Bed Dryer Research Articles

Comparative life cycle assessment of on-site sanitation systems using lagoons or drying beds for fecal sludge treatment in low-income tropical countries

ABSTRACT Environmental challenges in low-income countries, such as Haiti, persist due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure. This study assesses the environmental impacts of nine on-site sanitation systems to identify those with the least environmental impacts and explore improvement options. Nine scenarios were developed, each representing different systems for managing 1 ton of fecal sludge over 1 year. The ‘Impact World + ’ and ‘IPCC 2013 GWP 100a’ methods evaluated impacts on ecosystems, human health, and climate change. Data sources included interviews, weighing records, and scientific publications. Results show that Scenario 8 (Flush Toilet – Evacuation – Planted Drying Beds) is most impactful on health (1.17 × 10−2 DALY), while Scenario 1 (Composting Toilet – Evacuation – Unplanted Drying Beds) is least impactful (1.77 × 10−3 DALY). For ecosystem impacts, Scenario 2 (Container-based Toilet – Evacuation – Planted Drying Beds) is most impactful (3.81 × 103 PDF·m2·year), while Scenario 6 (VIP latrine – Evacuation – Lagoons) is least impactful (3.52 × 103 PDF·m2·year). Key hotspots include toilet paper, wood shavings, GHG emissions, and water use. The study recommends an integrated approach combining environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) with life cycle cost assessment and social LCA for sustainable decision-making on sanitation systems in low-income countries.

Hydrophobic ion pairing as a novel approach to co-axial electrospraying of peptide-PLGA particles

Electrospraying is a processing technique that has gained much interest to prepare polymeric particles. The technique operates at ambient temperature, thereby avoiding heat induced degradation of labile therapeutics (e.g. peptides and proteins). Exposure to organic solvents can be minimised by co-axial electrospraying through separation of core (aqueous) and shell (organic) solvents. However, aqueous solutions are often difficult to electrospray due to high surface tension. Immiscibility between the core–shell solvents creates a further process challenge. Herein, we describe for the first time the use of hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) to encapsulate a polypeptide into polymeric particles prepared by co-axial electrospraying. Peptide ion pairs were prepared to incorporate a model peptide – teriparatide – into an organic solvent, permitting facile electrospraying while also protecting the peptide from denaturation. Teriparatide loaded PLGA particles were generated by electrospraying from aqueous or ethanolic peptide solutions (core). A PLGA solution in chloroform (with and without co-solvents) was employed as the shell solution. The aqueous core solution led to a teriparatide encapsulation efficiency of 79.2 ± 19.8 %, which was not significantly different from the ethanolic core (57.1 ± 14.5 %). When aqueous solutions were used the process lacked reproducibility, resulting in low process yields (61.3 ± 4.0 %). In contrast, when an organic core was used a dry powder bed was achieved with a yield of 102.2 ± 8.8 %. The peptide’s integrity and biological functionality were retained after electrospraying as ion pairs, as evidenced in a cell-based PTH1R receptor binding assay.

Prevalence and Distribution of Rice Root Knot Nematode in Rice Nurseries in Chitwan and Lamjung Districts of Nepal

To determine the natural infection of the rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola Golden & Brichfield) in rice nurseries, a survey was carried out in Chitwan and Lamjung in June and July of 2022. Rice nurseries were randomly selected based on geographical location, agro-ecological region, land type, cropping practice, and soil type. Forty rice nurseries were surveyed i.e. twenty from each district and 100 seedlings from each nursery as the sample for the study using the simple random method of sampling were evaluated. Field survey revealed that M. graminicola was widely distributed in most rice growing areas of Chitwan and Lamjung districts. Most of the rice nurseries in Lamjung district were found to be infested with M. graminicola as compared to that of the Chitwan district. Disease severity was reported up to 23.26% in Lamjung and 20.2% in Chitwan district. Additionally, the study showed that dry bed conditions were more likely to be affected by rice root-knot disease than wet bed conditions. The majority of farmers planted seedlings on upland (dry) soil, where second-stage juvenile (J2) populations and rice root-knot disease were more common. Most farmers (87.5%) have limited knowledge about rice root knot nematodes and their control methods. This suggested a significant loss in rice output and a high danger of nematode multiplication. This information will provide knowledge about the prevalence of nematode and enabling rice growers in this region to design and implement an appropriate control strategy for managing M. graminicola.

Novel amine emissions control methods for CO2 capture based on reducing amine concentration in the scrubbing liquid

Piperazine (PZ) activated 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is a high-performance solvent for CO2 capture that has undergone long-term pilot test. This study explores its vapor amine emissions characteristics on Aspen Plus. It was found that the steady-state amine concentration in the water wash (WW) is a crucial factor affecting emissions, determined by the amine-to-water ratio obtained from flue gas and feed water. Under optimized conditions, vapor amine emissions were reduced from 1768 mg/Nm3 after the absorber to 1.46 mg/Nm3 after two WW sections. Two novel amine control methods were proposed based on the approach of lowering the amine concentration in the scrubbing liquid. Staged condensation of the stripper gas provides super low amine (0.06 wt%) feed water to the WW, further reducing vapor amine emissions by an order of magnitude. The Cooling Dry Bed (CDB) can achieve amine emission control effects comparable to two WW sections with only 20 % of the theoretically calculated interfacial area. This process has a lower total packing height and does not require liquid collection trays, significantly reducing the construction height and load of the column.

Study on separation of 6–0 mm low rank high sulfur lignite by FGX dry separation bed

ABSTRACT Coal is an essential primary energy for the national economy and people’s livelihood. In recent years, with the rapid growth of the consumption of high-quality coal resources, Lignite with a low degree of metamorphism has been extensively exploited and utilized. In this paper, desulfurization and ash reduction treatment of 6–0 mm fine-grade low-grade high-sulfur Lignite was carried out using a FGX dry separation bed (FGX FGX compound dry separation bed). The migration and distribution of differentiated density particles in the bed under the action of cascade air flow were mainly studied, and the influence of vibration intensity (amplitude and frequency) on the separation effect of fine-grade low-grade high-sulfur Lignite was explored. At the same time, the material distribution characteristics of each section in the direction of the discharge edge of the bed were systematically analyzed, the material distribution area of the bed was determined, the optimal operating parameters (A = 2.8 mm, f = 26 Hz, V = 2.29 m/s) were obtained, and the sorting test was carried out under the optimal parameter conditions. The test results show that when the vibration frequency f = 26 Hz, the sulfur segregation degree of bedding materials reaches the maximum Ss = 0.36, and the sulfur content of materials in I, II, and III regions is 0.85%, 5.47%, and 18.78%, respectively. The stratification effect of bedding materials is the best. When A = 2.8 mm, the material sulfur segregation reaches the minimum value of Ss = 0.28, and the average sulfur content of materials in I, II, and III regions is 0.78%, 5.46% and 18.27%, the material is stratified according to density. When the airflow rate is 2.55 m/s. The stratification effect of bed material is best according to density. The clean coal yield is 69.87%, and the sulfur content is 0.98%. The gangue yield is 30.13%, and the sulfur content is 18.66%. The Ep value of energy deviation is 0.11 g/cm3, which realizes high precision dry desulfurization and upgrading fine-grade, low-grade, and high sulfur lignite.

Effects of traditional and dry bed baths on patients admitted in intensive units: A randomized crossover clinical trial.

The bed bath is an important part of nursing care. There are few studies evaluating the effects of traditional and dry bed baths on patients. This study was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care unit patients on the patients' hemodynamic parameters, the duration of the bathing procedure and the cost of consumable items. This was a randomized crossover clinical trial and a prospective study. The study was conducted in a General Surgery Intensive Care Unit with 22 intensive care patients aged 18 and over, who had a nursing diagnosis of bathing personal care deficiency. Each patient was given two types of bed baths at an interval of 24 h: a traditional bed bath and a dry bed bath performed with single-use tissues. Immediately before each bath, in the 5th, 10th and 15th minute of bathing, immediately after bathing and 30 min after bathing, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and peripheral oxygen saturation measurement changes over time were compared within the group using the Friedman test. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare the variables of bathing duration and bathing consumable item costs between the bathing procedures. It was found that at the completion of traditional and dry bed bathing, the participants' body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate parameters were statistically significantly lower than before bathing, whereas peripheral oxygen saturation values showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). It was found that the dry bed bath took a statistically significantly shorter time than the traditional bed bath and that the cost of consumable bathing materials was less (p < 0.05). It was concluded that traditional and dry bed baths given to intensive care patients affected their hemodynamic parameters and that the dry bed bath was superior to the traditional bed bath in that it took less time and that it cost less.

Effects of local bed layer characteristics on separation of low rank oil shale in a dry cascade beneficiation bed

Oil shale is considered a highly significant substitute energy source for the 21st century due to its abundant resources and feasibility for development and utilization. This paper utilizes a dry cascade beneficiation bed to upgrade 25–0 mm oil shale, focusing on the spatial distribution characteristics of local bed layer density and differential density particle spatial distribution rules. The study identifies the formation area of autogenous medium fluidization and systematically analyzes the force characteristics and spatial migration laws of particles in local bed layers. Factors influencing the mixing and separation of oil shale particles are investigated, and stages of the separation process are determined. Experimental results indicate that in area I, the density distribution range of autogenous medium bed layers is 2.21–2.25 g/cm3, representing the formation area of autogenous medium fluidization, predominantly with low-density oil shale particles at ρ = 1.95 g/cm3, ranging from 2.28 % to 4.37 % across particle size grades. Area II predominantly contains intermediate density particles at ρ = 2.20 g/cm3, with upper and lower layer contents of 10.9–11.6 % and 4.7–5.7 %, respectively; the upper bed layer is dominated by 13–25 mm particles, while the lower bed layer by 0–6 mm and 6–13 mm particles. Area III features high-density particles at ρ = 2.40 g/cm3, with upper and lower layer contents of 6.13–6.40 % and 1.86–2.11 %, respectively, showing particle size distribution consistent with area II. When Γ = 13.60–16.28, area I serves as a domain for low-density material separation, with peak forces of 6.95–7.0 mN; area II as a domain for separation of medium to high-density particles, with peak forces of 4.83–4.87 mN; and area III as a domain for high-density material transport, with peak forces of 2.01–2.03 mN. Particle acceleration along the Z-axis relative to the X-axis increases by 0.688 m/s2, 3.791 m/s2, and 4.670 m/s2 in areas I, II, and III, respectively, and relative to the Y-axis by 0.554 m/s2, 3.11 m/s2, and 3.396 m/s2. When U=2.36 m/s and Γ = 17.73–22.04, significant differences in distribution of same-density particles between upper and lower bed layers are observed, with differences in content for low-density materials (ρ = −1.8 g/cm3) of 13.23 %, 0.01 %, and 0.01 % in areas I, II, and III, respectively, and for high-density materials (ρ = +2.5 g/cm3) of 1.21 %, 0.91 %, and 2.17 %. By examining particle mixing and separation processes, three operational stages are defined: Area diffusion, stratified transition, and cascade distribution, and separation tests under optimal conditions achieve a concentrate yield of 39.23 % with an oil content of 10.18 %, and a tailings yield of 60.77 % with an oil content of 0.71 %. The probable error (Ep) is 0.08 g/cm3 achieves high-precision upgrading of oil shale.

Accelerated numerical modeling of shallow water flows with MPI, OpenACC, and GPUs

In this paper, a time-explicit Finite-Volume method is adopted to solve the 2-D shallow water equations on an unstructured triangular mesh, using a two-stage Runge-Kutta integrator and a monotone MUSCL model to achieve second-order accuracy in time and space, respectively. A multi-GPU model is presented that uses the Message Passing Interface (MPI) with OpenACC and uses the METIS library to produce the domain decomposition. A CUDA-aware MPI library (GPUDirect) and overlapped MPI communication with computation are used to improve parallel performance. Two benchmark tests with wet and dry downstream beds are used to test the code's accuracy. Good results were achieved compared to the numerical simulations of published studies. Compared with the multi-CPU version of a 6-core CPU, maximum speedups of 56.18 and 331.51 were obtained using a single GPU and 8 GPUs, respectively. Higher mesh resolution enhances acceleration performance, and the model is applicable to other environmental modeling activities.

Cracking of submerged beds

We investigate the phenomena of crater formation and gas release caused by projectile impact on underwater beds, which occurs in many natural, geophysical and industrial applications. The bed in our experiment is constructed of hydrophobic particles, which trap a substantial amount of air in the pores of the bed. In contrast to dry beds, the air–water interface in a submerged bed generates a granular skin that provides rigidity to the medium by producing skin over the bulk. The projectile's energy is used to reorganize the grains, which causes the skin to crack, allowing the trapped air to escape. The morphology of the craters as a function of impact energy in submerged beds exhibits different scaling laws than what is known for dry beds. This phenomenon is attributed to the contact line motion on the hydrophobic fractal-like surface of submerged grains. The volume of the gas released is a function of multiple factors, chiefly the velocity of the projectile, depth of the bed and depth of the water column.

Comparison of Murraya microbiological contamination and total flavonoid content on various drying methods

Abstract Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) is one of the ingredients in Herbal Medicine formulation to treat overweight. The herbal medicine raw materials used must be safe and efficacious. Improper post-harvest handling during the drying process can reduce the quality of simplicia regarding microbial contamination and chemical content. In this study, drying is carried out using several methods, namely sun drying, cabinet oven, room oven, bed dryer, and a combination of drying methods (sunlight-room oven, sunlight-cabinet oven, bed dryer-room oven, and bed dryer-cabinet oven) to determine how the drying methods affect M. paniculata simplicia’s microbial contaminations and the content of total flavonoids. The experimental trial was designed with a randomized block design and three replications. The parameters observed were microbial contamination (Total Plate Count and Total Yeast Mold Count) and the total flavonoid content of simplicia. The F test analyzed and further tested the data with orthogonal contrast using Microsoft Excel. The outcomes demonstrated that various drying techniques had highly diverse impacts on bacterial and fungal contamination of the simplicia. There was a significant difference in the total plate count of simplicia between the single drying method and the combination method. Significant differences in fungal contamination were obtained using the combination method of drying in the sunlight-room oven with the sun-cabinet oven drying. The drying process using a cabinet oven and sunlight-cabinet oven combination produced the highest total flavonoid content. However, drying using a combination method of sunlight-cabinet oven does not meet the requirements in terms of microbial contamination. Drying using the cabinet oven method produces the best quality simplicia regarding safety and efficacy.

Effect of vibration and airflow on separation of 6–1 mm fine coal in compound dry separation bed

The segregation behaviour of solid particles are affected by airflow and vibration in a compound dry separation bed. The distribution characteristics of airflow field on the bed surface have been systematically investigated by a novel method of regional air distribution, and the movement and segregation behavior of fine coal particles have been observed under different gas velocity. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution characteristics and ash variation of fine coal particles during the process of segregation and stratification were analyzed. The obtained results show that the airflow velocity of the bed showed a zonal air distribution characteristic of gradual decrease from the separation area to the clean coal section and the gangue section. The segregation and stratification of particles in the Y-axis and Z-axis directions of the bed surface can be enhanced by vibration. When the vibration frequency is 34 Hz, the probable error (E) is 0.08 g/cm3. The bed inclination and the bed grid height have a certain influence on the segregation behavior of fine coal.

Microheterogeneity of Transmission Shapes Submicroscopic Malaria Carriage in Coastal Tanzania.

Asymptomatic carriage of malaria parasites persists even as malaria transmission declines. Low-density infections are often submicroscopic, not detected with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) or microscopy but detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To characterize submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum carriage in an area of declining malaria transmission, asymptomatic persons >5 years of age in rural Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, were screened using RDT, microscopy, and PCR. We investigated the size of the submicroscopic reservoir of infection across villages, determined factors associated with submicroscopic carriage, and assessed the natural history of submicroscopic malaria over 4 weeks. Among 6076 participants, P. falciparum prevalences by RDT, microscopy, and PCR were 9%, 9%, and 28%, respectively, with roughly two-thirds of PCR-positive individuals harboring submicroscopic infection. Adult status, female sex, dry season months, screened windows, and bed net use were associated with submicroscopic carriage. Among 15 villages encompassing 80% of participants, the proportion of submicroscopic carriers increased with decreasing village-level malaria prevalence. Over 4 weeks, 23% of submicroscopic carriers (61 of 266) became RDT positive, with half exhibiting symptoms, while half (133 of 266) were no longer parasitemic at the end of 4 weeks. Progression to RDT-positive patent malaria occurred more frequently in villages with higher malaria prevalence. Microheterogeneity in transmission observed at the village level appears to affect both the size of the submicroscopic reservoir and the likelihood of submicroscopic carriers developing patent malaria in coastal Tanzania.

Numerical simulations of dam-break flows of viscoplastic fluids via shallow water equations

This paper presents simulations of dam-break flows of Herschel–Bulkley viscoplastic fluids over complex topographies using the shallow water equations (SWE). In particular, this study aims to assess the effects of rheological parameters: power-law index (n), consistency index (K), and yield stress (τc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ au _{c}$$\\end{document}), on flow height and velocity over different topographies. Three practical examples of dam-break flow cases are considered: a dam-break on an inclined flat surface, a dam-break over a non-flat topography, and a dam-break over a wet bed (downstream containing an initial fluid level). The effects of bed slope and depth ratios (the ratio between upstream and downstream fluid levels) on flow behaviour are also analyzed. The numerical results are compared with experimental data from the literature and are found to be in good agreement. Results show that for both dry and wet bed conditions, the fluid front position, peak height, and mean velocity decrease when any of the three rheological parameters are increased. However, based on a parametric sensitivity analysis, the power-law index appears to be the dominant factor in dictating fluid behaviour. Moreover, by increasing the bed slope and/or depth ratio, the wave-frontal position moves further downstream. Furthermore, the presence of an obstacle is observed to cause the formation of an upsurge that moves in the upstream direction, which increases by increasing any of the three rheological parameters. This study is useful for an in-depth understanding of the effects of rheology on catastrophic gravity-driven flows of non-Newtonian fluids (like lava or mud flows) for risk assessment and mitigation.Graphical abstract

Effect of establishment methods in rainy season (kharif) and tillage practices in winter season (rabi) on yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)–maize (Zea mays) cropping system under coastal saline ecosystem

A field experiment was carried out during 3 consecutive rainy seasons (kharif) June–November and winter (rabi) December–May seasons of 2013–16 at Canning Town, West Bengal to evaluate 3 rice (Oryza sativa L.) es tablishment methods, viz. dry direct seeding (DSR), unpuddled transplanting (UNPT) and puddled transplanting (PT), followed by 3 tillage practices for sowing rabi maize (Zea mays L.), viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and raised bed sowing (RBS). The DSR was done in the last week of May when the soil salinity was higher (12–15 dS/m); however, it reduced to 4–5 dS/m in the month of June due to leaching of salts by monsoon rain. The transplanting in the UNPT and PT plots was done during the first week of July using 40 days old seedlings. Submergence caused by the heavy rain, affected the transplanted rice (PT and UNPT) but not the DSR, as the plants with DSR were sufficiently above the standing water due to higher plant height. The mean grain yields in 3 establishment methods of rice (5,117; 4,477 and 4,740 kg/ha in PT, UNPT and DSR respectively) were statistically at par. However, net returns ( 36,000/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.2) were the highest in DSR owing to 24% re duction in cost of cultivation than PT rice. The positive effects of DSR also observed on the succeeding rabi maize crop in terms of 7.4 ha-cm less irrigation water requirement and 27% higher irrigation water productivity. Maize gave the highest yield (5,600 kg/ha), net returns ( 37,910/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR) 1.86 with RBS tillage practices. The system rice-equivalent yield, net returns and BCR were 11,659 kg/ha, 77,470/ha and 2.05, re spectively, for dry direct-seeded rice-raised bed sown maize with higher mean irrigation water productivity (79 kg/ ha-cm) and energy productivity (461 kg/GJ) of rabi maize.

Investigation of the Effect of Duct Geometry on Drying Air Flow in Conventional Grain Dryers by Porous Media Approach

It is a traditional practice to store many agricultural products after drying, ensuring that they are used all year round. Mixed counter flow air drying is one of the most common and traditional methods in the bulk drying process. In this application, the air flow produced by the air channels placed in the dryer bed is forced to flow through the grains in the opposite direction to the grain flow. The moisture contained in the grains is thrown out of the dryer through forced convection. However, it is expected that the air ducts installed in the dryers should not obstruct the flow of grain and provide the best possible drying performance. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for a counter-flow grain dryer was performed and the effect of the geometry of the drying channels on the process was investigated. Fluent 2020 R2 commercial software was used for 2-D flow modeling through the dryer. The airflow in the grain zone, modeled as porous media, was included in the calculation for three different geometries of the dryer air ducts (circular, angular, and straight). A constant temperature boundary condition (37°C) was applied for the air ducts in which the drying air circulated without mixing with the grain. As an output of the analysis, the dryer outlet temperature and differential pressure variation along the flow were calculated for 5 different inlet velocities (between 0.005-0.25) to determine the behavior of different air flow rates in the drying process. The increase in the inlet velocity increased the pressure difference and consequently the stability of the flow for all models. The outlet temperature decreased by about 2.5 °C with a 5-fold increase in velocity. The results showed that the sufficient outlet air for moisture removal depends on the structure of the porous medium and the flow geometry. For this analysis, the best flow was found to be for the circular cross-section model and the outlet temperature could be at acceptable levels.

Characterizing the microbial metagenome of calcareous stromatolite formations in the San Felipe Creek in the Anza Borrego Desert.

We describe the metagenome composition, community functional annotation, and prokaryote diversity in calcareous stromatolites from a dry stream bed of the San Felipe Creek in the Anza Borrego Desert. Analyses show a community capable of nitrogen fixation, assimilatory nitrate reduction, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and potential thick-walled akinete formation for desiccation resistance.

Experimental comparison of solar drying based on evacuated tube collector with desiccant drying for dehydrating potato and ginger

AbstractIn this article, a comparative study of different drying techniques, namely, open sun drying (OSD), desiccant drying, solar drying (SD), and solar drying with desiccant (SDWD) was done for drying potato and ginger. The thermal efficiency and air temperature differences of the solar dryer based on evacuated tube collectors were also examined. The average efficiency of the solar dryer was 29.01%. Average drying rates of OSD, desiccant drying, SD, and SDWD bed are 0.435, 0.435, 0.59, and 0.635 g/min. The moisture content of the potato was reduced from 79.6% to 32.9% by OSD, 32.6% by desiccant drying, 9.6% by SD, and 6.9% by SDWD. The moisture content of the ginger was reduced from its initial value of 82.3%–25.3% by OSD, 25% by desiccant drying, 10.1% by SD, and 3.2% by SDWD. SD assisted with a desiccant bed proved to be the best method for drying vegetables. Drying with desiccants is not feasible for drying in winter and spring seasons of the Indian climate.

Numerical investigation of the instability of dry granular bed induced by water leakage

AbstractUnderground pipe defects or cracks under transport infrastructure can cause water leakage to upper soil layers (e.g. subgrade and capping), inducing local cavities or even failure of overlying road/railway formation. Although numerous studies on the instability of granular beds induced by injected water have been conducted, most of them focused on the behaviour of saturated granular beds, while research on dry granular beds is still limited. This paper aims to address this gap using a numerical model coupling volume of fluid method with discrete element method. We observed that dry granular beds go through three distinct regimes as water jet velocity increases including stationary, stable deformation with heave and fluidisation. However, the flow velocities required to deform and fluidise dry granular beds are significantly higher than those required for saturated beds. Increasing granular bed thickness can alter its failure mechanism from full depth to localised erosion, leading to cavity formation around pipe cracks prior to the bed fluidisation. The gravitational and frictional components of granular mass are identified as two main resisting forces of dry granular beds against water jet force, evidenced by the increase of critical jet velocities as particle density and friction coefficient increase. Nevertheless, the moblised zone of granular mass is practically independent of both the buried depth of dry granular beds.

Extraction and Microencapsulation of Phytochemical Compounds from Mango Peel (Mangifera indica L.) var. “Kent” and Assessment of Bioaccessibility through In Vitro Digestion

The peel from mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. “Kent” is a good source of bioactive compounds (BC). BC are sensitive to oxygen, temperature, humidity, light, and gastrointestinal digestion, which change their biological function and health benefits. This study was aimed at the extraction of the bioactive compounds present in the peel from mango var. “Kent” and their microencapsulation using spray drying (SD) and spout-fluid bed drying (SFB). The bioaccessibility of BC was also evaluated. Two consecutive extractions of 90 min at 30 °C and 80% v/v ethanol were used. The microcapsules produced via SD and SFB presented high retention and encapsulation percentages of the bioactive compounds; nevertheless, SFB showed better protection during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The non-encapsulated extract showed a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) of BC at the end of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results show that these microcapsules might be used in the food industry as an ingredient to produce functional foods and, thereby, to obtain the health benefits that the bioactive compounds provide.

Raising calves using cold methods at an early age

The article discusses the results of scientific and economic experience carried out in the winter - in the spring period, which showed that when raising newborns and calves in dispensary houses in the open air, it is necessary to strictly comply with a number of favorable conditions; calving of cows should take place in stalls: newborn calves in must be kept in a place with their mothers for 24 hours; Calves should be provided with more careful care and their own - temporary feeding, daily addition of dry straw bedding. Young animals raised in the open air, subject to all these specified conditions, are significantly less susceptible to gastrointestinal diseases, grow better and use high-quality roughage more.