Dry-land Training Research Articles

The Relationship of Preseason Upper Extremity Function, Pain and Training on Normalized DIII Collegiate Swimming Performance.

Shoulder injuries comprise the largest proportion of swimming injuries and there is a large percentage of swimmers participating with pain. Therefore, it is assumed that shoulder pain decreases performance, but studies have not compared collegiate swimmers' performance with and without pain. 1) Determine if individual swimmer's shoulder pain and function are associated with a change in normalized swimming performance over a season.2) Determine if differences in normalized swimming performance exist among 3 collegiate teams. 3) Qualitatively describe and compare team's training regimes. Cross sectional study. Swimmers completed pre-(T1) and post-season (T2) surveys including pain ratings and shoulder function using the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) shoulder and elbow questionnaire. Swimming times were obtained from published meet results. Coaches reported training programs through interviews and tracking logs. 52 NCAA Division III swimmers from 3 teams. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine if pain and function related to performance. Team demographics and normalized swimming performance (reduction in time per lap from season's beginning to end) were compared with ANOVAs with post-hoc tests. Initial KJOC scores, but not pain, related to individual swimming performance. Differences in team performance were found (p=0.006), with Team 3 having greatest reduction in time (1.01 sec/lap), lower percentage of females, a more experienced coach and a periodization schedule with large increases and decreases in yardage. There was a main effect (p=0.043) for baseline demographics with Team 3's swimmers being taller and having longer competitive experience. The initial KJOC score predicting swimming performance improvement demonstrates the need for athletic trainers to prioritize enhancement of pre-season function. Endurance training induced hypoalgesia and motivation may explain the lack of effect of shoulder pain on performance. Further research is needed to elucidate optimal periodization and dryland training.

Investigation of the effectiveness of a complex injury prevention programme among young swimmers

AbstractPurposeThe training load required at elite level can lead to shoulder pain even among the youngest swimmers, thus, besides modern water training plans and swimming technique development, the planning of dryland training with a preventive approach is of the utmost importance. The aim of the present study was to map kinetic patterns and sports injury risk factors among young competitive swimmers (between 9 and 12 years of age) and to investigate the effectiveness of a complex injury prevention programme on dry land.Materials and methodsA total of 37 swimmers (19 girls and 18 boys, aged 10.8 ± 1 yrs) participated in the research. We performed a physical examination using the PostureScreen11.1 application, a digital goniometer, a manual dynamometer, and functional and diagnostic orthopaedic tests. The swimmers were divided into a trained group and a control group. A three-month complex injury prevention programme was developed for the trained group. We analysed our data using Statistica for Windows.ResultsWe found that 19% of the swimmers had experienced shoulder pain since starting swimming. We also found several postural faults, a reduction in the rotational arc of motion in the shoulder joint, rotational muscle imbalance, serratus anterior weakness, and scapular dyskinesia. Following the programme, swimmers in the trained group showed significant improvement in the rotational arc of the shoulder joint, internal rotational range of motion, rotational muscle strength, and upper limb stability. Progress was also made in many other areas, although these results were not significant.ConclusionsAs shoulder pain and its risk factors can be observed even among the youngest competitors, a dryland training plan tailored to this group can reduce the occurrence of sports injuries.

Swimming Performance Interpreted through Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)—Practical Tests and Training Variables Modelling

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) models with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values allows multidimensional representation of movement performance interpreted on both global and local levels in terms understandable to human intuition. We aimed to evaluate the swimming performance (World Aquatics points) predictability of a combination of demographic, training, anthropometric, and biomechanical variables (inputs) through XAI. Forty-seven swimmers (16 males), after completing a training questionnaire (background and duration) and anthropometric assessment, performed, in a randomised order, a 25 m front crawl and three countermovement jumps, at maximal intensity. The predicted World Aquatics points (516 ± 159; mean ± SD) were highly correlated (r2 = 0.93) with the 529 ± 158 actual values. The duration of swimming training was the most important variable (95_SHAP), followed by the countermovement jump impulse (37_SHAP), both with a positive effect on performance. In contrast, a higher percentage of fat mass (21_SHAP) corresponded to lower World Aquatics points. Impulse, when interpreted together with dryland training duration and stroke rate, shows the positive effects of upper and lower limb power on swimming performance. Height should be interpreted together with arm span when exploring positive effects of anthropometric traits on swimming performance. The XAI modelling highlights the usefulness of specific training, technical and physical testing, and anthropometric factors for monitoring swimmers.

Effects of Dry Land Speed Training on 100-Meter Freestyle Swimming in Adolescent Swimming

Background and Aim: The specific strength development in swimming tends to start at a younger age, so it becomes particularly important to conduct effective Specific strength training during adolescence. It is essential to utilize training methods and means that align with the developmental characteristics of Specific strengths in young swimmers. Thus, this study has developed a specific dry-land training program to enhance the 100-meter freestyle swimming speed of adolescent swimmers. Methods: This study selected 30 male adolescent swimmers from the Shaanxi Provincial Swimming Team and divided them into an experimental group and a control group (15 individuals in each group) based on their 100-meter freestyle speed. Both groups underwent a 12-week training intervention, with 12 training sessions per week, each lasting 2 hours. The total training time and water-based training content were the same for both groups, but the content of dry-land training differed. The experimental group followed a specific dry-land training program, while the control group followed a traditional training program. Comprehensive tests were conducted before and after the 12-week training intervention for both groups, using the physical fitness and test scores of swimmers in the experimental and control groups as research indicators. Experimental and analytical methods, including experimental and statistical methods, were employed to conduct a targeted study on the changes in physical fitness and test scores before and after the training. Results: show that after 12 weeks of training, the scores for both groups are as follows: Pull-ups (Experimental group: P=0.000<0.01, Control group: P=0.777>0.05), Vertical jump (Experimental group: P=0.032<0.05, Control group: P=0.848>0.05), Abdominal muscle endurance (Experimental group: P=0.000<0.01, Control group: P=0.396>0.05), and Back muscle endurance (Experimental group: P=0.004<0.01, Control group: P=0.583>0.05). The post-test results reveal that swimmers in the experimental group performed significantly better in pull-ups, vertical jumps, abdominal muscle endurance, and back muscle endurance compared to the control group. Conclusion: The specialized training program effectively increased the upper limb strength of the participants, with no significant advantage over the traditional training program.

Acute effects of dryland muscular endurance and maximum strength training on sprint swimming performance in young swimmers

ABSTRACT The study examined acute effects of dryland muscular endurance (ME) and maximum strength (MS) sessions on performance, physiological, and biomechanical variables during a subsequent sprint swimming session. Twenty-seven swimmers (16.5 ± 2.6 yrs) completed three experimental conditions including: i) ME, 55% of 1-repetition maximum, ii) MS, 90% of 1-repetition maximum, and iii) control (CON, no dry-land). Twenty minutes following ME, MS and CON sessions swimmers performed a 10-s tethered swimming sprint, four by 50-m (4 × 50-m), and a 100-m front crawl sprints. Performance time, blood lactate, heart rate (HR), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI), and stroke efficiency (ηF) were measured during 4 × 50-m and 100-m. Hand grip strength (HG), and shoulder muscles isometric strength (ISO) were measured after each session. Mean 4 × 50-m time increased in ME compared to CON by 1.7 ± 2.7% (p = 0.01), while 100-m time was similar among conditions (p > 0.05). ISO was lower after dry-land training in all conditions (p = 0.01). Tethered force, HG, HR, SR, SL, SI, and ηF were no different between conditions (p > 0.05). Dryland ME session decrease swimming performance; however, ME and MS sessions did not affect technical ability during a subsequent maximum intensity swimming.

The Effects of Eccentric Training on Undulatory Underwater Swimming Performance and Kinematics in Competitive Swimmers.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a five-week training program on undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) in swimmers and to compare the specific effects prompted by two different training protocols on UUS performance and kinematics. Swimmers (n = 14) were divided into in-water only (WO) (18.61 ± 2.62 years, FINA points: 507 ± 60) and water + dry-land training groups (with conical pulleys) (WD) (18.38 ± 2.67 years, FINA points: 508 ± 83). Three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three maximal UUS trials were performed before and after a five-week training period. The training program comprised 14 × 30-min sessions. The WO group repeated the same 15-min block twice, while the WD group performed one block of 15 min in the water and the other block on land performing lower limb exercises with conical pulleys. Seven body landmarks were auto-digitalized during UUS by a pre-trained neural network and 21 kinematic variables were calculated. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant time × group interaction in favour of the WD group was observed for mean vertical toe velocity (p = 0.035, = 0.32). The WD group experienced enhancements in mean and maximum underwater velocity, kick frequency, maximum shoulder angular velocity, as well as mean and maximum vertical toe velocity (p < 0.05). The WO group exhibited an enhancement in CMJ height (p < 0.05). In conclusion, UUS performance was improved in adolescent swimmers after five weeks of specific training, only when combining water and conical pulley exercises. Coaches should include dry-land specific lower limb exercises in addition to in-water training to improve UUS performance.

Concurrent Sprint Swimming Interval and Dryland Training: Performance and Biomechanical Variable Changes within a Mesocycle

Concurrent Sprint Swimming Interval and Dryland Training: Performance and Biomechanical Variable Changes within a Mesocycle

Athlete and Support Staff Perceptions of Training Modalities for the Development of Surfing-Specific Manoeuvres: A Concept Mapping Approach

This study aimed to explore the perspectives of surfers and support staff on the relevance and practicality of various surfing training modalities to enhance surfing-specific maneuvers. Employing the Concept Systems groupwisdomTM platform, data were collected from 29 participants (18 support staff and 11 surfers) using concept mapping, a method known for capturing context-specific insights. The participants generated 101 statements regarding training modalities, then refined to 58 and categorised into four clusters through multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis: education and mindset, physical preparation, in-water training, and dry-land training. The clusters were rated based on importance and feasibility on a 10-point scale. The findings revealed that the education and mindset cluster was considered the most crucial (mean = 7.5) and feasible (8.1), while dry-land training was viewed as the least important (mean = 5.9) and feasible (mean = 6.0). A notable discrepancy was observed in the perceived importance of dry-land training between surfers (mean = 6.48) and support staff (mean = 5.61), indicating differing viewpoints. The study concludes that training programs should prioritise education and mindset, physical preparation, in-water training, and dry-land training, in that order. It also suggests the need to consider diverse opinions on dry-land training and recommends a constraints-led approach to training design, acknowledging the unique challenges in surf training. This research provides novel insights into the design of effective training environments for skill-based surfing maneuvers.

Is Task Analysis a Contributing Factor to Performance Analysis?

Abstract Introduction. With the evolution of sport, the level of athletes is increasing. To be able to win it is necessary to understand what factors influence performance in competition and training. Sports performance analysis has evolved in accordance with data collection in competition practice, with performance indicators related to actions connected to performance outcome. Material and Methods. We intend to verify the importance of task analysis in the performance analysis procedures. The review starts with task definition, then task analysis procedures and sports science application to finish with examples of performance analysis with task analysis. Results. Each task has one or more goals with actions to be carried out and with task, performer, and environment constraints that influence it. Task analysis is a methodology to have information about technique, productivity and safety that allows developing training programmes. Sports task analysis has a preparatory phase, a description (phase analysis), assessment, and an intervention. Performance analysis was based on biomechanical and notational analysis including performance indicators and afterwards reinforced with the ecological dynamics approach with an emphasis on the performer-environment relationship. Similarities between actions from different sports could be observed with performance analysis using task analysis (phase analysis with description of the segmental actions and mechanical principles). Conclusions. Performance task analysis could support evidence-based training programmes with a replication of key features and performance indicators in dry-land training tasks. Future research should identify task constraints and performance indicators with technological devices and make performance analysis more coach friendly.

Effects of Dry-Land Training in addition to Swimming Training on Freestyle and Backstroke Technical Swimming Performance of Children Aged 7-10 Years

Bu çalışmada 7-10 yaş grubu çocuklarda yüzme antrenmanlarına ek olarak yapılan kara antrenmanlarının serbest ve sırtüstü stil yüzme performansına etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya yüzme havuzunda düzenli yüzme antrenmanı yapan 14 erkek çocuk 6 haftalık temel yüzme antrenman programı uygulayan yüzme antrenman grubu ve aynı yüzme antrenmanına ek olarak kara antrenmanı programı uygulayan yüzme ve kara antrenman grubuna ayrılmıştır. Her iki grupta yer alan çocukların antrenman programı öncesinde ve sonrasında 50 m serbest ve 50 m sırtüstü stil yüzme dereceleri test edilmiştir. Gruplar arası ön-test ve son-test yüzme derecelerinin karşılaştırılmasında Bağımsız Örneklem T testi kullanılırken grup içi ön-test ve son-test karşılaştırılmasında Eşleştirilmiş Örneklem T testi kullanılmıştır. Gruplar arası ön- ve son-test sırtüstü ve serbest stil yüzme performansları arasında istatistiksel anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır. Grup içi ön- ve son-test serbest ve sırtüstü stil yüzme performanslarında her iki grupta istatistiksel anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p

Effects of a dry-land strengthening exercise program with elastic bands following the Kabat D2 diagonal flexion pattern for the prevention of shoulder injuries in swimmers.

Background: During the repetitive execution of the swimming strokes, the muscles responsible for the internal rotations of the shoulders tend to become stronger compared to the muscles that oppose these movements. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of a strengthening program for the shoulder rotator muscles using elastic band exercises in a diagonal Kabat pattern (D2 for flexion) in swimmers, to develop an effective, quick and easy-to-implement protocol for preventive training routines. Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was carried out. Internal and external rotation range of movement, isometric strength of the muscles responsible for internal and external rotation of the shoulder, scapular movements, was measured at the beginning of the study and after 8weeks post-intervention. A total of 22 male swimmers participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 11). The experimental group underwent a 8-week shoulder-strength program using elastic bands, while the control group focused on aquatic training. Results: The strength-training program resulted in an improvement in the isometric strength of the muscles responsible for external rotation and a better balance between the shoulder rotator muscles in the experimental group. However, these improvements have not been significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The strengthening exercise program showed minimal improvement in shoulder rotation strength and range of motion. These findings suggest that the prescribed shoulder-strengthening exercise could be a quick-beneficial dry-land training option to improve external rotation shoulder strength or range of motion, but more studies with larger sample sizes and more weeks of treatment are needed to determine the efficacy of this protocol.

Delayed Effect of Dry-Land Strength Training Sessions on Swimming Performance.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of dry-land strength endurance (SE) and maximum strength (MS) sessions on next-day swimming performance. Eight swimmers (age: 18.6 ± 2.9 years) performed evening training sessions (19:00-19:40), including: (i) SE (2 × 15 - 20 repetitions, 50% of 1-RM), (ii) MS (2 × 5 repetitions, 90% of 1-RM), (iii) control (CON: no dry-land training). All sessions were followed by a 90-min swimming training (20:00-21:30). Medicine ball throw and countermovement jump, free countermovement jump and squat jump were evaluated before and after the dry-land training session and 12 h later, before a 100-m front crawl sprint (next day at 8:30 a.m.). Performance time, RPE, blood lactate and biomechanical variables in 100-m sprint were no different between conditions (time, MS: 64.70 ± 7.35, SE: 63.81 ± 7.29, CON: 64.52 ± 7.71 s, p > 0.05). Jump height was not changed before and after dry-land and before the 100-m sprint in all conditions (p > 0.05). Medicine ball throw was lower in MS compared to CON before the 100-m sprint (MS: 4.44 ± 1.11, vs. CON: 4.66 ± 1.21 m, p < 0.05). Upper-body but not lower- body muscle function may be affected by MS training. However, performance in a 100-m test is not affected by dry-land training performed 12 h earlier.

The effect of combining HIIT and dry-land training on strength, technique, and 100-m butterfly swimming performance in age-group swimmers: a randomized controlled trial

Combined interventions of pool-based and dry-land workouts are a common practice in swimming training. However, the effects on strength, technique and swimming performance are still not clear. Through a randomized controlled trial study, we investigated the effect of combining high intensity interval training (HIIT) and maximum strength training (MST) on strength, technique and 100-m butterfly swimming performance. Competitive age-group swimmers (N = 22, males) were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group (EG: 14.1 ± 0.3 years old) performed 8 weeks of combined short-moderate HIIT and MST. The control group (CG: 14.5 ± 0.3 years old) subjects performed their usual training. Muscular strength, technique and swimming performance were evaluated before and after 8 weeks. Substantial improvements were observed in maximum muscle strength (mean diff: 22-28%; p < 0.001; d = 3.25-3.61), technique (p < 0.05; d = 0.98-1.96) and 100-m butterfly swimming performance (3.5%; p = 0.001; d = 1.81) when combining HIIT and MST during 8 weeks. Combining short-moderate HIIT and MST during 8 weeks can enhance maximum muscular strength, technique, and 100-m butterfly swimming performance. Coaches should adjust training programmes accordingly since it could yield important differences in swimming performance during competitions.

Two different approaches to dry-land training do not improve the water performance of swimmers

Two different approaches to dry-land training do not improve the water performance of swimmers

Effects of Dryland Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period on Swimming Performance.

To examine the effect of dryland training during an 11-week lockdown period due to COVID-19 on swimming performance. Twelve competitive swimmers performed 50- and 300-m maximum-effort tests in their preferred stroke and 200-, 400-, and four 50-m front crawl sprints (4 × 50m) before and after the lockdown period. Critical speed as an index of aerobic endurance was calculated using (1)50-, 300-, and (2)200-, 400-m tests. Blood lactate concentration was measured after the 400- and 4 × 50-m tests. To evaluate strength-related abilities, the dryland tests included handgrip and shoulder isometric strength. Tethered swimming force was measured during a 10-second sprint. During the lockdown period, dryland training was applied, and the session rating of perceived exertion training (sRPE) load was recorded daily. sRPE training load during the lockdown was decreased by 78% (16%), and critical speed was reduced 4.7% to 4.9% compared to prelockdown period (P < .05). Performance time in 200, 300, and 400m deteriorated 2.6% to 3.9% (P < .05), while it remained unaltered in 4 × 50- and 50-m tests (P > .05). Tethered force increased 9% (10%) (P < .01), but handgrip and shoulder isometric force remained unaltered (P > .05). Blood lactate concentration decreased 19% (21%) after the 400-m test and was unchanged following the 4 × 50-m tests (P > .05). Performance deterioration in the 200, 300, and 400m indicates reduced aerobic fitness and impaired technical ability, while strength and repeated-sprint ability were maintained. When a long abstention from swimming training is forced, dryland training may facilitate preservation in short-distance but not middle-distance swimming performance.

The Association of Range of Motion, Dryland Strength-Power, Anthropometry, and Velocity in Elite Breaststroke Swimmers.

The ability of elite breaststroke swimmers to maximize average velocity maintained throughout a race is reportedly mediated by a number of range-of-motion, dryland strength-power, and anthropometric characteristics. The present study aimed to develop a physical profile and evaluate the relationship between dryland strength-power and stroke kinematic variables in elite breaststroke swimmers. A series of range-of-motion, dryland strength-power, and anthropometric measures were assessed in 11 elite-level breaststroke specialists and used to establish group-based averages and expected variance within an elite breaststroke population. Analysis of the relationships between dryland strength-power parameters and breaststroke kinematics revealed strong associations (r > .7, minimum 95% confidence range of g > 0.80 or < -0.80) most frequently at 100-m and maximal paces. From further analysis of these associations, a series of second-order models of best fit were calculated to describe the relationship between dryland strength-power parameters and propulsive velocity. Five models strongly described the relationship between countermovement jump height, mean pull-up velocity, and average propulsive velocity. These models can be used to assess propulsion effectiveness and act as a catalyst for technique evaluation. It is also recommended that strength and conditioning coaches consider the inclusion of explosive movements, such as countermovement jumps and maximal velocity pull-ups, in dryland training programs designed for sprint breaststroke swimmers.

Systemic Review of Swim Bench Training During Last Five Years

Purpose: There are numerous advantages to train the swimmers on swim-bench, which is why this systematic review critically evaluate the published data for this practise. The current review’s purpose is to evaluate the efficacy of swim bench training in light of recent research conducted over the past five years.&#x0D; Methodology / Evidence Acquisitionː Published articles that examined the benefits and uses of a swim bench training on an athlete were reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic database search based on three databases that include PubMed, Google Scholar, and Taylor &amp; Francis was done using keywords "Swim bench” and “Swim bench training”. The database search was limited to articles between January 2016 to the date to include the data of 5 years. It retrieved 1289 articles on sight. Articles that were originally published in a language other than English or did not have translated version in English were omitted from the study by the researcher. Conclusionsː Jaime &amp; Maria (2017) and González Ravé J et al., (2018) studied isokinetic force production, there was no significant result found related to isokinetic force and in isokinetic power a slight decrease was observed in that of isokinetic force. Whereas, Popovici &amp; Suciu (2017) proved the strength and velocity gain in young female swimmers after swim bench training and also enhanced muscle synchronization as well as improved propulsive force generation and considered it as a source of improvement and immediate instruction for better training purposes. However, swim-bench is widely being used from coaches in several manner of dry land training among swimmers at elite level as well. it is further suggested that further experimental studies needed to observe the swim-bench effect on training as well as rehabilitation purpose scientifically with the principal of specificity of sports training.

International survey of training load monitoring practices in competitive swimming: How, what and why not?

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to identify the training load (TL) monitoring practices employed in real-world competitive swimming environments. The study explores data collection, analysis and barriers to TL monitoring. DesignCross-sectional. SettingOnline survey platform. ParticipantsThirty-one responders working in competitive swimming programmes. Main outcome measuresMethods of data collection, analysis, level of effectiveness and barriers associated with TL monitoring. Results84% of responders acknowledged using TL monitoring, with 81% of responders using a combination of both internal and external TL, in line with current consensus statements. Swim volume (mileage) (96%) and session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) (92%) were the most frequently used, with athlete lifestyle/wellness monitoring also featuring prominently. Thematic analysis highlighted that “stakeholder engagement”, “resource constraints” or “functionality and usability of the systems” were shared barriers to TL monitoring amongst responders. ConclusionsFindings show there is a research-practice gap. Future approaches to TL monitoring in competitive swimming should focus on selecting methods that allow the same TL monitoring system to be used across the whole programme, (pool-based training, dryland training and competition). Barriers associated with athlete adherence and coach/National Governing Body engagement should be addressed before a TL system implementation.

The beneficial effects of dryland training on prepubertal swimmers – a case study

Abstract. Dryland training is an important part of any competitive swimmer’s programme. However, this non-specific training is usually neglected in prepubertal swimmers, its importance being recognised more often in junior and senior swimmers. This paper is a case study regarding the beneficial effects that a well-developed and suitable dryland training programme can have on a prepubertal swimmer’s results. The participant in this case study was a Romanian male swimmer born in 2010, who got the highest score at the National Championships in 2020. The detailed dryland programme (developed by the author of the current study) was followed by the athlete for a period of 7 months. The implementation of this programme took place between two national championships (October 2020 - June 2021). The specific objectives were: winning the title of national champion in 50-meter butterfly and making a progress of 2 seconds; ranking among the top three swimmers in 100-meter freestyle and making a progress of 4 seconds. After applying the programme, the athlete made a progress of 2.57 seconds and won first place in 50-meter butterfly. In 100-meter freestyle, he made a progress of 6.34 seconds and won second place. This paper emphasises the beneficial effects of an organised dryland training programme and also proposes a model of such a plan that can be followed by prepubertal swimmers.

Effects of Dry-Land Training Programs on Swimming Turn Performance: A Systematic Review.

Swimming coaches have prescribed dry-land training programs over the years to improve the overall swimming performance (starts, clean swimming, turns and finish). The main aim of the present systematic review was to examine the effects of dry-land strength and conditioning programs on swimming turns. Four online databases were scrutinised, data were extracted using the Preferred PRISMA guidelines and the PEDro scale was applied. A total of 1259 articles were retrieved from database searches. From the 19 studies which were full-text evaluated, six studies were included in the review process. The review indicated that plyometric, strength, ballistic and core training programs were implemented for improving swimming turn performance. Strength, ballistic and plyometric training focusing on neural enhancement seem to be effective for improving swimming turn performance. The data related to training of the core were not conclusive. Coaches should consider incorporating exercises focusing on improving the neuromuscular factor of the leg-extensor muscles into their daily dry-land training programs. More researches are needed to provide a better understanding of the training methods effects and training organisations for improving swimming turn performance.