Dry Sea Research Articles

Evaluation of three inert materials in controlling Cowpea weevil (<em>Callasobruchus maculatus</em> F.) on stored cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculate</em> L.)

Eco-friendly inert materials can be achieved minimizing insect damages, this study was conducted to explore the efficacy of the three inert materials at 20% (w/w) paddy husk ash (PHA), fine dry sea salt and tiny bricks against the cowpea weevil C. maculatus on stored cowpea (V. unguiculata) on the basis of adulticidal effects and asses the influence against germination losses of the seeds. The result exhibited a significant difference (p≤ 0.0001) in their level of weevil attack during the storage. Maximum 100% adult mortality was recorded in the cowpea seeds incorporated with PHA after 96 hours of the treatment followed by dry salt it was observed 94% at the 5th day whereas, tiny bricks killed only 20% weevils as untreated control until 5th day after the treatment. Further, PHA treated seeds much reduced the capable of the egg laying capacity of weevil (9.8± 0.58eggs/ female) as well as minimized the production of new progenies (13.6 ± 0.37) and also there were recorded 0.03% weight loss and zero percent germination losses proving it to be best protectant on stored cowpea. However, significantly (p≤ 0.0001) any adverse effects that, egg laying capacity and new progeny production did not visible in dry salt up to 90 days after the treatments except minimize the germination loss. Among the inert materials used, tiny bricks were found ineffective to cause adult mortality, fecundity and adult emergency in F1 generation (119.8± 1.78), it was further increased production of new weevils obtained following the next F2 generation (1301 ± 0.65) and play down the losses of weight and germination of the seeds. Considering it was noticed tiny bricks treated seeds significantly equivalence with the level of damage by the weevil C. maculatus in untreated control on stored cowpea.

The contribution of coastal women to enhance family economics: Case Study of the Ayau Islands, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province

The contribution of women in fisheries at the Ayau Archipelago is vital, this evidence can be regarded in their important role in family. This study aims to examine the contribution of coastal women in improving family economics. The methods used are interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Our study revealed that their level education are mostly at elementary graduates. Our compiled data analysis listed that their low level graduation are shown in the following list: Meosbekwan Village 60%, Rutum 67%, Abidon 100% and Reni 88%. In addition, they are housewives and helping husband in the various role in order to have additional incomes by producing salted fish, dry sea cucumbers, and sea worms product. Finally, they performed a significant alternative income between IDR 3,000,000 and IDR 5,000,000.00 per month.

The Latest Research on 3 (Three) Types of Sea Cucumber Extract from Tegal Mas Island, Lampung

Sea cucumbers are deep-sea-dwelling invertebrate animals that are rich in nutrients and have been empirically used to prevent various degenerative diseases, especially due to their ability to dampen free radicals. The purpose of this study was to identify, and determine antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and toxic properties in extracts of several sea cucumber species originating from Tegal Mas Island, Lampung. The identification results of the three sea cucumber species were Stichopus vastus Sluiter (SV), Stichopus monotuberculatus Quay & Gaimard (SM), and Stichopus quadrifasciatus Massin. (SQ). The extraction was performed by kinetic maceration against all parts of the sea cucumber using a 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test using the DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrilhydrazyl) free radical suppression method and determination of the total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that SV had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants with the lowest toxicity. However, optimisation of extraction between wet and dry sea cucumbers is still required. Extraction optimisation with various solvents can also be done to gain secondary metabolites more effectively.

A Comparison of Multiple Macroalgae Cultivation Systems and End-Use Strategies of Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae Based on Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment

Macroalgae can be processed into various products with the potential to substitute land-based crops; their cultivation can bioextract nutrients from coastal waters. This study investigated the economic cost and environmental impacts of multiple seaweed cultivation platforms, cultivation strategies, and processing/end-use strategies through techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) with a focus on Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae. Cultivation platforms included single-layer longline, dual-layer longline, single-layer strip, and dual-layer strip systems. Processing/end-use products included seaweed to biofuel, dried sea vegetables, marketable commercial fertilizer, and animal feed. Economic and environmental costs decreased with dual-layer and strip cultivation systems. Cultivation costs were highest using the common single-layer longline system ($4.44 kg−1 dry weight (dw) S. latissima and $6.73 kg−1 dw G. tikvahiae when cultivated on rotation). The use of the dual-layer strip system reduced cultivation costs to $2.19 kg−1 dw for S. latissima and $3.43 kg−1 dw for G. tikvahiae. Seaweed drying was the major contributor to economic and environmental costs for macroalgae processing. Yet, all scenarios achieved environmental benefits for marine eutrophication. The best environmental performance was observed when biomass was processed to dry sea vegetables, assuming the offset of land-based vegetable production, or used as biofeedstock for anaerobic digestion for combined heat and power.

Технологические свойства теста из смеси ржаной и пшеничной муки с продуктами переработки облепихи

Processed fruit and berry raw materials often become part of bakery formulations. They increase the nutritional value of the finished product and change the rheological properties of the dough. Processed sea buckthorn (Hippophaё rhamnoides L.) maintains natural biochemical properties, which makes it a valuable food ingredient. The research objective was to conduct a comprehensive study of the technological properties of dough made of rye and wheat flour with sea buckthorn meal and dry sea buckthorn extract.
 The research involved sea buckthorn extract and meal mixed with wheat and rye flour, as well as dough and bread from the experimental flour mixes. The experimental part included standard methods used in the bakery industry.
 The sea buckthorn meal and extract contained protein (10.3 and 4.3%), crude fiber (8.7 and 0.3%), pectin (5.27 and 0.11%), and ascorbic acid (21.63 and 53.68 mg/100 g). They were highly acidic: 4.9 and 3.0%, respectively. As a result, protein substances and dietary fibers took a longer time to swell. The high acidity also inhibited α-amylase, which improved the rheological properties but increased the dough development time and stability. The sea buckthorn products had a positive effect on the starch crystallization processes and reduced the storage-related starch degradation. The sensory evaluation of the bread described its shape as regular, with fluffy crumb and pleasant sea buckthorn flavor. 
 Thus, sea buckthorn meal and extract proved excellent technological acidifiers and regulators of amylolytic activity. The additives made it possible to reduce the amount of liquid rye sourdough from 30 to 15% and the fermentation time because the dough acidity reached 7.5–8.0 degrees.

Feeding graded levels of dried Sea buckthorn (Hippophaes rhamnoides) berries to broiler chickens

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of graded levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/kg) of dry Sea buckthorn (SB) berries on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, jejunal histomorphology, bird antioxidant status and caecal short‐chain fatty acid concentration when fed to female Ross 308 broiler chickens. In addition, expression of cytokine biomarker genes in the jejunum was evaluated. The five experimental diets were fed from 7 to 21 days age to 8 pens (two birds in each) following randomisation. Feeding SB did not influence bird growth performance (p > .05). There was a linear decrease in butyric, acetic and valeric acid concentrations in caecal digesta (p < .05) and a decrease (p < .05) in crypt depth. The expression of IFNG and CD40LG responded quadratically (p < .05), peaking at 6–9 g/kg dietary inclusion of SB, respectively. Other studied variables were not affected by dietary SB inclusion (p > .05). Feeding dry SB berries up to 12 g/kg of diet did not improve the zootechnical variables of healthy commercial‐strain broilers in this study.

Socialization of The Processing of Liquid Waste Sea Cucumbers Into Local Microorganisms (MOL) To The Darmawisata Group In Benan Village, Lingga Regency, Riau Island

Benan is one of the islands located in Senayang District, Lingga Regency, Riau Islands. Most of the people on Benan Island work as sea cucumber fishermen, this is because the existence of sea cucumbers on the island is still abundant. The processing of liquid waste originating from post-harvest sea cucumbers in the form of wet sea cucumbers and dry sea cucumbers has not been carried out optimally, even though the more raw materials for sea cucumbers are prepared at the time of postharvest, the more waste generated will also be. The problem with partners is that the liquid waste originating from the post-harvest preparation of sea cucumbers has not been carried out optimally. The solution given to partners is education through socialization of liquid waste processing from the results of postharvest preparation of sea cucumbers into local microorganisms (MOL) in the Benan village field trip group, so that postharvest processing of sea cucumbers becomes zero waste. The methods in the activities carried out are discussion and socialization. The results obtained after this service is increasing public knowledge about sea cucumber wastewater treatment.

A study on the extraction of chitin and chitosan from the invasive sea urchin Diadema setosum from Iskenderun Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean.

This work presents, for the first time, the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from the testa (T) and spines (S) of the invasive sea urchin (Diadema setosum) from the İskenderun Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean. Testa chitin (T-CT), spine chitin (S-CT), testa chitosan (T-CS), and spine chitosan (S-CS) were isolated following demineralization, deproteinization (chitin), and deacetylation (chitosan). The yield of chitin extraction from dry sea urchin testa (T-CT) and spines (S-CT) were 57.2 ± 1.43% and 67.1 ± 0.17%, respectively. The yield of chitosan produced from extracted testa (T-CS) and spines (S-CS) chitin were 87.3 ± 1.82% and 74.04 ± 1.27%, respectively. Degree of deacetylation (DD%) value were calculated using FT-IR (84.19% and 85.80%), resulting in a high DD. They were perfectly soluble in acidic solution. We also characterized the isolated chitin (T-CT and S-CT) and chitosan (T-CS and S-CS) by determining its physicochemical properties using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM). Overall, the results indicated that the preparation of chitin and chitosan from the invasive sea urchin testa and spines could open the opportunity for the value-added seafood waste to be utilized in a wide range of practical applications such as medicine, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology.

Finochietto, or Rib Spreader, and: When he says that I have beautiful skin, and: Most Women Report Some Decrease in Sexual Function, and: Oophorectomy, and: You Will Be Ready/Total Hysterectomy

Finochietto, or Rib Spreader, and: When he says that I have beautiful skin, and: Most Women Report Some Decrease in Sexual Function, and: Oophorectomy, and: You Will Be Ready/Total Hysterectomy Lynne Ellis (bio) Finochietto, or Rib Spreader The word sounds like an implementfor Italian agriculture: a maw in the soil with a router blade tongue that stirs up clumps and clods, littlerocks or chewed-up roots and worms.In a pinch it could ensure chaste space between two bodies at a dance. The device itself has two arms,a gear, a toothy bar, a lever. The blade depth is important— measurements are listed in the spec. It opens up the chest to look at golden mites, clustered in the dirtunder January-blooming hellebores. Insects scatter liquid legs, under-over, as little bodies panic, zip away.The spreader will be used this way:Your doctor will make a butterfly incision in the skin above your breastbone, insert blades inside the cut,nestle steel in your ribs. Your doctor will turn a lever to blossom you wide open— yawning, narcotic, a poppy. [End Page 11] With acknowledgment of the inspiration provided by Erika Brumett's "Cunnilingus," originally published in the North American Review and reprinted in her collection Bonehouse (Green Linden Press). [End Page 12] When he says that I have beautiful skin I want to make him dig his fingertips into all my healed splits— the cleft in my lip (where teeth broke through) my hardened plate-held jaw (obliterated by a car window) the horseshoe knee scar (from a childhood fall) I want to prove him wrong I want him to brush the feather smudges on my Achilles and press the two hummingbird beak indents on my left breast (biopsy divots) the parted skin around them hardening to barley or stone [End Page 13] Most Women Report Some Decrease in Sexual Function My surgeon sayssex will be different.I don't know what to do with this.I lose interestin keeping my fingernails trimmed.In vacuuming.The house fillswith dirt—first dustthen loam soil—inches deep. Dandelionstake the living room, purslane runsits weed knees across the office. I swallowa floorful of red clover. Each flower crownbleeds a little dye, stainsmy lips gold. Vines thickenon my bedframe—morningglory—purple bloomsI pick and eat whole.Datura opens in the bath. I eat that too.Then dreams of desert. Dry heat. Sweat. Sexwill be different,my surgeon says. [End Page 14] Oophorectomy From the Latin oophoron, which could be an exoplanetout near Tau Ceti, ready for contact. What ceremonyfor their cosmonauts, on launch day? Imagine interstellarcostumes, gravitas, navigation instruments glowing blue.But why choose Earth, why invade our hydrate human forms,why seed my body with this genetic beast? Was I, a child,given too much luck, too much curiosity? A bookwormenvoy, ten years old, mind full of UFOs, I welcomed theminto my room in my clandestine way—sleepy, scared, willing.When they placed twin cyan lights into my middle abdomen,they held my guts to theirs. Dozens of hands. For thirty yearsthe blood each month, the limelight pain, extrinsic tentaclesinside me. No universal being ever came. No powerbut voltage for two beacons, still blinking steady across space. [End Page 15] You Will Be Ready/Total Hysterectomy There will be days in this medical experiencewhen you feel like you're the only citizenof Pluto, landed right in the cardioid curveof its dry sea, as every spacecraft from Earthskips you and passes, off to photographsome other beauty object. Even the Voyagerships, with their golden records, will ignoreyour out-there underworld.The Sounds of Earth does not containthe tin scrap music of the MRI machine,or the ::thwick:: of the spring-retracting blood-draw needle, and though The Soundsof BRCA1 is imprinted with these noises,you will also hear kinder human voices:laughter as it fills the vinyl flooringand technicians willing to talk about anything.When it's time, you will be readyto release the loneliest parts of your...

Performance Study of a Hybrid Heat Pump Dryer based on Numerical Analysis and Experimental Set-up

Seafood, especially sea cucumbers and oysters are an expensive delicacy in several Asian countries. Traditional sun-drying of these products takes 3 to 4 days and fetches a lower market price. Modern industrial drying machines used for seafood drying are unable to dry sea cucumbers and oysters without texture and color degradation as they are delicate, temperature-sensitive and have longer drying time. An economical drying system that does not cause texture or color degradation is the heat pump drying system and is commonly applied for agriculture and fabric drying. In this study, the heat pump technology is applied to develop two hybrid dryer models (bottom discharge and front discharge) to dry shellfish and sea cucumbers in large scale for storage and transportation. Each model is tested in a laboratory-scale with wet sponges as input material for its dehumidification capacity and the power consumed to attain the target dryness. The front discharge model is found to have rapid drying capability and economy. Computational fluid dynamic tools are used to study the hot air flow behavior and flow uniformity inside the drying chamber. The front discharge model showed smooth uniform flow over the trays with fewer losses in the flow velocity. The front discharge model with higher drying rate, lower power consumption and uniform airflow distribution over the trays is chosen for the industrial-scale design.

Changes in basic soil properties and enzyme activities along an afforestation series on the dry Aral Sea Bed, Kazakhstan

Afforestation of the desiccated Aral Sea Bed is needed for the rapid introduction of vegetation and rehabilitation of the soil environment. The present study aimed to detect the soil amelioration effect by afforestation of the Aral Sea Bed with respect of changes in topsoil properties and enzyme activities. In August and November 2018, soils were sampled from the barren areas and from areas afforested in 1991, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2013. The exchangeable base cation concentrations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+), cation exchange capacity (CEC), plant-available P concentration, electrical conductivity, pH, and enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were analyzed in the surface soil (0–10 cm). Base cation concentrations, CEC, and electrical conductivity decreased following afforestation possibly because of root absorption. The observed increase in soil pH could be affected by both root absorption and decomposition of plant residues. Enzyme activities, which are early indicators of soil recovery, might have been increased by afforestation through the release of nutrients from litter and root exudates. Our findings indicate that the establishment of vegetation through afforestation can provide supportive microenvironments for plants and microorganisms by decreasing soil salinity and activating soil microbial enzymes; these effects of afforestation are amplified over time.

Influence of Organic Acids on the Surface Composition of Sea Spray Aerosol.

Recent studies on sea spray aerosol indicate an enrichment of Ca2+ in small particles, which are often thought to originate from the very surface of a water body when bubbles burst. One model to explain this observation is the formation of ion pairs between Ca2+(aq) and surface-active organic species. In this study, we have used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe aqueous salt solutions and artificial sea spray aerosol to study whether ion pairing in the liquid environment also affects the surface composition of dry aerosol. Carboxylic acids were added to the sample solutions to mimic some of the organic compounds present in natural seawater. Our results show that the formation of a core-shell structure governs the surface composition of the aerosol. The core-shell structure contrasts previous observations of the dry sea spray aerosol on substrates. As such, this may indicate that substrates can impact the morphology of the dried aerosol.

Sea buckthorn extract loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles

The sea buckthorn extract used for this study was obtained from dry sea buckthorn berries. The aim of this study was to synthesize by high shear homogenization method and to characterize new solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with sea buckthorn extract, nanoparticles which show high antioxidant activity. The obtained solid lipid nanoparticles have been firstly characterized by particle diameter and physical stability using dynamic light scattering method. The particle morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy and the properties of sea buckthorn extract-loaded nanoparticles have been evaluated by an appropriate in vitro analysis (chemiluminescence method). The antimicrobial properties of newly developed nano-materials were also evaluated.

UJI ANTIOKSIDAN DAN UJI BSLT PADA EKSTRAK KASAR Holothuria scabra DENGAN BERBAGAI PELARUT

Holothuria scabra is one of high-value sea cucumber. The beneficial aspect of sea cucumbers is determined by the source of raw materials. The extraction process is a process that happens before sea cucumbers are used. In this process, the use of a various solvent is not only to facilitate the production process but also to maintain the active material. Also, the amount of yield obtained in the extraction process becomes a consideration in the production process. One of the benefits that are often claimed is antioxidants. This study aims to determine the yield of sea cucumbers after the extraction process by maceration with various types of solvents then antioxidant testing was carried out with DPPH followed by BSLT test. It was commonly used and easy to do. Besides, BSLT test was carried out to determine the initial toxicity and potency to be developed as antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer candidates. Results showed that the highest yield was 8.98% produced by dry sea cucumber samples extracted with ethanol PA 70% ethanol (code T5). In the results of the antioxidant tests, the best IC50 comes from dried sea cucumber extracted using ethyl acetate (code T2 and T3) with 1140 ± 0.00 ppm and1140 ± 10 ppm respectively. In the BSLT test results, the lowest LC50 was shown by extract using 100% methanol PA solvent (T4 code), with 108 ppm.

Development of black soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on seafood wastes

The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is well suited for remediating biological waste. Larvae of this species are nutrient rich, grow rapidly, and convert organic wastes while suppressing pathogens and pests. Therefore, they could be used in waste management systems and as feed for livestock and in aquaculture. The goal of this study was to test suitability of several seafood wastes from Maine processing facilities forH. illucens development in order to find alternative venues for their utilization. The following substrates were tested under laboratory conditions: dry sea cucumber, wet sea cucumber, crab meal, finfish, dry quahog, wet quahog, and sea urchin (‘wet’ and ‘dry’ refer to the original condition of the wastes while their moisture levels were similar during the experiment).H. illucens eggs were placed on wax paper above each substrate, and larval growth and survival to pupation were measured. Based on the numbers and weights of surviving larvae, substrates potentially suitable forH. illucens rearing included finfish trimmings, wet sea cucumber, dry quahog, and sea urchin. Crab meal produced large larvae (0.091±0.021 g [mean ± SE], compared to experiment-wide mean of 0.064±0.007 g) in a relatively short period of time. However, larval mortality was very high, with only 4.7±1.17 larvae surviving to prepupae, compared to experiment-wide mean of 9.78±0.63 larvae. There were dramatic differences in seemingly similar materials. On wet sea cucumber, 28.82±1.49 larvae per replication survived to pre-pupae, while on dry sea cucumber the number was only 0.33±0.01. On wet and dry quahog, the numbers of surviving larvae were 1.83±0.60 and 10.1±1.97, respectively. This highlights the importance of thorough testing of specific substrates instead of extrapolating from published data.

Analysis of added value in dry sea fish agroindustry in Gebang Sub District, Cirebon Regency

It has been recognized by agricultural economists that the biggest added value to the agribusiness system lies in its agro-industrial sub-system. This is because in the sub-system, agricultural products experience additional benefits so that the selling price becomes higher. High selling prices will increase profits for the perpetrators and on a wider scale will be a source of new economic growth. This study aims to analyze the added value of dry sea fish agroindustry in Gebang Sub District, Cirebon Regency. The research location was determined intentionally and carried out during May - June 2018. The research method was quantitative and survey data collection techniques. The population is 18 processors of wet sea fish into dry sea fish and census sampling techniques. Data analysis uses Hayami Model calculation method. The results showed that the added value of dry sea fish agroindustry was Rp 681, - / kg (8 %). Based on this analysis it can be concluded that the value added of dry sea fish is still relatively small so the opportunity to increase the added value is still open. For this reason, it is suggested to the Cirebon Regency Government to make policies to increase the added value of dry sea fish through the application of appropriate technology.

Dry Octopus and Marine Worms Processing Business Development in Matwair Village, West Kei Kecil Subdistrict

The purpose of this activity was to establish and develop a processing business for octopus (Octopus sp) and dried sea worms (kian) at Ohoi Matwair. There are two important aspects to starting and developing this business, namely the aspects of production and management. In the aspect of priority production, the problem faced is the drying technique of octopus and traditional sea worms, drying tools and equipment used in processing simple octopus and sea worms, the shape and quality of packaging products for drying octopus and unhygienic sea worms. While the problems related to business management are capital management and production efforts of drying octopus and sea worms that have not been maximized, recording business activities of drying octopus and sea worms has not been done properly, and how to sell or market dried octopus and sea worm products that have not been done well. Through the PRA approach method or participatory rural appraisal as well as three methods in fishery counseling namely lectures, demonstrations and training, the IbM program activities are carried out as a solution to solve the priority problems faced by partners. The amount achieved is 1) Transfer of science and technology from the service team to partners; 2) There has been an increase in partner knowledge about octopus and dry sea worm processing businesses by 38.7%; 3) There are 25 products of octopus and dry sea worms; 4) There are two drying tools used by partners; 5) There are 5 notebooks submitted to partners, but partners are only able to record 2 notebooks (books of purchase and sale); and 6).A total of 25 pieces of octopus and dry sea worms were reached the market in the Ohoi Matwair region.

INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF THE SEA CUCUMBER DISINTEGRATION IN THE PROCESS OF CRYOPROCESSING ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ITS DRY CONCENTRATE

Influence of shredding on molecular weight and biological value of dry concentrate is investigated for the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus from the Severnaya Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea). Size of particles of the shredded tissue depends on temperature of freezing: the lower the temperature, the smaller the particles. This dependence affects on intensity of the freeze-drying: decreasing of the raw material temperature from minus 5 to minus 30 оC causes the water content lowering in 1.7 times. The freezing and subsequent shredding have destructuring effect on the protein macromolecules, primarily collagens of the muscles, that contributes to their better absorption by human organism. In the crushed sample, the high-molecular proteins have lower molecular weights, the medium-molecular proteins are almost absent, and the low-molecular proteins are presented by fractions with molecular weight 15 and 50 kDa. The freeze-drying itself contribution to lowering of the proteins molecular weight is evaluated as insignificant. The optimal size of the particles after disintegration is 4–50 μm — this size provides the highest biological value of the dry sea cucumber concentrate.

Optical Modeling of Sea Salt Aerosols: The Effects of Nonsphericity and Inhomogeneity

AbstractThe nonsphericity and inhomogeneity of marine aerosols (sea salts) have not been addressed in pertinent radiative transfer calculations and remote sensing studies. This study investigates the optical properties of nonspherical and inhomogeneous sea salts using invariant imbedding T‐matrix simulations. Dry sea salt aerosols are modeled based on superellipsoidal geometries with a prescribed aspect ratio and roundness parameter. Wet sea salt particles are modeled as coated superellipsoids, as spherical particles with a superellipsoidal core, and as homogeneous spheres depending on the level of relative humidity. Aspect ratio and roundness parameters are found to be critical to interpreting the linear depolarization ratios (LDRs) of NaCl crystals from laboratory measurements. The optimal morphology parameters of NaCl necessary to reproduce the measurements are found to be consistent with data gleaned from an electron micrograph. The LDRs of wet sea salts are computed based on inhomogeneous models and compared with the measured data from ground‐based LiDAR. The dependence of the LDR on relative humidity is explicitly considered. The increase in the LDR with relative humidity at the initial phase of deliquescence is attributed to both the size increase and the inhomogeneity effect. For large humidity values, the LDR substantially decreases because the overall particle shape becomes more spherical and the inhomogeneity effect in a particle on the LDR is suppressed for submicron sea salts. However, the effect of inhomogeneity on optical properties is pronounced for coarse‐mode sea salts. These findings have important implications for atmospheric radiative transfer and remote sensing involving sea salt aerosols.

Meteorological and Land Surface Properties Impacting Sea Breeze Extent and Aerosol Distribution in a Dry Environment

AbstractThe properties of sea breeze circulations are influenced by a variety of meteorological and geophysical factors that interact with one another. These circulations can redistribute aerosol particles and pollution and therefore can play an important role in local air quality, as well as impact remote sensing. In this study, we select 11 factors that have the potential to impact either the sea breeze circulation properties and/or the spatial distribution of aerosols. Simulations are run to identify which of the 11 factors have the largest influence on the sea breeze properties and aerosol concentrations and to subsequently understand the mean response of these variables to the selected factors. All simulations are designed to be representative of conditions in coastal sub tropical environments and are thus relatively dry, as such they do not support deep convection associated with the sea breeze front. For this dry sea breeze regime, we find that the background wind speed was the most influential factor for the sea breeze propagation, with the soil saturation fraction also being important. For the spatial aerosol distribution, the most important factors were the soil moisture, sea‐air temperature difference, and the initial boundary layer height. The importance of these factors seems to be strongly tied to the development of the surface‐based mixed layer both ahead of and behind the sea breeze front. This study highlights potential avenues for further research regarding sea breeze dynamics and the impact of sea breeze circulations on pollution dispersion and remote sensing algorithms.