Dry Weight For Pb Research Articles

Investigation of Toxic Metals Pollution in Water, Sediment and Fish at Al-Hodeidah city, Red Sea Coast of Yemen

The discharge of industrial waste and sewage is unequivocally the primary cause of toxic metal pollution in the Red Sea. This study centers on the detrimental impact of these human activities on the coastal ecosystem. We did an investigation because there was no available data on the levels of hazardous metals in the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. This study analyzes the average levels of toxic metals - Pb, Cd, Hg, and As - in water, sediments, and various fish organs including muscle, liver, and gill. Acquired from Al-Hodeidah city, situated on the Red Sea Coast of Yemen. Examples of water and debris have been gathered at nine different locations. Four fish species (Lethrinus mahsena, Epinephelus areolatus, Thunnus tonggol, and Sphyraena jello) were acquired from local commercial fisherman in Al-Hodeidah city between 2022 and 2023. Pb, Cd, Hg, and As levels were tested in water at 0.053-0.105, 0.006-0.008, 0.006-0.008, and 0.007-0.009 mg/l respectively. In sediment, the levels were 75.883-77.059, 2.380-2.495, 0.011-0.028, and 0.091-0.109 ?g/g dry weight for Pb, Cd, Hg, and As respectively. Levels of toxic metals in fish tissue (?g/g dry weight) vary as follows: Pb 0.031-0.357, Cd 0.018-0.146, Hg 0.019-0.082, and As 0.044-0.121 ?g/g dry weight in muscle; Pb 0.058-1.466, Cd 0.057-0.700, Hg 0.009-0.044, and As 0.011-0.074 dry weight in gills; and Pb 0.049-0.999, Cd 0.047-0.705, Hg 0.051-0.186, and As 0.065-0.198 ?g/g dry weight in liver cells. Comparing data from local and international studies along with global and local contamination standards, it is clear that pollution concentrations in Yemen are currently lower than the established limits

Content of Heavy Metals in Poultry and Local (Free Range) Chickens raised within Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria

The content of heavy metals in poultry and local (free range) chickens raised within Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria was investigated. The poultry chickens were obtained from poultry farms while the local (free range) chickens were bought from the natives within the study area. Samples were prepared by wet digestion method using nitric acid and the heavy metals determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). The mean concentration (μg/g dry weight) of heavy metals in the Poultry chickens were 3.68 ± 0.86, 0.58 ± 0.36, 0.78 ± 0.02, 4.79 ± 1.27, 77.40 ± 66.44, 2.09 ± 0.54, 1.44 ± 0.82 and 68.99 ± 23.90 for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn and Zn respectively. Also the heavy metal contents in the local chickens were 2.01 ± 1.25, ND, 1.07 ± 0.30, 3.00 ± 1.24, 108.88 ± 73.41, 1.36 ± 0.46, 13.44 ± 6.14 and 75.49 ± 24.02 μg/g dry weight for Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn and Zn respectively. A Pearson correlation analysis on the heavy metals in the chicken meat revealed positive strong correlations between Zn/Fe (r = 0.867), Zn/Mn (0.764), Zn/Cu (r = 0.591), Mn/Cu (r = 0.657) and Fe/Cu (r = 0.598) at p < 0.01 significant level. This is not unusual as Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn are essential elements and constitute part of expected components of the chicken. The human risk assessment conducted on the chicken samples revealed that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) were in the safe levels, indicating that the exposure of adult population to individual heavy metals through consumption of poultry and local (free range) chickens will not pose adverse health effects. However, the Hazard Index (HI) value for the poultry chicken is suggestive of potential adverse health effect on the consumers. Also, the HI value of local (free range) chickens cannot be ignored because the accumulation of heavy metals in the human body over time can cause serious health effects.

National environmental quality assessment and monitoring of atmospheric heavy metal pollution - A moss bag approach

As airborne pollution is recognised as the single largest environmental health hazard in Europe, the necessity to develop effective systems for monitoring and reducing the level of air pollutants, becomes imperative. The paper describes a tested and implemented long-term biomonitoring system for airborne heavy metals at a national scale. Moss bags (Hylocomium splendens) were exposed in 142 monitoring stations designated in Romania, and the content of Pb, Cd, Ni and As was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals exceeded the established thresholds, marking high pollution levels in 8.8% of samples for As, in 5.63% samples for Cd, in 3.17% samples for Pb, and in 0.35% samples for Ni. The maximum heavy metal concentration was 113.77 mg kg−1 dry weight for Pb, 44.93 mg kg−1 dry weight for Ni, 14.68 mg kg−1 dry weight for As, and 3.88 mg kg−1 dry weight for Cd, with several overlaps for at least two metals, thus marking pollution hotspots. In order to process, summarise and communicate the obtained data, a software named BioMonRo has been developed as the core part of a complex monitoring and warning-informative system. The software is able to generate heavy metal pollution maps and specific reports, depicting the levels and patterns of distribution, which can be automatically sent to a number of interested recipients. The results show that the developed national system is functional, cost-effective, and could be successfully used for long-term monitoring of airborne heavy metals.

Changes in Phytoavailability of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc after Application with Eggshell in Contaminated Agricultural Soil

Agricultural soils surrounding mine areas in South Korea are often contaminated with multiple metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn. It poses potential risks to plants, soil organisms, groundwater, and eventually human health. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in phytoavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn after application with calcined eggshell (CES; 0, 1, 3, and 5% W/W) in an agricultural soil contaminated by mine tailings. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils were 8.79, 65.4, 1602, and <TEX>$692mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> (aqua regia dissolution), respectively. The experiments were conducted with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) grown under greenhouse conditions during a 30-d period. <TEX>$NH_4NO_3$</TEX> solution was used to examine the mobile fraction of these metals in soil. The application of CES dramatically increased soil pH and inorganic carbon content in soil due to CaO and <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX> of CES. The increased soil pH decreased the mobile fraction of Cd, Pb, Zn: from 3.49 to < <TEX>$0.01mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> for Cd, from 79.4 to <TEX>$1.75mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> for Pb, and from 29.6 to <TEX>$1.13mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> for Zn with increasing treatment of CES from 0 to 5%. In contrast, the mobile fraction of Cu was increased from 0.05 to <TEX>$3.08mgkg^{-1}$</TEX>, probably due to the formation of soluble <TEX>$CuCO_3{^0}$</TEX> and Cu-organic complex. This changes in the mobile fraction resulted in a diminished uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by lettuce and an increased uptake of Cu: from 4.19 to < <TEX>$0.001mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> dry weight (DW) for Cd, from 0.78 to < <TEX>$0.001mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> DW for Pb, and from 133 to <TEX>$50.0mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> DW for Zn and conversely, from 3.79 up to <TEX>$8.21kg^{-1}$</TEX> DW for Cu. The increased contents of Cu in lettuce shoots did not exceed the toxic level of <TEX>$</TEX><TEX>></TEX><TEX>25mgkg^{-1}$</TEX> DW. The mobile contents of these metals in soils showed a strong relationship with their contents in plant roots and shoots. These results showed that CES effectively reduced the phytoavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn to lettuce but elevated that of Cu in consequence of the changed binding forms of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils. Based on these conclusions, CES can be used as an effective immobilization agent for Cd, Pb and Zn in contaminated soils. However, the CES should be applied in restricted doses due to too high increased pH in soils.

Marine Environmental Risk Assessment of Sungai Kilim, Langkawi, Malaysia: Heavy Metal Enrichment Factors in Sediments as Assessment Indexes

Concentrations of Cd, Co, Pb, and Zn in riverbed sediments from six sampling stations along the Sungai Kilim, Langkawi, Malaysia, were determined by using the Teflon Bomb Digestion. From this study, the concentrations of heavy metals in riverbed sediments were found ranging between 6.10 and 8.87 μg/g dry weight for Co, 0.03 and 0.45 μg/g dry weight for Cd, 59.8 and 74.9 μg/g dry weight for Zn, and 1.06 and 11.69 μg/g dry weight for Pb. From the observation, these areas were polluted by domestic waste, aquaculture, and tourism activities. For clarity, enrichment factor index was used to determine the level of sediment contamination in the study area. From this study, the average EF value is a bit high for Cd (2.15±1.17) followed by Zn (1.12±0.09), Pb (0.44±0.32), and lastly, Co (0.36±0.04). Based on the contamination categories, Cd was categorised as moderately enriched, while the rest of the metals studied were in deficient-to-minimally enriched by the anthropogenic sources.

EFFECT OF SOME HEAVY METALS ON GROWTH OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

This study was conducted in the green house in Tikrit university/ College of science / Dept. of biology to find out the effect of some heavy metals (Zn, Pb and Cd) on the growth of Triticum aestivum L. . Different levels of these metals were studied to investigate their effect on the vegetative characteristics of the plant.The results showed that the vegetative characters of Triticum aestivum L. were decreased significantly when grew on heavy metal polluted soil. This decrease worked along with the increasing of the rate of heavy metals tested. results also showed that the highest values of uptaking by the vegetative parts were 55.41, 6.08 and 99.21 μgm/gm dry weight and they were 73.51, 8.77 and 124.33 μgm/gm dry weight for Pb, Cd and Zn respectively. The bioaccumulation for Zinc had the highest values among the three metals tested. In this respect, the root of this plant was more effective than other vegetative parts tested.

Assessment of Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination in sediment of north western Peninsular Malaysia by using sediment quality values and different geochemical indices

Surface sediments were collected from the north western aquatic area (13 intertidal sites and 5 river drainages) of Peninsular Malaysia, which were suspected to have received different anthropogenic sources. These sites included town areas, ports, fishing village, industrial areas, highway sides, jetties and some relatively unpolluted sites. The present study revealed that 4.79-32.91 μg/g dry weight for Cu, 15.85-61.56 μg/g dry weight for Pb, and 33.6-317.4 μg/g dry weight for Zn based on 13 intertidal surface sediments while those based on 5 river drainage surface sediments were 10.24-119.6 μg/g dry weight for Cu, 26.7-125.7 μg/g dry weight for Pb and 88.7-484.1 μg/g dry weight for Zn. In general, the metal levels in the drainage sediments are higher than in the intertidal sediments, suggesting dilution factor in the intertidal sediment and direct effluent from point sources in the drainage sediment. In particular, the total concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn for the sampling site at Kuala Kurau Town exceeded the Effect Range Median values for Cu, Pb, and Zn for assessments of sediment quality values for freshwater sediment as proposed by MacDonald et al. (Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39:20-31, 2000), thus adverse biological effects would be observed above this level. Assessment using enrichment factor (using Fe as a normalizer) and geoaccumulation index showed that the three metals at Kuala Kurau Town and Juru Industry drainage were evidenced as having more enrichment and mostly due to non-natural sources. However, caution should be exercised that the interpretation can only become valid when the ratios, indices, and sediment quality values are combined. This is due to the fact that not all the established indices are applicable and, to a certain extent, some of them should be further revised and improved to suit a different metal for Malaysian sediment. Undoubtedly, sites near drainages at Kuala Kurau Town and Juru River Basin need greater attention to mitigate the heavy metal pollution in the future.

Levels of trace metals in soil and vegetation along major and minor roads in metropolitan city of Kaduna, Nigeria

Sample of soil and plant (Sida acuta burm F.) were collected from 30 sites of 24 roads. The samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Mn using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The soil physico-chemical parameter, pH and particle size distribution was also determined. Levels of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Mn in soil were 15.28 – 76.92, 1.96 – 9.80, 41.66 – 237.96, 1.60 – 4.88 and 76.00 – 132.00 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Results of concentrations in plants ranged were from trace – 32.37, 4.88 – 14.93, 27.78 – 185.19, 1.67 – 3.89 and 20.00 – 110.00 mg/kg dry weight for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Mn, respectively. The soil pH was from 6.22 – 8.44 while sand and loamy sandy textural classes constitute the soil samples. For both experimental soil and plant samples, the mean concentrations were found to follow the decreasing orders; Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cd and Zn > Mn > Pb > Cd > Cu, respectively. Mild correlation between traffic density and metals in samples with the exception of plant Pb content, suggest that automobile emission couple with waste dispose along the roads remain a threat. The findings in general indicate the levels of metals in soil and plant samples were within the EU limits with the exception of Cd. In addition, the high level of Cd appears to reach pollution levels and metal dynamics up the food chain is highly possible. Key words: Trace metals, soil, plant, metropolitan.

Levels of trace metals in soil and vegetation along major and minor roads in metropolitan city of Kaduna, Nigeria

Sample of soil and plant (Sida acuta burm F.) were collected from 30 sites of 24 roads. The samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Mn using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The soil physico-chemical parameter, pH and particle size distribution was also determined. Levels of Pb, Cd,Zn, Cu and Mn in soil were 15.28 – 76.92, 1.96 – 9.80, 41.66 – 237.96, 1.60 – 4.88 and 76.00 – 132.00 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Results of concentrations in plants ranged were from trace – 32.37, 4.88 – 14.93, 27.78 – 185.19, 1.67 – 3.89 and 20.00 – 110.00 mg/kg dry weight for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Mn, respectively. The soil pH was from 6.22 – 8.44 while sand and loamy sandy textural classes constitute the soil samples. For both experimental soil and plant samples, the mean concentrations were found to follow the decreasing orders; Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Cd and Zn > Mn > Pb > Cd > Cu, respectively. Mild correlation between traffic density and metals in samples with the exception of plant Pb content, suggest that automobile emission couple with waste dispose along the roads remain a threat. The findings in general indicate the levels of metals in soil and plant samples were within the EU limits with the exception of Cd. In addition, the high level of Cd appears to reach pollution levels and metal dynamics up the food chain is highly possible.

Isomerization of vinylidene olefins: R.C. Williamson; J.J. Harrison Chevron Research Co. U.S. 4,697,040, Sept. 29, 1987; Appl. Feb. 26, 1986

As airborne pollution is recognised as the single largest environmental health hazard in Europe, the necessity to develop effective systems for monitoring and reducing the level of air pollutants, becomes imperative. The paper describes a tested and implemented long-term biomonitoring system for airborne heavy metals at a national scale. Moss bags (Hylocomium splendens) were exposed in 142 monitoring stations designated in Romania, and the content of Pb, Cd, Ni and As was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals exceeded the established thresholds, marking high pollution levels in 8.8% of samples for As, in 5.63% samples for Cd, in 3.17% samples for Pb, and in 0.35% samples for Ni. The maximum heavy metal concentration was 113.77 mg kg−1 dry weight for Pb, 44.93 mg kg−1 dry weight for Ni, 14.68 mg kg−1 dry weight for As, and 3.88 mg kg−1 dry weight for Cd, with several overlaps for at least two metals, thus marking pollution hotspots. In order to process, summarise and communicate the obtained data, a software named BioMonRo has been developed as the core part of a complex monitoring and warning-informative system. The software is able to generate heavy metal pollution maps and specific reports, depicting the levels and patterns of distribution, which can be automatically sent to a number of interested recipients. The results show that the developed national system is functional, cost-effective, and could be successfully used for long-term monitoring of airborne heavy metals.