo–dryer–aerator. The drying system achieved high operational performance and quality for soybeans. The different mathematical models could predict and adjust to the drying conditions in a fixed and thick layer. It was concluded that the drying model developed and validated is suitable for the new concept of a silo–dryer–aerator with a drying chamber and segregated storage to be applied to soybean drying. HIGHLIGHTS Silo-dryer-aerator conceptualized for high quality Drying system applied for different social scales of post-harvest Segregation of the lots in different characteristics of grains and quality Associated application of high and low temperatures in the drying and aeration Alternative for drying and storage in large, medium and small production scales

Evaluation of species transfer models in the cfd simulation of fixed bed soybean drying

Evaluation of species transfer models in the cfd simulation of fixed bed soybean drying

Soybean drying as a moving boundary problem: Shrinkage and moisture kinetics prediction

AbstractIn this work, the diffusion of moisture in the drying process of soybean grains is mathematical modeled considering shrinkage. Moisture and radius data as a function of time were obtained by experimental tests in a drying oven for three different drying temperatures. Radius decrease was registered by image analysis. The parameters of the diffusion model were obtained by nonlinear regression. The model provided diffusivity values and drying constants at the surface of the grains as a function of temperature. The average moisture profiles presented good agreement with the experimental values. Although the radius profiles predictions presented higher deviation when compared with the experimental values, a good agreement were found, especially at the higher drying rates of the process. The model provided good predictions of the moisture and radius profile for the drying process of soybean grains and the diffusivities and drying constants for considering the grain shrinkage during the process.Practical ApplicationsDiffusion coefficients are crucial parameters to be estimated in order to design highly efficient drying process for food industry. Thus, if the mass transfer is mathematically modeled considering realistic aspects, which occur during the drying process, such as the shrinkage of the grains, the diffusion coefficients estimated become more trustable, allowing the project and optimization of drying equipment for the grain processing industry.

Kinetic Model for Drying in Frame of Generalized Fractional Derivatives

In this article, the Lewis model was considered for the soybean drying process by new fractional differential operators to analyze the estimated time in 50 ∘ C , 60 ∘ C , 70 ∘ C , and 80 ∘ C . Moreover, we used dimension parameters for the physical meaning of these fractional models within generalized and Caputo fractional derivatives. Results obtained with generalized fractional derivatives were analyzed comparatively with the Caputo fractional, integer order derivatives and Page model for the soybean drying process. All results for fractional derivatives are discussed and compared in detail.

PROBLEMATICS OF CONSTRUCTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF THE PROCESS OF MICROWAVE DRYING OF SOY

The article reviews various techniques for mathematical modeling of the soybean drying process. The purpose of this paper is to review, analyze and compare existing approaches to mathematically describe the processes of moisture movement during microwave drying of soybeans. The only way to provide mathematical modeling of the processes occurring in the soybean grain is a combination of the transformation of microwave energy into heat, the heating of dipole water molecules existing in the seed, the processes of moving moisture from the center to the grain shell and evaporation of moisture. Today, microwave drying is one of the promising areas for research, because this method is much more efficient than traditional post-harvest grain drying methods and, at the same time, poorly understood. Factors on which the process of microwave drying depends on are the speed of movement of moisture in the micropores of the product, the initial temperature and humidity of the raw material, the placement of the main magnetron relative to the object of drying and the speed of movement of raw materials in the drying chamber. The object of the study in this article was to simplify the mathematical model of soybean seeds. To intensify the process of microwave drying, it is advisable to use a combined effect, such as blowing, which increases the intensity and quality of the process of microwave dehumidification. In addition, in this case, the simultaneous use of two or more factors of influence, which allows for rapid processing of raw materials. This determines the relevance and prospects of this study. The developed criteria criterion is substantiated and described, which allows to simplify the complex calculation of microwave energy transfer processes, sample heating and moisture velocity in it. The basic approaches to the construction of a mathematical model of the soybean drying process are considered, and their expediency is determined. The analysis of various methods of mathematical description of the drying process is carried out, the main disadvantages of these methods are identified. It is established that drying soybean seeds in the microwave field is one of the most promising. A mathematical model for a combined soybean drying process with a combination of microwave drying methods and air blowing is proposed.

Changes in Phenolic Acid and Isoflavone Contents during Soybean Drying and Storage.

The changes in phenolic acid and isoflavone profile of soybean genotypes ( Nidera 5909 RR and BMX Força RR) dried at different temperatures and stored for 12 months were investigated. In both cultivars, there was a reduction of the germination capacity and an increase of fungal incidence with the increase of drying temperature and storage time. Multivariate analysis of phenolic acids allowed for the differentiation among treatments. Cultivar Nidera 5909 RR, dried at 110 °C, showed an interaction with characters of greater relevance for differentiation, being influenced by the increase of bound coumaric, and syringic, and free-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and coumaric acids. Multivariate analysis of isoflavones showed a strong affinity of the aglycone isoflavones (genistein, glycitein, and daidzein) within the Nidera 5909 RR cultivar at all drying temperatures and with BMX Força RR cultivar at the highest temperatures. These results indicate that the release and interconversion of isoflavone malonyl-β-glucosides and β-glucosides into aglycone forms are simultaneous reactions during storage.

Drying Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine Max) Using Continuous Drying and Intermittent Drying

Abstract The effects of drying temperature by continuous and intermittent drying on the drying characteristics of soybean were determined in this study. Among the thin-layer drying models, the Midilli–Kucuk model showed the best fit (R 2 > 0.99) to describe the drying of soybean. At 300 min of the effective drying time, the moisture content of continuous drying at 35, 40, and 45 ºC were 9.38 (±0.00), 8.69 (±0.17), and 7.70 % (±0.48), respectively; while the moisture content of intermittent drying at 35, 40, and 45 ºC were 8.28 (±0.21), 7.31 (±0.41), and 6.97 % (±0.07), respectively. The image analysis method for detection of the crack in soybean demonstrated that at the target moisture content (7.7 %), cracked grain ratios with intermittent drying at 35, 40, and 45 ºC were reduced by 52.08, 27.59, and 18.24 %, respectively. With the effective drying time, the activation energy for intermittent drying (9.33 kJ/mol) was significantly lower than that value for continuous drying (21.23 kJ/mol).

The effect of intermittent drying on the cracking ratio of soybeans (Glycine max) at different relative humidity using reaction engineering approach modeling.

Intermittent drying (ID) was applied to reduce soybean cracking because of the low moisture gradient and little thermal stress on soybeans during their tempering period. The drying temperature and relative humidity (RH) for the drying and tempering periods were 35°C and 20% and 25°C and 43%, respectively. The intermittency (α) of the drying was defined as the ratio of the drying period to the duration of the drying and tempering periods, and it varied at α = 1, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.25 to evaluate the drying characteristics and the soybeans’ quality. Intermittency processes redistributed the moisture in the soybean so that the low thermal stress was applied to the soybeans. The percentage of cracked grains increased with increasing the duration of drying period and decreasing tempering period. The moisture content and temperature changes during drying of soybeans were well fitted by reaction engineering approach (REA) modeling. Additionally, the physics that describe the soybeans’ drying behavior during ID were explained by the model parameters obtained from the REA modeling, such as the surface relative humidity and the surface water vapor concentration. ID showed the highest drying efficiency at α = 0.25 regarding the total drying time (13,800 s, i.e., the shortest drying time) and the lowest cracking ratio (<2.18%).

Mathematical modeling of soybean drying by a fractional‐order kinetic model

AbstractIn this article, a mathematical model based on the generalization of first‐order kinetic model, to model soybean drying kinetic, is proposed by taking into account that the humidity variation rate is given by a derivative of arbitrary order. The Bootstrap technique was used to study the minimum required number of terms of the analytic solution to fit the parameters with stable variability. Results were highly successful for the estimated moisture curves. These results were compared with the first‐order kinetic model and with the classic Page model. Series solution minimum number of terms varied both with respect to the model parameters and temperature.Practical applicationsThe modeling procedure presented in this article presents the use of fractional calculus as a potential tool to generalize mathematical models based on differential equations. The proposed model proved to be statistically better than its version which was based on conventional calculus. Thus, the model proposed is suitable for modeling kinetic processes in general and can be used to project drying equipment. Due to the fact that drying of food could present nonexponential behavior, the fractional model proposed would be an adequate option to capture the characteristics of the kinetic curve which the conventional calculus cannot. In addition, this article presents a statistical approach to evaluate the correct number of terms to be used in an equation based on an infinite series in order to result the least variability possible. Such approach provides more reliable results when the model is applied to experimental data.

Drying Kinetics of Continuous and Intermittent Heat Pump Drying of Green Soybean Seeds

Abstract This paper is concerned with drying kinetics and models of heat pump drying (HPD) of green soybean. Experiments were done for continuous and intermittent drying with intermittency of 1, 3 and 6. Drying rate decreases sharply in continuous HPD process, while circuitously in intermittent HPD process. Peak drying rate values appear in every drying period of intermittent drying and differ a lot because of different intermittent ratios. In addition, various mathematical models were investigated to describe the HPD kinetics of green soybean seeds. Fitting suitability of the experimental data by models was specified as comparing the coefficient of correlation (R 2), mean absolute percentage error (E MD%), Chi-square Χ 2 and root mean square error (E RMS). The page model and 23rd model were found to be the most suitable models in describing the continuous and intermittent drying of green soybeans, respectively.

Assessment of new in-bin drying and storage technology for soybean seed

ABSTRACTOn-farm, in-bin drying and storage of soybean in environments with unconditioned air often result in repeated drying and rewetting of the grains which may have adverse effects on quality metrics; if done using natural air, as recommended for soybean destined to the seed market, the in-bin drying and storage method require operation at well-defined local weather-dependent strategies to maintain the seed quality. This study simulated in-bin drying and storage of soybeans. Different fan control options and drying strategies were used to assess performance in terms of drying duration to target final moisture content (MC), percent over drying, energy expenditure, and drying cost. Fan operation included running the fan continuously, only at night, only during the day, at a set window of equilibrium MC (EMC) of natural air, and set EMC window with supplemental heating of ambient air as an option (EMC-H). Drying and storage performance were tested for soybean at initial moisture content (IMC) (16–22%, wet basis), air flow rate (1.04–5.0 m3 min−1 [air] t−1 [soybean]), and harvesting start dates (August 15 to November 15). Simulation model was validated using a bench-scale pressure drop system filled with soybeans with IMC of 22% wet basis. The result shows that fan control strategies, air flow rates, harvest date, and initial MC of the soybeans significantly (P < 0.05) impact the drying duration, percent over drying, and final MC of the grain. The simulation predicted well the overall profile of the experimental data. Layer by layer statistical comparison revealed that the overall mean relative deviation was less than 10%, low values of root mean square error (ranged between 2.4 and 2.5), Mallows’ criteria (ranged between 2.4 and 7.0), and overall χ2 was 0.88.

Microwave Drying Characteristics of Soybeans in Single and Variable Microwave Power Density

Abstract Drying characteristics of soybeans under different microwave (MW) processing schemes were studied in regard to energy aspects. For drying in a single microwave power density, the experiments were carried out at a constant MW output power throughout the process. It was found that the drying rate is enhanced together with reduced energy consumption at higher single power density, but the soybean cracking ratio is increased gradually from 2 % to 40 % when the power density was changed from 0.2 W/g to 0.8 W/g. Efforts were made to reach a compromise between the drying rate and dried soybean quality by varying the MW power density in several steps overall the drying process, but soybean cracking occurred at a higher ratio due to the fluctuation of drying rate. Microwave drying of soybeans under the power density less than 0.2 W/g with slow and stable drying rate can achieve the soybean cracking ratio controlled within 5 % and lower energy consumption.

PROTEIN FRACTIONATION AND UTILIZATION OF SOYBEAN AND REDBEAN AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT DRYING TEMPERATURE

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of different drying temperature on chemical composition, in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility of soybean and redbean. Soybean and redbean were dried in an oven set at four different drying temperatures, i.e. 50, 60, 70 and 80 oC for 24 h in three replicates. Dried samples were then milled and used further for chemical composition determination (proximate analysis, Van Soest analysis and protein fraction) and in vitro rumen fermentation assay. Parameters measured in the in vitro assay were gas production, digestibility, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance and a posthoc test namely Duncan’s multiple range test. Results revealed that neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) content increased at higher drying temperature (70 or 80 oC) for both soybean and redbean (P&lt;0.05) but at different magnitude. As with NDICP, higher temperature led to a higher acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) both in soybean and redbean (P&lt;0.05). Higher temperature decreased gas production rate (GPR) of both beans (P&lt;0.05). Drying of soybean at 70 or 80 oC decreased crude protein digestibility (CPD) of soybean than dried at 50 or 60 oC (P&lt;0.05). Higher drying temperature resulted in a lower NH3 concentration (P&lt;0.05). It can be concluded that drying temperature at 50 or 60 oC is safe to maintain nutritional quality of soybean and redbean.

Adjustment of mathematical models and quality of soybean grains in the drying with high temperatures

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the initial moisture content of soybeans and the drying air temperatures on drying kinetics and grain quality, and find the best mathematical model that fit the experimental data of drying, effective diffusivity and isosteric heat of desorption. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD), with a factorial scheme (4 x 2), four drying temperatures (75, 90, 105 and 120 ºC) and two initial moisture contents (25 and 19% d.b.), with three replicates. The initial moisture content of the product interferes with the drying time. The model of Wang and Singh proved to be more suitable to describe the drying of soybeans to temperature ranges of the drying air of 75, 90, 105 and 120 °C and initial moisture contents of 19 and 25% (d.b.). The effective diffusivity obtained from the drying of soybeans was higher (2.5 x 10-11 m2 s-1) for a temperature of 120 °C and water content of 25% (d.b.). Drying of soybeans at higher temperatures (above 105 °C) and higher initial water content (25% d.b.) also increases the amount of energy (3894.57 kJ kg-1), i.e., the isosteric heat of desorption necessary to perform the process. Drying air temperature and different initial moisture contents affected the quality of soybean along the drying time (electrical conductivity of 540.35 µS cm-1g-1); however, not affect the final yield of the oil extracted from soybean grains (15.69%).