Rate Of Dry Matter Disappearance Research Articles

Establishment of Flavonoid Fingerprint of TMR Diet and Optimization Factor Analysis Strategy and In Vitro Fermentation Parameters Based on Spectrum–Effect Relationship

Nutricines, the nutritionally active substances in feed, play a vital role in enhancing immune function, antioxidant activity, and feed efficiency in dairy cows. Identifying nutricines in total mixed ration (TMR) provides insights into feed quality and their impact on dairy cow health. However, due to the structural diversity of nutricines, data mining using multivariate variable models faces challenges in exploring their relationships. To address this, this study established a hierarchical clustering and optimization factor strategy for 13 common flavonoid peaks detected using apparent data and HPLC-DAD. The establishment of the flavonoid fingerprint of TMR diet in dairy cows detected 13 common peaks, five of which were found using standard products: p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, tricin, and diosmetin. In vitro fermentation results using different TMR samples in substrate fermentation indicated that the dry matter disappearance rate, NH3-N, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate changes varied significantly (p < 0.05). In spectrum–activity relationship studies, P2, P6, P8, P9, P10, and P11 were all considered possible factors causing this effect. In the analysis of optimization factor strategy, the peak spectrum model of four fermentation parameters, i.e., pH, dry matter digestibility, NH3-N, and acetate, was constructed after optimization (p < 0.05), and the data model is listed in the main text. In structure–activity relationship studies, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, methyl sinapic acid, methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate, and p-hydroxybenzalacetone may serve as candidate references for compound 10 and may play an important role in affecting the digestibility of dry matter in in vitro fermentation. These findings highlight the role of flavonoids in TMR feed as key factors in maintaining dairy cow health and differentiating nutritional value. This study proposes a novel method for future TMR diet formulation and quality evaluation, with potential implications for improving dairy cow health and performance. Further research is needed to validate these findings and elucidate the mechanisms underlying nutricine effects on dairy cow nutrition and health.

Spineless cactus-based diets associated with various nitrogen sources in sheep diets

This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen (N) sources augmenting spineless cactus-based diets on intake, digestibility, rumen kinetics and N balance in sheep. Eight rumen-fistulated sheep with an average initial bodyweight of 62 ± 6.83 kg were allotted to one of two 4 x 4 Latin squares. The diets consisted of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), Tifton hay, corn grain, vegetable oil and a mineral mixture augmented with either soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), whole cottonseed (WCS) or urea (U) to provide additional nitrogen. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes were similar (P >0.05) for sheep fed the diets with SBM, CSM, and WCS. The digestibility coefficients of DM and CP were similar (P >0.05) for SM, CM, and U diets. The rate of DM disappearance from the rumen did not differ (P >0.05) between treatments. However, the rumen ammonia, pH and N balance was higher (P <0.05) for sheep fed the WCS and U diets. The N absorbed and N retained did not differ (P >0.05) between the diets. Soybean meal and CSM are similar in their effects and can be used for sheep in diets based on spineless cactus. Whole cottonseed and U are interesting sources of N but should be used with caution owing to their effects on digestibility and nutrient intake in sheep.

Effects of Different Combinations of Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Ruminal Fermentation and Bacterial-Community Composition in vitro.

High levels of starch is known to have positive effects on both energy supply and milk yield but increases the risk of rumen acidosis. The use of sugar as a non-structural carbohydrate could circumvent this risk while maintaining the benefits, but its effects and that of the simultaneous use of both sugar and starch are not as well-understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations on ruminal fermentation and bacterial community composition in vitro in a 4 ×4 factorial experiment. Sixteen dietary treatments were formulated with 4 levels of sugar (6, 8, 10, and 12% of dietary dry matter), and 4 levels of starch (21, 23, 25, and 27% of dietary dry matter). Samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after cultivation to determine the disappearance rate of dry matter, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition. Butyric acid, gas production, and Treponema abundance were significantly influenced by the sugar level. The pH, acetic acid, and propionic acid levels were significantly influenced by starch levels. However, the interactive effect of sugar and starch was only observed on the rate of dry matter disappearance. Furthermore, different combinations of starch and sugar had different effects on volatile fatty acid production rate, gas production rate, and dry matter disappearance rate. The production rate of rumen fermentation parameters in the high sugar group was higher. Additionally, increasing the sugar content in the diet did not change the main phylum composition in the rumen, but significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was reduced. At the genus level, the high glucose group showed significantly higher relative abundance of Treponema (P < 0.05) and significantly lower relative abundance of Ruminobacter, Ruminococcus, and Streptococcus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations have inconsistent effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, suggesting that the starch in diets cannot be simply replaced with sugar; the combined effects of sugar and starch should be considered to improve the feed utilization rate.

Chemical parameters and ruminal disappearance of Secale cereale rye forage in different harvest systems with or without fungicide

The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical parameters and the ruminal disappearance of dry matter of forage from the rye Secale cereale, cv. Temprano managed in different harvest regimes at the vegetative stage, with or without application of a fungicide based on Fluxapyroxade + Piraclostrobin at the pre-flowering stage. This was a randomized block experimental design and the treatments consisted of evaluating the forage harvested at floury grain stage, as follow, SCSF: no cut at the vegetative stage, no application of fungicide; SCCF: no cut at the vegetative stage with fungicide application; UCSF: one cut at the vegetative stage, no application of fungicide; UCCF: one cut with fungicide application; DCSF: two cuts at the vegetative stage, no fungicide application; DCCF: two cuts with fungicide application. In general, one cut at the vegetative stage and a subsequent cut for ensiling at floury grain stage was the best system used in cv. Temprano, based on the chemical parameters and ruminal disappearance. This system provided a better composition of fiber carbohydrates with lower contents of Acid Detergent Fiber (41.55%) and Lignin (10.79%) after cutting and resulted in a better disappearance rate of dry matter at the rumen level (0.46 %) per hour of exposure, highlighting the cut at the vegetative stage that produced a material with 20.76% Crude Protein and 52.69% Neutral Detergent showing its nutritional quality for use in grazing land or as haylage. The application of fungicide provided significant improvements in the contents of crude protein (8.24% vs 7.23%) and mineral matter (3.02% vs 2.82%) of the plant at the time of ensiling, which generated better dry matter disappearance rates in the rumen.

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES ON RUMEN FERMENTATION RATE, FORAGE BIOMASS PRODUCTION, AND GRAIN YIELD DYNAMICS UNDER THE GRAZED OUT BY STEERS.

Little information is available comparing wheat forage varieties, rumen fermentation and biomass production for different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. A combination of grazing and in vitro experiments was conducted at Texas A &amp; M (TAM) AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Vernon, TX from 2003 to 2004. Our objective was to determine the effects of wheat varieties (WV) and forage allowances (FA) on in vitro rumen fermentation rate, forage biomass production, time of sampling, and grain yields under grazing by steers. The 2003 experiment consisted of 14 commercial wheat cultivars (a part of the UVT collection) and was a part of the TAM Wheat Breeding Program statewide evaluation test. Hereford steers (Bos tuurus L.; 220 to 233 kg) were grazed from November 2003 to May 2004. Grain yield was measured in May 2004. Across WV, total forage protein and soluble protein content were declined from February to March 2004. Total forage protein contents were higher for HG-9, Thunderbolt and Maton Rye than for Lockett, Cutter, Jagalene and Triticale in March. In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD) was greater (P&lt;0.01) for Maton Rye than for other WV. Forage DM production varied between FA (P&lt;001), grazing (P&lt;0.001), and WV (P&lt;0.001), with no FA x WV and FA x WV x grazing interactions. Total forage DM production was greater (P&lt;0.001) for Gagalene, Longhoern, TAM 111, TAM Bar 501, Lockett, Marton rye, and Jagalene than for HG-9, Triticale 5019, and Triticale 6331 WV in high-FA during grazing, but DM production in un-grazed plot was higher for Triticale 5019, TAM Bar 501 and Jagalene than for HG-9 and Ogallala varieties during the end of March. Across FA, forage DM production (kg DM/ha) in high-FA was higher (P&lt;0.001) DM production than low-FA. Potential in vitro rumen DM disappearance rate (a+b; %) was not differences among WV and time of sampling date, but instantly solubilized rate (a) in the rumen was higher (P&lt;0.05) for Maton rye and Cutter in February and Triticale, Maton rye and Jagalene in March 17 than for other WV, which lead to differentiation of high soluble carbohydrate among forage WV. Similar to rumen DM disappearance rate, instantly NDF solubilized rate (a: %) in the rumen were higher (P&lt;0.05) for Triticale, Maton rye and Jagalene in March 17 than for other WV, suggests that higher rate of instantly solubilized of DM, rate of disappearance rate, and instantly solubilized NDF in the rumen may lead to initiating trigger factor for frothy bloat and need to further study. When steers grazing on high-FA, grain yields were greater (P&lt;0.01) for 2174, Lockett, Thurnderbolt, TAM 111, and HG-9 than for low-FA, with Gagalene and Cutter being produced higher (P&lt;0.01) grain yield than other WV. The pull of date (POD) response to grain yield depends upon the time of date with no or variable responses of grain yield with increasing time of date up to March 08. When POD after March 08 or thereafter, grain yield progressively decreased with time. Therefore, beneficial effects of POD for dual purpose winter wheat occur in the range from February 19 to March 08.

Decomposition and Nutrient Release of Selected Cereal and Legume Crop Residues

Crop residues have the potential to enhance soil fertility, but this is dependent on their biochemical quality. A study was conducted at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute-Serere, Uganda to determine the chemical composition, nutrient release patterns and rates of selected crop residues. The design used was randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments comprised of 20g of finger millet, sorghum, cowpea and groundnut crop residues. Finger millet had the highest initial C (36.28%) and N (3.46%), cowpea had the highest initial P (0.60%) and Ca (0.30%) and groundnut shells had significantly the highest initial K (1.01%). Finger millet husks with the lowest carbon/nitrogen ratio, had significantly the highest rate of dry matter disappearance and nutrient release, while groundnut shells with the highest carbon/nitrogen and carbon/phosphorus ratios had significantly the lowest nutrient release and dry matter disappearance rates. At the end of incubation, finger millet husks had significantly the lowest N (0.29%) and C (10.22%), while cowpea husks had the lowest P (0.27%), K (0.18%) and Ca (0.27%). Nutrient release and dry matter disappearance rates of crop residues occurred in the order of N &gt; K &gt; P &gt; Ca and finger millet husks &gt; cowpea husks &gt; sorghum husks &gt; groundnut shells, respectively. This study has demonstrated that finger millet husks released nutrients faster and this is beneficial for early planted crops, while groundnut shells released nutrients slowly which is appropriate for long term availability of plant nutrients.

Cinética ruminal de forrageiras tropicais submetidas ou não a sistema de irrigação

Avaliou-se a composição química e a cinética de fermentação ruminal de quatro espécies forrageiras submetidas ou não à irrigação. As espécies avaliadas foram Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 (MG-5), Andropogon gayanus (Andropogon), Urochloa humidicola (Humidicola) e Digitaria umfolozi (Digitaria umfolozi). O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda experimental Campus Rural, São Cristóvão, SE. Observou-se diferença significativa (P

Effects of supplementing vitamin E on in vitro rumen gas production, volatile fatty acid production, dry matter disappearance rate, and utilizable crude protein

Two in vitro trials were carried out to study the effects of supplementing vitamin E (V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;) on rumen fermentation. In Trial I, four levels of V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt; product (purity 50%), i.e. 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg dry matter (DM) of feed (equivalent to 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;/kg DM) were supplemented to a typical feed mixture, respectively, as experimental treatments. The gas test technique of Menke et al. (1979) was used to measure gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. In Trial II, the in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000) was used to determine DM disappearance rate and utilizable crude protein (uCP). Four levels of V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt;, i.e. 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU/kg DM were supplemented to the same feed mixture as in Trial I, respectively, as experimental treatments. The results showed that supplementing V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt; increased total gas production (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and tended to increase methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) production (P = 0.087). Supplementing V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt; also increased total VFA (P&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt; 0.05) and propionate (P&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt; 0.05), tended to increase acetate production (P = 0.084), and significantly increased DM disappearance rate (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and uCP (P &amp;lt; 0.01). It was concluded that supplementing V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt; at 30 IU/kg DM under the conditions of present trials with 11.1 IU/kg DM in the feed mixture improved in vitro rumen fermentation of feed mixture. Further research is necessary to confirm the effects of supplementing V&lt;sub&gt;E&lt;/sub&gt; using in vivo trials.

In vitro ruminal fermentation of ground and dry-rolled barley grain differing in starch content

In vitro ruminal fermentation of ground and dry-rolled barley samples differing in starch content was evaluated using a batch culture technique. The study was arranged in a 2 (low and high starch)×2 (ground and dry-rolled) factorial design. Gas production (GP), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), dry matter (DM) and starch disappearance were estimated at 3, 6, 12 and 24h of incubation using rumen fluid from 3 ruminally fistulated beef cattle. Rate of GP was greater (P<0.05) in both high starch and ground (2mm) barley samples. Kinetics of DM and starch disappearance were calculated using the equation of a+b (1−e−c(t−L)). Starch content×processing interactions were noted for the b fraction and rate of DM disappearance. Consistently, both high starch and ground barley samples had greater (P<0.05) a and b fractions, rate constant of disappearance of b fraction and effective degradability versus low starch and dry-rolled samples. Expectedly, molar proportions of individual and total SCFA were greater (P<0.05) in the ground barley samples at all incubation periods. Overall, starch content (high versus low) had significant effect on the rate of GP and constant rate of DM disappearance but no effect on the constant rate of starch disappearance.

Ensiling Characteristics and the In situ Nutrient Degradability of a By-product Feed-based Silage.

This study was conducted to evaluate the ensiling characteristics and the in situ degradability of a by-product feed (BF)-based silage. Before ensilation, the BF-based mixture was composed of 50% spent mushroom substrate, 21% recycled poultry bedding, 15% ryegrass straw, 10.8% rice bran, 2% molasses, 0.6% bentonite, and 0.6% microbial inoculant on a wet basis and ensiled for up to 4 weeks. The BF-based silage contained on average 39.3% moisture, 13.4% crude protein (CP), and 52.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 49% total digestible nutrient, and 37.8% physically effective NDF1.18 on a dry matter (DM) basis. Ensiling the BF-based silage for up to 4 weeks affected (p<0.01) the chemical composition to a small extent, increased (p<0.05) the lactic acid and NH3-N content, and decreased (p<0.05) both the total bacterial and lactic acid bacterial counts from 109 to 108 cfu/g when compared to that before ensiling. These parameters indicated that the silage was fermented and stored well during the 4-week ensiling period. Compared with rice or ryegrass straws, the BF-based silage had a higher (p<0.05) water-soluble and filterable fraction, a lower insoluble degradable DM and CP fraction (p<0.05), a lower digestible NDF (p<0.05) fraction, a higher (p<0.05) DM and CP disappearance and degradability rate, and a lower (p<0.05) NDF disappearance and degradability rate. These results indicated that cheap, good-quality BF-based roughage could be produced by ensiling SMS, RPB, rice bran, and a minimal amount of straw.

Produção, composição química e taxa de lotação de sistemas forrageiros constituídos por coastcross-1 sobressemeada com azevém e trevos

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a produção de forragem, os teores de proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro, e taxa de lotação de três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por Coastcross-1 (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) + azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam., cv. Comum); Coastcross-1 + azevém + trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L., cv. Estanzuela 116) e Coastcross-1 + azevém + trevo branco (Trifolium repens L., cv. Yi). O experimento foi conduzido entre 26 de abril de 2007 e 22 de abril de 2008, sendo conduzidos 11 pastejos, seis no período hibernal e cinco no estival. Para avaliação foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa que receberam suplementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 0,9% do peso corporal/dia. Avaliou-se a massa de forragem de pré e pós-pastejo, as composições botânica e morfológica e os teores de proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), duas repetições (piquetes) e avaliações independentes (ciclos de pastejos). No período hibernal foram observados resultados superiores (P&lt;0,05) nos sistemas forrageiros consorciados com leguminosas para produção de forragem e taxa de acúmulo diário de matéria seca. Para a taxa de desaparecimento de matéria seca e taxa de lotação não foram observadas diferenças entre os sistemas forrageiros. Foi observado efeito residual do trevo vermelho sobre a Coastcross-1 + azevém, com valor superior (P&lt;0,05) para o teor de proteína bruta e menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro.

국내 이용 주요 조사료원의 영양소 함량 및 반추위 In situ 소실율 평가

This study is conducted to estimate the nutrient compositions and in-situ ruminal disappearancerates of roughage sources which are commonly used in South Korea. Twelve types of roughage sources are being selected based on surveys from more than 50 farms, and 12 samples from various farms and companies are collected and analyzed for their nutritive components and minerals. Two Hanwoo steers (BW 526 ± 14 kg) with ruminal cannula are used to investigate in situ ruminal degradability. Five roughage sources, timothy hay, alfalfa pellet, rice straw, klein grass hay and tall fescue straw, are all selected from 12 roughage sources above for further experiments. Overall, the nutrient components and minerals from the 12 roughage sources have shown low values when comparing with standard tables of feed compositions in Korea. In situ dry matter disappearance rate is recorded as high in order of klein grass, timothy, alfalfa pellet, tall fescue and rice straw. In situ crude protein disappearance rate is high in order of alfalfa pellet, klein grass, timothy, tall fescue and rice straw. (

Nutritional evaluation of lamb diets in a tropical setting formulated according to NRC (1985) and NRC (2007) specifications

The objective of this research was to compare the National Research Council (NRC) 1985 (NRC85) and 2007 (NRC07) small ruminant nutrition recommendations for growing lambs in a tropical setting with tropical feeds. Twenty mixed breed Santa Inês males, 4 mo of age, with an average initial 19.5±3.5kg weight were randomly distributed to four treatments to measure apparent digestibility, intake as well as ruminal and blood parameters. The four treatments consisted of diets formulated according to NRC85 or NRC07 recommendations, the latter at 20% (NRC07-20), 40% (NRC07-40) and 60% (NRC07-60) rumen non-degradable protein (NDP) concentration. The trial consisted of 10d for adaptation to diet and 7d for data collection. The NRC07 diets showed no differences (P>0.05) in disappearance of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) or their fractions as a result of NDP level. All diets formulated according to NRC07 resulted in greater (P≤0.05) consumption of CP and digestible protein (DP) compared to NRC85. Greater (P≤0.05) disappearance of DM and OM disappearance rates were measured for the NRC85 diet compared to NRC07 diets, with no differences (P>0.05) for CP. The NRC85 diet resulted in lower (P≤0.05) fiber intake while non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) intake was greater (P≤0.05) compared to NRC07 diets. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) were greater (P≤0.05) for NRC85 diets compared to NRC07 while there were no differences (P>0.05) among digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Coefficients of digestibility of total carbohydrates (TC) were greater (P≤0.05) for the NRC85 than the NRC07 diets. Greater (P≤0.05) N intake was measured for NRC07-20 and NRC07-40 NDP. Urinary N in the NRC85 diet was lower (2.24±10% in ingested N; P≤0.05) than in the NRC07 diets. There was a greater (P≤0.05) balance of N in the NRC07-20 compared to NRC85-60 and NRC07-60 diets, while these three were similar (P>0.05) to values from NRC07-40 diet. More (P≤0.05) retained N was obtained in NRC85 compared to NRC07 diets. For diet NRC85, there was a greater (P≤0.05) concentration of N-NH3 at 2h post-feeding compared to feeding time while this was reversed by 5h post-feeding. Rumen pH levels were greater (P≤0.05) in the NRC07-40 diet than the others. The greater digestibility of nutrients in diets with greater concentrate does not imply an increase in consumption of digestible nutrients. The NRC07 diets with proportional amounts of fiber and concentrate resulted in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations adequate for ruminal function. In contrast, the NRC85 diet resulted in greater (P≤0.05) N retention, possibly due to better protein:energy ratios. Diets NRC07-20 and NRC07-40 resulted in greater (P≤0.05) rumen liquid N-NH3 than NRC85 of NRC07-60. Lambs on NRC07 diets also had an increase (P≤0.05) in blood urea that can be used as recycled N. None (P>0.05) of the diets resulted in a drop in ruminal pH.

Effects of Synbiotics Containing Anaerobic Microbes and Prebiotics on In vitro Fermentation Characteristics and In situ Disappearance Rate of Fermented-TMR

This study was carried out to estimate effects of synbiotics containing anaerobic microorganisms and prebiotics on in vitro fermentation characteristics and in situ disappearance rate of fermented total mixed ration (F-TMR). For the in vitro trial, ninety vinyl bags were prepared to analyze temperature, pH, ammonia concentration, microbial growth rate and short chain fatty acid concentration. For the in situ trial, one hundred twenty nylon bags were prepared to analyze dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rate. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (US) with prebiotics and probiotics from anaerobic mold (MS), bacteria (BS), yeast (YS) or compound (CS). It was found that temperatures at 14 and 21 days were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the YS and CS than in the others. The pH at 21 days was lower in the CS than in the US. The synbiotic treatments had significantly increased (p<0.05) ammonia concentration at 21 days. The DM disappearance at 72 h was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the MS and CS than in the others. ADF and NDF disappearance rate tended to increase at a rate similar to the DM disappearance rate. Therefore, this study suggests that synbiotics (probiotics with prebiotics) may partially help the quality of fermentation and digestibility

Effects of the source of non-fiber carbohydrates on in vitro first order ruminal disappearance kinetics of dry matter and NDF of various feeds

Summary An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal disappearance kinetics of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of alfalfa hay, wheat bran and unmolassed sugar beet pulp. Non-supplemented or NFC supplemented samples [70 mg/g DM of each feed sample as sucrose (SU) or starch (ST) or SU + ST as 1:1] were incubated in bottles containing 40% rumen fluid medium for 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 96 h at 39°C. After each incubation time, unfiltered content was analysed for DM and NDF. Filtered fluid was analysed for ammonia-N concentration. Kinetic disappearance rate was determined using a first order non-linear model. The source of NFC used in the medium containing alfalfa hay caused a significant decrease in DM disappearance (P<0.01). Feed source, NFC type and incubation time had a significant effect (P<0.01) on NDF disappearance and ammonia-N concentration. In vitro NDF disappearance of unmolassed sugar beet pulp and wheat bran was significantly (P<0.01) decreased by supplementing with ST and SU + ST. The indigestible dry matter fraction of alfalfa hay was significantly increased when it was supplemented by NFC (P<0.05). The rate of DM disappearance of unmolassed sugar beet pulp was also significantly influenced by supplemental NFC (P<0.05). The fractional rate of NDF disappearance of alfalfa hay and wheat bran exhibited an increase (P<0.05) in response to adding NFC when compared with the non-supplemented samples. Generally, the results of the present study suggested that in addition to the amount of supplemental carbohydrate fed, the source of supplemental carbohydrate and the basal feed sources might be effective on the effect of supplemental NFC on fiber utilization.

Recycling of Fermented Sawdust-based Oyster Mushroom Spent Substrate as a Feed Supplement for Postweaning Calves

The objective of this study was to find the way to prolong the storage time of sawdust-based oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) spent substrate (OMSS) by fermenting with potential probiotic microorganisms to recycle the otherwise waste of mushroom farms. To this purpose, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened to select the best lactic acid-producing strains. Three strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum Lp1', Pediococcus acidilacticii Pa193, L. plantarum Lp2M) were selected and in mixture they lowered the pH of the fermented OMSS to 3.81. fOMSS (fermented sawdust-based oyster mushroom spent substrate) could be stored at room temperature for at least 17 days without any deterioration of feed quality based on the pH, smell, and color. In dry matter disappearance rate in situ, commercial TMR (total mixed ration), OMSS and OMMM (oyster mushroom mycelium mass) showed no significant differences between the samples after 6, 12 and 24 h incubation except for 48 h. Two separate field studies were performed to test the effects of fOMSS supplement on the growth performance of postweaning Holstein calves. Field trials included groups of animals feeding calf starter supplemented with: Control (no supplement), AB (colistin 0.08% and oxyneo 110/110 0.1%), fOMSS (10% fOMSS) and fConc (10% fermented concentrate) and DFM (direct-fed microbials, average cfu for each of three LAB/d/head). Growth performance (average daily gain and feed efficiency) of the fOMSS supplement group was higher than that of AB followed by fConc and DFM even though there was no statistically significant difference. The Control group was lower than any other group. Various hematological values including IgG, IgA, RBC (red blood cell), hemoglobin, and hematocrit were measured every 10 days to check any unusual abnormality for all groups in trial I and II, and they were within a normal and safe range. Our results suggest that sawdust-based OMSS could be recycled after fermentation with three probiotic LAB strains as a feed supplement for post-weaning calves, and fOMSS has the beneficial effects of an alternative to antibiotics for a growth enhancer in dairy calves.

Estimation of true intestinal digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of cowpea and silverleaf desmodium forage legumes and Brachystegia spiciformis (musasa) browse legume

True intestinal digestibility of dry matter (DM), rumen-undegraded dietary protein (UDP) and amino acids of cowpea, silverleaf desmodium and Brachystegia spiciformis (musasa) were estimated. The true intestinal digestibility was calculated as the difference between the content of a bag that was preincubated in the rumen for 12, 24 and 48 h and was recovered in the faeces. Significantly higher DM and nitrogen disappearance rate in the rumen, postruminally and throughout the whole tract were found for cowpea than for silverleaf desmodium and musasa. Total amino acids or true nitrogen digestibility values of silverleaf desmodium and musasa tended to be higher than in cowpea. The true digestibilities for the individual amino acids in the different undegraded protein sources showed significant differences. The true intestinal digestibility of DM, nitrogen and amino acids in the mobile bags after 24 h and 48 h of preincubation in the rumen were higher for silverleaf desmodium and musasa, than in cowpea. Musasa and silverleaf desmodium provided little rumen-degradable nitrogen and supplied UDP to the intestines. The UDP supplied postruminally would be used for productive processes such as milk production and growth.

옥수수의 steam flake 처리가 in situ 건물소화율 및 저장기간별 aflatoxin과 ochratoxin 함량에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 옥수수 수입원과 steam flake 처리에 따른 in situ 건물 분해율 및 보관기간별 mycotoxins 함량을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 미국과 인도산 옥수수(yellow dent corn)를 공시재료로 하여, steam flake 처리 효과에 대해 조사하였다. 시험구는 총 4개의 처리구(USCW, 미국산 무처리 옥수수; USCF, 미국산 steam flaking 옥수수; IDCW, 인도산무처리 옥수수; IDCF, 인도산 steam flaking 옥수수)를 두고, 각 처리구당 보관기간(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8주)별 4반복으로 수행되었다. In situ 시험을 위해서 반추위 누관이 장착된 Holstein 수소 2두가 이용되었고, 공장환경분야 표준상태 (STP, standard temperature and pressure, <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> 1 atm.)에서 보관기간 동안 매주, 곰팡이 독소인 aflatoxin과 ochratoxin의 농도를 측정하였다. 옥수수의 반추위 내 발효시간별 in situ 건물 소실율은 무처리구에서는 미국산이 인도산보다 약 <TEX>$3.0{\sim}44.1%$</TEX> 높았으나, steam flaking 처리를 함으로써 건물소실율의 차이가 없어졌다. 미국산 옥수수는 무처리 알곡의 건물 분해율이 높은 편이었으나, flake처리에 의한 영향이 적은 반면, 인도산 옥수수는 무처리 알곡의 건물 분해율은 낮은 편이지만 flake 처리를 하였을 때, 분해율이 크게 증가되었다. 미국산 옥수수와 flake 처리 옥수수의 aflatoxin 함량은 보관기간 동안 매우 낮은 수준이었으나, 인도산 옥수수 알곡을 6주 이상 보관할 경우, 허용기준치를 초과하였다. 따라서 인도산 옥수수 알곡을 장기보관 해야 할 경우, steam flake 처리를 하는 것이 aflatoxin 오염방지를 위해서 필수적이며, 알곡으로 보관할 경우는 6주 이상을 넘기지 않는 것이 중요할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of steam flaking of corn grains on in situ dry matter degradability in the rumen and contents of mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin) during storage. Yellow dent corns imported from USA and India were flaked, and stored for 8 weeks under the standard temperature and pressure (STP; <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>/ 1 atm.). Experimental treatments were composed of four corn grains (untreated-USA corn, USCW; steam flaked-USA corn, USCF; untreated-India corn, IDCW; steam flaked-India corn, IDCF) with 4 replications according to 9 storage periods (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 week). Two ruminally cannulated Holstein bulls were used for in situ trial. Pathogen contamination trial was performed by comparing the mycotoxin contents in corns during storage periods. Dry matter disappearance rate in the rumen was about 3.0 to 44.1% higher (P<0.05) for USCW than IDCW, but was not difference between USCF and IDCF. With steam flaking of corn, dry matter degradability in the rumen was significantly (P<0.05) increased in corn from India, but was not affected in corn from USA. Aflatoxin content was very low level in corns from USA and steam flaked corns, but was higher than the tolerance limit of domestic aflatoxin content regulation when IDCW was stored over 6 week under STP. Ochratoxin content was low level in all treatments. From above results, it is reasonable that the corn imported from India might be flaked for enhance the ruminal DM degradability and safe from aflatoxin pathogen.

당밀의 첨가가 대시호탕(한약제)박 사일리지의 품질과 산양의 기호성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 당밀의 첨가수준이 한약제박 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 두 가지 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 Ⅰ에서는 당밀의 첨가수준이 대시호탕박 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 0, 0.5 및 1.0%의 당밀 첨가수준에 3반복의 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 Ⅱ에서는 우리나라 재래산양의 대시호탕박 사일리지의 기호성을 측정하였다.본 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 실험 Ⅰ에서, 당밀 1% 첨가구가 0.5% 첨가구 및 대조구보다 조단백질 및 유산의 함량이 유의하게(P<0.05) 높았고, pH와 낙산함량은 유의하게 낮았다. 또한 사일리지의 총균수(total microbial cell)는 당밀 첨가구가 유산균 배지인 MRS에서는 많게 나타났고, 곰팡이 배지인 PDA에서는 적은 결과를 나타내었다. 그리고 in vitro 소실율에 있어서도 당밀 첨가수준이 증가할수록 소실율이 증가하는 경향이었다.실험 Ⅱ에서는 모든 처리구에서 30분 및 6시간 동안의 섭취량은 유의한 성적은 아니지만 당밀 첨가수준이 증가할수록 많아지는 경향을 나타내었다.이상의 결과를 종합하면 대시호탕박은 열탕처리를 거침으로 인하여 수용성 탄수화물이 부족할 것으로 사료되는 바, 이에 대하여 수용성탄수화물을 보충하는 방법으로 당밀을 첨가하여 사일리지를 제조하는 것은 매우 유용한 수단이라고 생각되며, 이로 인하여 한약제박 사일리지의 보존성도 향상된다고 하겠다. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of molasses supplementation levels to silage materials in ensiling herbal medicine meal on the quality of silage, and its palatability in Korean native goats. In experimentⅠ, molasses were added at the levels of 0, 0.5, and 1.0% to herbal medicine (Deasihotang) meal, with three replicates per each level. They were kept at room temperature for 40 d in glass bottles in order to get silage samples. In experiment Ⅱ, nine 1.5-yr-old Korean native female goats were employed to measure their palatability. In experimentⅠ, lactic acid contents in molasses treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher, and pH and butyric acid contents was lower than those of non-molasses control treatment. In addition, molasses treatments increased total microbial cell counts in MRS medium for lactobacillus, but decreased total microbial cell counts in PDA medium for fungi. Molasses supplementation to silage materials increased in vitro dry matter disappearance rate. Molasses supplementation tended to increase silage intake in Korean native goat (experiment II), however, the difference was not significant. It is concluded that molasses supplementation to silage materials in ensiling Daesihotang meal could improve its preservability and palatability, the larger the amount the better the quality.

Influence of Re-growth Interval on Chemical Composition, Herbage Yield, Digestibility and Digestion Kinetics of Setaria sphacelata and Cenchrus ciliaris in Buffaloes

This study examined the influence of re-growth periods on chemical composition, biomass production, nutritive value and digestion kinetics of Setaria sphacelata (SS) and Cenchrus ciliaris (CC) in ruminally cannulated buffalo bulls. Two re-growth intervals i.e. clipping every month (CI1) and clipping after every two months (CI2) were compared with the control (clipped after 4 months). Mean values of leaf to stem ratio in SS and CC grasses were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing re-growth interval. The lowest leaf to stem ratio was recorded in control plots of both grasses. In both grasses, increasing growth period increased the concentrations of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) and decreased crude protein (CP). Mean dry herbage, OM and CP yields of SS and CC were increased (p<0.05) with increasing re-growth interval. Ruminal DM and NDF digestibilities of SS and CC were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing interval. Ruminal rate of DM and NDF disappearance was higher while the ruminal lag time of these nutrients was lower with monthly than with bi-monthly clipping interval. The results from present study imply that SS and CC clipped after every two months is more beneficial than when clipped every month or every four months in terms of optimal biomass with adequate nutritional value for buffaloes. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 3 : 381-385)