Dry Sliding Wear Response Research Articles

Tribological evaluation of marble dust filled polyester composites using an integrated fuzzy logic and response surface method approach

Friction and wear are identified as huge problems for the engineering industries, and these are being studied extensively in the 21st century with an intension to reduce the wear losses by developing newer and cheaper tribo-materials. Based on this, the current research is based on a novel idea of developing polyester-based wear resistant composites (Cs) filled with a low-cost solid industrial waste produced during the processing of marble rocks. Polyester Cs consisting of three different proportions (0, 16 and 32 wt%) of waste marble dusts (MD) are fabricated and their dry-sliding wear response is evaluated following L30 model of response surface method (RSM) as per ASTM G99-05. The analysis of test result revealed that the Cs wear rate (WR) is affected significantly by the factors like filler content (FC) and sliding velocity (SV) but marginal effect of normal load (NL) and sliding distance (SD) is noticed. Micrographs of the damaged Cs surfaces are studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to get an insight in to the wear mechanism. Two models working on RSM and fuzzy logic (FL) are proposed to determine the effects of significant control factors on the WR more precisely. This research opens up a new arena for rewarding utilization of waste MD in making of Cs with immense potential for industry use such as in tribological applications.

Experimental investigations on mechanical and wear behavior of waste marble dust and coconut fiber reinforced hybrid bio composites

Polymer composites including natural fibre and waste particulate filler have been increasingly popular in recent decades because of their environmental friendliness, biodegradability, and lower cost. So the current research is focused on generating, characterising, and evaluating the dry sliding wear response of hybrid composites containing epoxy resin matrix and marble dust (industrial/construction waste) with coconut fibres as reinforcement. The epoxy composites were prepared by using waste marble dust powder (filler) at varied percentages (4, 8, 12, and 16 wt%) and varying quantities of coconut fibre (reinforcement). The test specimens were cut in accordance with ASTM criteria for composite samples prepared by hand lay-up. According to the ASTM G99-05, a disc method with a 3 m/s velocity and loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 N is used to conduct dry sliding wear experiments on the composite samples. Filled composites have a lower wear rate than those that aren't filled, however adding more filler than 12 wt% increases wear marginally. Analysis of test outcomes suggests that wear rate is significantly affected by filler content in the composite, followed by load. The composite with 12 % waste marble dust and 16 % coconut fibre volume fraction had the highest tensile, flexural and impact strength of 34.27 MPa, 37.23 MPa and 16.32 kJ/m2 correspondingly.

Leverage of Environmental Pollutant Crump Rubber on the Dry Sliding Wear Response of Epoxy Composites.

The effect of crump rubber on the dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites is investigated in the present study. Wear tests are carried out for three levels of crump rubber (10, 20, and 30 vol.%), normal applied load (30, 40, and 50 N), and sliding distance (1, 3, and 5 km). The wear behavior of crump rubber–epoxy composites is investigated against EN31 steel discs. The hybrid mathematical approach of Taguchi-coupled Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)—Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to examine the influence of crump rubber on the tribological response of composites. Mathematical and experimental results reveal that increasing crump rubber content reduces the wear rate of composites. Composites also show a significant decrease in specific wear values at higher applied loads. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction also shows a decreasing trend with an increase in crump rubber content, indicating the effectiveness of reinforcing crump rubber in a widely used epoxy matrix. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results also reveal that the crump rubber content in the composite is a significant parameter to influence the wear characteristic. The post-test temperature of discs increases with an increase in the applied load, while decreasing with an increase in filler loading. Worn surfaces are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand structure–property correlations. Finally, existing studies available in the literature are compared with the wear data of the present study in the form of a property map.

Adjustment of Hardness of (CrFeMn)x(NiyAl)1−x, (y = 1,3 and x = 0.6,0.72,0.80) High Entropy Alloys by Deliberate Control of Intermetallic Phase Formation: Microstructural Evolution, Hardness and Dry-Sliding Wear Response

In this work, the softening of the hard, NiAl containing, Cr–Fe–Mn–Al–Ni high entropy alloy system by the introduction of Ni3Al, an intrinsically ductile intermetallic compound, is reported. The alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting and their phase formation prediction models were verified in terms of the actual presented microstructural features. X-ray analysis revealed the presence of NiAl and Ni3Al intermetallic compounds in each HEA system group. The microstructure of all six examined alloys in their as-cast condition consisted of two phases (NiAl-rich B2 and FeCr-rich A2) featuring various eutectic morphologies, while spinodal decomposition was evident in every case. The NiAl–Cr pseudo-binary phase diagram was used for the explanation of the solidification sequence in each alloy. In terms of mechanical properties, HRC hardness measurements showed that higher amounts of Ni3Al can lower the alloys’ hardness up to half its initial value. Finally, dry-sliding wear testing revealed an oxidation-delamination mode of material removal in both HEAs group, while the Ni3Al containing alloys also exhibited parts of abrasive wear mode. Hardness vs composition diagram. It can be seen that by adjusting the type and the extent of the intermetallic phase being formed (a—NiAl, b—Ni3Al), the hardness can be controllably modified within a range of 21 to 58 HRC. The related wear rates are also included

Wear behavior of glass microballoon based closed cell foam

Present work deals with dry sliding wear response of hollow glass microballoons reinforced lightweight epoxy syntactic (closed cell) foams using a pin on disc apparatus. Influence of glass microballoons content on wear behavior of hollow glass microballoons/epoxy foams in dry sliding mode is investigated. Effects of sliding velocity (1 and 3 m s−1), normal load (30–50 N), sliding distance (1 and 3 km) and glass microballoons content (20, 40 and 60 volume%) are investigated. The rate of wear declines with increasing glass microballoons content and sliding distance. Syntactic foams with perfectly spherical glass microballoons exhibit enhanced resistance to wear as compared to neat resin samples due to better constituents compatibility. Specific wear rate shows noticeably decreasing magnitude with higher applied load. Decrease in frictional coefficient is observed with higher filler loadings. Lowest wear rate of 1.6 mm3 km−1 is noted for sliding velocity and load of 3 m s−1 and 50 N respectively with 60 filler volume %. Low wear values with higher glass microballoon loadings support the feasibility of utilizing such foams in wear-prone applications in weight sensitive structures. Wear mechanisms are studied using scanning electron microscopy. Finally, property map is presented to compare the observed wear results with the existing studies available on dry sliding wear response.

Evaluation of the Microstructural Aspects, Mechanical Properties and Dry Sliding Wear Response of MoTaNbVTi Refractory High Entropy Alloy

MoTaNbVTi refractory high entropy alloy was synthesized by the vacuum arc melting technique in its equi-atomic composition. The modification of its microstructural features along the vertical cross-section of the sample was associated with undercooling phenomena and the release of heat of fusion. The examined system exhibited high micro and macro-hardness values, while concerning its compression tests, it presented an improved mechanical behavior compared with other refractory systems studied, ensuring the highest ductility values. In terms of sliding wear response, the use of a metallic counterbody partner combined with the increase in sliding distance, led to possible thermal fatigue effects, while the presence of a ceramic counterbody ball was associated with the lubrication action of the formed oxides and the improvement of the alloy’s tribological response, as the sliding distance increased.

Dry sliding wear response of ZrB2-20vol.% MoSi2 composite

Abrasive wear behavior of ZrB2- 20 vol.% MoSi2 composite has been studied using electroplated diamond disk as the counter facing body. The investigated composite has been prepared by hot pressing and it has been found to possess 97% of the theoretical density. The microstructure of the composite has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and results show that MoSi2 particles are uniformly distributed in the ZrB2 matrix. The Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and fracture toughness of the investigated composite are 455 GPa, 0.11 and 4.7MPa√m, respectively. The effect of experimental conditions including applied load, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the tribological behavior of ZrB2- 20 vol.% MoSi2 composite have been investigated. Experimental results show that applied load and sliding velocity plays an important role on specific wear rate and surface roughness of worn surfaces. SEM is used to analyze the wear surface morphology and crack propagation to study the wear mechanism. The dominant mode of wear was identified as abrasion. Grain pullout and micro cracking control the prevailing wear mechanism.

Sliding Wear Response of Beryl Reinforced Aluminum Composite - A Factorial Design Approach

Al-Beryl MMCs were successfully fabricated using powder metallurgy route. Processing conditions such as beryl content and particle size were varied and its influence on dry sliding wear response was studied. Effect of test parameters like applied load and sliding distance on wear performance of Al-Beryl MMCs were discussed detail. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin on disc machine based on the 24 (4 factors at 2 levels) factorial design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to obtain the contribution of control parameters on wear rate. The present study shows that wear resistance of Al-beryl MMCs not only depends on the beryl content but also influenced by normal load, sliding distance and particle size. The results show that most significant variables affecting wear rate of Al - beryl MMCs are size of the beryl particles (22%), beryl content (19.60%), sliding distance (18.47%), and normal load (10.30%). The interaction effects of these parameters are less significant in influencing wear rate compared to the individual parameters. The correlation between sliding wear and its parameters was obtained by multiple regression analysis. Regression model developed in the present study can be successfully implemented to predict the wear response of Al-Beryl MMCs.

Effect of nickel on microstructure and wear behaviour of pure aluminium against steel and alumina counterfaces

In this study, aluminium–nickel alloys with different Ni ratios ranging from 1 to 5 wt-% were produced by casting method. The effect of nickel on the microstructure and hardness properties was studied. The dry sliding wear response of the Al–xNi alloys against steel and alumina counterfaces was investigated. Worn surfaces of the alloys were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the hardness of the alloys increases with increasing nickel content. Severe wear damage was observed at low and high nickel contents. Maximum wear resistance was obtained with the addition of 3 wt-% nickel to the pure aluminium under both loads and against both counterfaces.

Dry sliding wear response of some industrial powder coatings

This investigation analyses the sliding wear response of polyester and polyphthalamide powder coatings deposited by electrostatic spraying and ‘hot dipping’ fluidised bed. Tribological tests were conducted under dry conditions in a pin-on-disc arrangement, using a spherical counterpart. The experimental results showed that the deposition technology, the coating material and the thickness of the coating play key roles in determining the wear response of powder coatings. In particular, polyester coatings are deposited by a fluidised bed offer superior wear endurance, along with a low abrasion volume and a low wear rate. Conversely, polyphthalamide coatings are susceptible to faster wear by local cutting and plastic fatigue mechanisms.

Dry sliding wear response of zinc-based alloy over a range of test speeds and loads: a comparative study with cast iron

This study pertains to the observations made during the sliding wear response of a zinc-based alloy in different test conditions. The effects of sliding speed and load on the wear behaviour of the alloy have been studied. The properties evaluated were wear rate, frictional heating and coefficient of friction. The wear performance of the zinc-based alloy has been compared with that of a conventional cast iron in identical test conditions. The wear rate of the samples increased with applied load and sliding speed while the seizure resistance (load) deteriorated with speed. The zinc-based alloy exhibited less wear rate and reduced frictional heating than that of the cast iron while friction coefficient followed a reverse trend. Observed wear response of the samples has been discussed in terms of specific features like lubricating, load carrying, microcracking and thermal stability of various microconstituents of the samples, and substantiated further through the features of wear surfaces, subsurface regions and debris.

Effects of Partially Substituting Copper by Silicon on the Physical, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of a Zn-37.5% Al-Based Alloy

This study analyses some of the observations pertaining to the influence of partially substituting copper by silicon, and also the silicon content on the physical, mechanical, and wear properties of a Zn-37.5 Al-based alloy under different experimental conditions. Properties characterized include density, electrical conductivity, hardness, compressive and tensile strength, and dry-sliding wear response. These properties have been correlated with the nature of the various microconstituents present in the alloys. The effects of test temperature on the tensile properties and sliding speed and pressure on the wear response of the specimens have also been examined in this investigation. The study suggests that it is possible to attain different combinations of physical, mechanical, and wear properties in zinc-based alloys of the kind studied. Further, silicon enables one to reduce the extent of the deterioration of properties with temperature.

Dry sliding wear response of zinc based alloy: influence of heat treatment, sliding speed, and pressure

An attempt was made to study the dry sliding wear behaviour of a Zn-27.5 Al-2.5Cu-0.03Mg alloy over a range of applied pressures and sliding speeds. The influence of T6 heat treatment (solutionising followed by artificial aging) on the wear characteristics of the alloy was also examined under identical test conditions. Wear rate increased with pressure and sliding speed while seizure resistance followed an opposite trend. At the three lower speeds (i.e. 0.42, 1.38, and 2.68 m s-l) two wear regimes, namely mild and severe, were exhibited by the as cast and heat treated specimens wherein low wear rates initially occurred up to a specific pressure. This was followed by the attainment of severe wear at higher pressures. However at the highest speed of 4.60 m s-l, the specimens showed only the severe wear regime. Heat treatment caused improved wear response of the alloy up to the sliding speed of 1.38 m s-1. Further, the heat treated alloy performed better than the as cast alloy before seizure at 2.68 m s-1, while it showed identical wear characteristics in both conditions at 4.60 m s -1. The wear behaviour of the alloy is explained on the basis of the nature of its micro constituents. The results are supplemented with analyses of the wear surfaces, subsurface regions, and the debris particles which have also been able to throw light on the operative wear mechanisms.

Dry sliding wear response of zinc based alloy: influence of heat treatment, sliding speed, and pressure

Dry sliding wear response of zinc based alloy: influence of heat treatment, sliding speed, and pressure

Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions

An attempt has been made in this study to examine the dry sliding wear response of a leaded-tin bronze, an aluminum bronze, and a conventional zinc-based alloy under varying applied pressure and speed conditions. Different characteristics of the microconstituents of the alloys have been correlated with that of their wear behavior. The study clearly indicates that the influence of the microstructural features greatly changes with the sliding conditions. It also has been observed that in order to attain good wear characteristics, a material should comprise an optimum level of lubricating, load bearing and ductile microconstituents, and, above all, thermal stability. Room temperature properties in fact play rather a secondary role in this context.

Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions

Dry sliding wear response of some bearing alloys as influenced by the nature of microconstituents and sliding conditions

Dry Sliding Wear Response of a Modified Zinc-Based Alloy

An attempt has been made in this investigation to characterize the sliding wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy at the sliding speed of 2.68 m/s over a range of applied pressures. A conventional zinc-based alloy (conforming to ZA 27) and a leaded-tin bronze (conforming to SAE 660) were also subjected to identical test conditions in order to assess the (wear) performance of the modified (zinc-based) alloy. A correlation has been established between the nature of the various microconstituents and the wear response of the alloys. Wear mechanisms have also been studied through the examination of wear surfaces, subsurfaces and debris. The study clearly indicates that the presence of nickel and silicon comprising microconstituents led to a considerably increased wear and seizure resistance of the modified zinc-based alloy over its conventional counterpart. Further, zinc-based alloys attained better wear resistance (prior to seizure) but inferior seizure pressure when compared with those of the bronze. As far as the extent of frictional heating is concerned, the conventional zinc-based alloy suffered from a maximum extent of heating while the bronze experienced the minimum. The response of the modified zinc-based alloy was intermediate between the two in this context. The modified alloy also attained improved thermal stability than the conventional (zinc-based) alloy. In general, (microcracking assisted) adhesion was the predominant mechanism of material removal. However, abrasion was also observed to contribute to material loss. The zinc-based alloys experienced considerable wear induced subsurface deformation and formation of a stable transfer layer while such observations were weakly made in the case of the bronze due to the cracking tendency of the latter.