Dry Chicken Manure Research Articles

Thermodynamic analysis of a solar-driven supercritical water gasification-oxidation system for ammonia production and heat supply from chicken manure

Faced with the dual challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution, researchers are turning to extracting clean energy from waste resources. The coupled system of solar energy and supercritical water gasification offers a novel solution to these issues. In this study, a solar-driven supercritical water gasification-oxidation system for ammonia production and heat supply from chicken manure was simulated. Additionally, the effects of temperature of supercritical water gasification, chicken manure slurry concentration, water-dry matter ratio, and pressure of supercritical water gasification and oxidation on the system's products, efficiency, and device exergy losses were examined. Under typical working conditions (the temperature of supercritical water gasification: 750 °C, chicken manure slurry concentration: 50 wt%, water-dry matter ratio: 5, the pressure of supercritical water gasification and oxidation: 25 MPa), and the system had a treatment capacity of 5 t/h of dry chicken manure. The system yielded 2604.04 kg/h of NH3 and 23763.9 kg/h of heating steam. It demonstrated an energy efficiency of 68.38% and an exergy efficiency of 46.85%. The total exergy losses of the system amounted to 34704.73kw, with the solar collector accounting for the largest share at 49.6%. The temperature of supercritical water gasification and water-dry matter ratio significantly impacted the system efficiency. Conversely, chicken manure slurry concentration and the pressure of supercritical water gasification and oxidation exerted minimal influence. The solar collector and gasification reactor emerged as the primary contributors to exergy losses in the entire system. Notably, the lower temperatures of supercritical water gasification, chicken manure slurry concentrations, pressures of supercritical water gasification and oxidation, and water-dry matter ratios can reduce exergy losses in both the solar collector and the gasification reactor.

Visible intruders: Tracing (micro-) plastic in organic fertilizers

Agricultural soils have been identified as potential reservoirs for plastic pollution, with adverse effects on soil properties. Primary sources of plastic input in agricultural landscapes are associated with the application of sewage sludge or compost. Understanding the sources and anticipated plastic content is crucial in mitigating plastic pollution in agricultural fields. This study presents one of the first investigations into the plastic content and other impurities, e.g. glass, of seven organic fertilizers (biowaste compost, digested pig slurry, sewage sludge compost, dry chicken manure, green waste compost, sewage sludge, and a mixed digestate comprising pig slurry, chicken manure, and 74 % renewable raw materials). Potentially visible foreign substances were assessed on the surface of each fertilizer pile. No impurities could be detected in digested pig slurry, chicken manure, and mixed digestate. For the remaining fertilizers, visible potential foreign substances were collected, cleaned, visually described, weighed, photographed, size measured, and chemically characterized using ATR-FTIR. The quantification revealed that plastic particles are the most abundant and are contained in all other fertilizers, in contrast to glass and metal. An increasing trend in plastic particle number per m2: green waste < biowaste < sewage sludge compost < sewage sludge, which is about 4 times greater in sewage sludge than in green waste compost, could be observed. However, sewage sludge compost has the largest plastic mass and surface area per square meter. This illustrates that sewage sludge compost application can be a significant entry pathway for visual plastics into agricultural soils.

Development of Small-scale Integrated Hydroponics—Animal Waste Bioreactor (AWB) for Romaine Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longofolia) Production

As improper processing and disposal of animal waste cause negative impacts on the environment, the animal industry sector must shift to more sustainable practices to lessen these effects. Recently, the application of the circular economy concept in agriculture, using animal waste as part of nutrient cycling, has emerged as a sustainable approach. The study aims to develop and test the small-scale integrated hydroponics-animal waste bioreactor (AWB) for romaine lettuce production using chicken manure tea (CMT) derived from dried chicken manure as a primary nutrient source. Three integrated hydroponics-AWB systems, with varying concentrations of CMT at 1,000 ppm, 1,200 ppm, and 1,400 ppm total dissolved solids (maintained within an upper and lower bound of 50 ppm), were constructed, tested, and compared to conventional hydroponics that used a nutrient solution maintained at 1,000 ppm TDS. The test result suggests that the ideal concentration of CMT in the system is 1,000 ppm. Within the optimum manure tea concentration, the small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB produced romaine lettuce with growth parameters comparable to conventional hydroponics. In addition, increasing the CMT concentration to 1,400 ppm negatively impacts the plant growth parameters of romaine lettuce. The developed small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB system provides a viable approach for growing lettuce using animal waste as the major source of nutrients. The developed production system could help mitigate the negative environmental effects of improper handling and disposal of animal waste and dependence on chemical-based nutrient solutions in hydroponic crop production.

The key metabolic pathway for enhanced anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with coal slime for methane production

Coal slime can significantly enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) for methane production; However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study has mainly discussed variation characteristics of key metabolic pathways in the AD process of CM by coal slime. Dry CM and coal slime (CS) were selected and coal seam mine water was applied as bacteria source. CS effects on the metabolic pathway of CM fermentation system were studied by biogas production simulation experiments and metagenomic analyses. The results indicated that variations in pH and CS amount exerted significant effects on the biogas generation in the contest of CM fermentation. Optimal conditions for enhanced biogas production were observed when the pH approached neutrality, and the CS quantity was 0.2 g, highlighting substantial potential of CM for biogas generation. The addition of CS resulted in a 13.1%, 1.9%, and 1.8% increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Aminobacterium, and Methanothrix. This, in turn, elevated gene abundance of essential enzymes in the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism), promoting acetic acid production and providing a foundational basis for methanogen metabolic gas production. Furthermore, the addition of CS lead to a notable increase in the abundance of the pilA gene in Methanocorpusculuma (111.5%) and Methanothrix (66.1%). This suggested the involvement of CS in DIEF, thereby augmenting the anaerobic methane production potential of CM. These outcomes offer valuable theoretical insights for optimizing the biogas production potential of CM and maximizing the resource utilization of CS.

Thermodynamic and environmental analysis of an auto-thermal supercritical water gasification system for ammonia and power production from chicken manure

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) technology, a clean and efficient method for organic waste treatment, has considerable application prospects in the background of carbon emission reduction. In this study, an auto-thermal SCWG system of chicken manure for NH3 and power production was proposed for recycling waste resources. Thermodynamic analysis and environmental impact assessment were conducted under different operational conditions. The system exhibited optimal energy, exergy, and cold gas efficiencies of 62.34 %, 53.75 %, and 57.75 %, while simultaneously generating 3372.11 kg/h of NH3 and 1677.1 kW of net power, all within processing 10 t/h of dry chicken manure. The global warming potential of this system was only 3.31 kg CO2-eq/kg NH3 with carbon capture and storage. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the moderate increase in gasification temperature, higher feedstock concentration, appropriate preheated water flow, and suitable feedstock distribution ratio collectively enhanced system performance by mitigating exergy destruction in the partial oxidation and heat exchange process. By converting waste heat into electrical energy rather than industrial steam, the Organic Rankine Cycle system enhances the practical viability of waste heat recovery. This work expects to provide essential theoretical guidance for the scale-up and design of the biomass waste SCWG system.

Alteration of Manure Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Soil Fauna Is Associated with the Intestinal Microbiome.

ABSTRACTLivestock wastes contain high levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and a variety of human-related pathogens. Bioconversion of livestock manure using larvae of the beetle Protaetia brevitarsis is an effective technique for waste reduction and value creation; however, the fate of manure ARGs during gut passage and interaction with the gut microbiome of P. brevitarsis remains unclear. To investigate this, we fed P. brevitarsis with dry chicken manure for 6 days and measured bacterial community dynamics and ARG abundance and diversity along the P. brevitarsis gut tract using high-throughput quantitative PCR and metagenomics approaches. The diversity of ARGs was significantly lower in larval midgut, hindgut, and frass than in raw chicken manure, and around 80% of pathogenicity-related genes (PRGs) exhibited reduced abundance. Network analysis demonstrated that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the key bacterial phyla associated with ARG reduction. Metagenomic analysis further indicated that ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and PRGs were simultaneously attenuated in the hindgut, implicating a decreased likelihood for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs among bacteria and pathogens during manure bioconversion. Our findings demonstrated that the attenuation of ARGs is strongly associated with the variation of the gut microbiome of P. brevitarsis, providing insights into mechanisms of risk mitigation of ARG dissemination during manure bioconversion.IMPORTANCE Saprophagous fauna like the oriental edible beetle (P. brevitarsis) plays a fundamental role in converting organic wastes into biofertilizer. Accumulating evidence has shown that soil fauna can reduce the abundance of ARGs, although the underlying mechanism of ARG reduction is still unclear. In our previous research, we found a large reduction of ARGs in vegetable roots and leaves from frass compared with raw manure, providing a promising biofertilizer for soil-vegetable systems. Therefore, in this study, temporal dynamic changes in the microbiomes of the donor (chicken manure) and host (P. brevitarsis) were investigated, and we found a close association between the gut microbiome and the alteration of ARGs. These results shed new light on how the insect gut microbiome can mitigate manure-borne ARGs and provide insights into the bioconversion process via a typical member of the saprophagous fauna, P. brevitarsis.

Energy balance assessment on chicken manure for biogas production in Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaïr of Morocco

Chicken manure management has grabbed significant attention in Morocco due to the increasing demand on chicken and eggs. Bioconversion of chicken manure to biogas could reduce the chicken manure amount as well as generate clean energy. To evaluate the feasibility of converting chicken manure to biogas in terms of energy gain, the energy balance of the chicken manure for biogas production in the region of Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaïr of Morocco has been investigated. The result showed that there was an energy gain of 1350 MJ for per tonne of dry chicken manure was converted to biogas. The energy gain increased to 3996 MJ/tonne of dry chicken manure when the wheat straw was added to co-digest with chicken manure. With consideration of converting the obtained biogas for electricity generation, there was extra electricity for sale after subtracting the electricity consumed inside the poultry industry. Comparing with co-firing, pyrolysis, and gasification, chicken manure anaerobic digestion was superior in terms of energy gain.

Material Characterization and Substrate Suitability Assessment of Chicken Manure for Dry Batch Anaerobic Digestion Processes.

Chicken manure is an agricultural residue material with a high biomass potential. The energetical utilization of this feedstock via anaerobic digestion is an interesting waste treatment option. One waste treatment technology most appropriate for the treatment of stackable (non-free-flowing) dry organic waste materials is the dry batch anaerobic digestion process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the substrate suitability of chicken manure from various sources as feedstock for percolation processes. Chicken manure samples from different housing forms were investigated for their chemical and physical material properties, such as feedstock composition, permeability under compaction and material compressibility. The permeability under compaction of chicken manure ranged from impermeable to sufficiently permeable depending on the type of chicken housing, manure age and bedding material used. Porous materials, such as straw and woodchips, were successfully tested as substrate additives with the ability to enhance material mixture properties to yield superior permeability and allow sufficient percolation. In dry anaerobic batch digestion trials at lab scale, the biogas generation of chicken manure with and without any structure material addition was investigated. Digestion trials were carried out without solid inoculum addition and secondary methanization of volatile components. The specific methane yield of dry chicken manure was measured and found to be 120 to 145 mL/g volatile solids (VS) and 70 to 75 mL/g fresh matter (FM), which represents approximately 70% of the methane potential based on fresh mass of common energy crops, such as corn silage.

The Method for Static Composting Treatment of the Landscaping Waste

In order to speed up the process of landscape garbage composting and reduce environmental pollution, the static composting method of landscape garbage was studied in depth. The spring landscape garbage in Beijing Xiangshan Park was used as the main raw material, and an appropriate amount of dried chicken manure was added for high-temperature composting experiments. Furfural residue was added to landscape waste compost, and the dynamic changes of compost quality, total nitrogen, carbon-nitrogen ratio, and plant inhibitors were studied. Through orthogonal experiments, chicken manure was used as a C / N regulator, and bacteria and wood vinegar were used as additives. The total volume of each treatment, changes in pH and EC values, and seed germination index were analyzed and compared. The results show that this method reduces the bulk density of 39 mg / kg, increases the total porosity by 11.6%, and increases the water holding porosity by 7.74%, which can significantly increase the N, P, and K content of landscape waste compost products and reduce the product. The bulk density of the fertilizer has increased the total porosity and water holding porosity of the fertilizer, and the quality of the fertilizer has been significantly improved.

Experimental research of efficiency of semi-continuous and periodic biogas production processes by using chicken manure bioloadings.

Semi-continuous and periodic biogas production processes were investigated. Dry chicken manure containing 40.0±0.5% volatile solids (VS) was used for the production of bioloading. Semi-continuous operation bioreactor and periodic bioreactor were used to implement research. Bioloading was additionally supplemented with newly prepared parts by removing 10% of decomposed mass and by adding the same amount of preheated mass every 7days (semi-continuous process). The process was periodic when the mass was completely decomposed (after 45days of the experiment) and fully removed (bioreactor was loaded with a new portion of raw material to 100% of the working volume again). Total duration of both experiments was 90days. The results show that biogas production by semi-continuous process is more effective than periodic process due to higher total biogas yield (up to 39.7%) and higher methane yield (up to 33.5%). The maximum concentration of CH4 was determined during the periodic biogas production process, but the difference was only up to 2.1% (68.9% and 66.8%, respectively). Since the produced biogas had quite high average CO2 and H2 S concentrations (<40.0% and 2.1g/m3 , respectively), it is recommended to use filter-adsorbers or biofilters. According to the results, semi-continuous type bioreactor is more effective than periodic. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Maximum CH4 concentration in biogas, produced during periodic process, is 2.1% higher than during the semi-continuous process. Average CH4 concentration in biogas, produced during periodic and semi-continuous process, reaches 52.7% and 53.0%, respectively. Biogas and methane yield (during periodic process) is 39.7% and 33.5% lower than during the semi-continuous process. CH4 concentration decreases (after supplement) about 6.0%-7.0% (during the semi-continuous process), but increases to the next cyclic bioloading supplement. Semi-continuous biogas production process is more efficient than periodic.

Biochar triggering multipath methanogenesis and subdued propionic acid accumulation during semi-continuous anaerobic digestion

The semi-continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) performances of dry chicken manure (DCM) were investigated at the temperature of 35 ± 1 °C with and without biochar. The average specific methane productions of 0.18 L/g VSadded and 0.17 L/g VSadded were achieved without biochar at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.125 and 6.25 g VS/L/d, respectively. An increase of 12% in methane production was obtained in the presence of biochar at the two operational OLRs. Accumulation of propionic acid was observed associating with AD of DCM, which was substantially alleviated by biochar supplement. The buffer capacity of biochar was supposed to develop through strengthening the buffer system established by NH4+ and volatile fatty acids. Methanosarcina that can utilize multiple nutrients for methanogenesis was the dominant archaea in the presence of biochar, while the strictly aceticlastic Methanosaeta was dominant in control digester. These results suggest that biochar enhanced methanogenesis through intensifying its available pathway.

Effect of rice straw on chemical properties and heavy metals residues in the bottom sediment of fish pond

The neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of three different doses of pipecuronium were studied in 60 adult patients. Neuromuscular blockade was measured using electromyographic activity of the adductor pollicis muscle after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 0.1 Hz and 2 Hz. Three subgroups (A, B, C) of 20 patients received pipecuronium doses of 60, 80 and 100 micrograms kg-1, respectively, as an intubating dose and, when necessary, maintenance doses were administered at 25% single twitch recovery in a dose of one-quarter of the initial one. The onset time was 5.4 +/- 2.0 min for 60 micrograms kg-1 and similar for 80 and 100 micrograms kg-1 (3.9 +/- 1.1 and 3.6 +/- 1.1 min). The duration of action was 45 +/- 10 min for 60 micrograms kg-1, 74 +/- 25 and 94 +/- 21 for 80 and 100 micrograms kg-1, respectively. The recovery indices were measured in all patients after neostigmine administration (Groups B and C) and after neostigmine and edrophonium (Subgroup A, 10 patients each). TOF ratio was significant only 2 min after edrophonium administration in Group A patients. Variations of heart rate and blood pressure were not significant.

Addition of water from the treatment pond of pangasius fillet waste (Pangasius sp.) with different concentrations in the cultivation medium due to the population growth of Daphnia sp.

Live feed is very important in fish farming, especially in hatchery. Wastewater from processing fillets (Pangasius sp.) has a high organic nutrient content and has the potential to be used as a Daphnia sp. culture medium. This research aims to study the effectiveness of the addition of the liquid waste of Pangasius fillets in the Daphnia sp. culture medium using a completely randomized design (CRD); 5 treatments with 4 replications were conducted. The treatments were conducted by adding the liquid waste of Pangasius fish fillets at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The control treatment for the live feed cultivation was in the form of a dry chicken manure addition with a dose of 2.4 g/L in the medium and without treatment. The main observed parameter in the study was the population growth of Daphnia sp. The supporting parameters observed were in the form of phytoplankton and bacterial abundance and water quality. The results showed that the addition of the water from the Pangasius fish fillet waste, as much as 20%, had the best results related to the population growth of Daphnia sp. Meanwhile, the water quality was still within the normal range during the Daphnia sp. culture.

The Reaserch of Dry Chicken MANURE Methanogenesis Stability

The Reaserch of Dry Chicken MANURE Methanogenesis Stability

Evaluation of phytoplankton diversity in periphyton based aquaculture system

This study was done to determine the impact of rice straw as a substrate for periphyton production and phytoplankton biodiversity in earthen fish ponds belongs to the world fish center. The ponds have the same area of Six 1000 m2 and the depth of water 1m. The ponds cultured with mono six Nile tilapia fry in the rate of 3 fry/ m2. All ponds were fertilized with dry chicken manure in the rate of 15 kg/pond/week, and divided into two treatments, each of 3 replicates; the first treatment (T1), the substrate free control, while second treatment (T2) received 45 kg dry rice straw/pond. The samples were collected monthly from May to December 2017. The quantitative measurements for phytoplankton showed that total count of phytoplankton in water was higher in T1 than T2. The rice straw was effective for controlling growth of cyanophyceae compared to controls, and was capable for inhibiting the growth of Microcystis. Phormidium, Merismopediam, Gloeocapsa, Lyngbya and Chlorella, but Chrococcus, Synedra and Navicula sp. had improved growth in the presence of rice straw.Concerning periphyton the total count was (2103.68 x 106 org. /m2 as an average). And Chlorophyceae represent the dominant group with average (1577.07 x 106 org. /m2). The biodiversity index of overall phytoplankton genera Taxa evenness were (1.95 and 0.51) respectively in T2 which indicates that there is a high biodiversity of algae compared to T1 (1.76 and 0.42). The results of this investigation indicated that rice straw could introduce an accessible practical and commercial method to increased phytoplankton biodiversity.

Experimental analysis of the fixed bed gasification process of the mixtures of the chicken manure with biomass

The increasing worldwide demand for poultry, mainly chickens, has resulted in a growing generation of poultry derived wastes. Among many types of biomass, the animal waste, including poultry manure, can have a significant potential for application in the energy industry. In this work, the proposal of thermal utilization of the chicken manure was given. The laboratory scale research on co-gasification chicken manure with wood pellets has been carried out in a fixed bed gasifier of capacity 5 kg/h. The experiments were done for two types of fuel blends. In the first experiment stage wood pellets were mixed with a raw, pre-dried chicken manure. Another part of test concerned gasification of blends of pelletized chicken manure and wood pellets.The main goal of the experiments was to determine the influence of the addition of dried chicken manure to the wood pellet feedstock on the gasification process as well as on physicochemical properties of generated syngas.The results of the gasification tests confirm that co-gasification of the chicken manure with wood biomass can be a promising proposal for the utilization of a poultry derived wastes. Gasification of a chicken manure provides generation of combustible syngas with the lower heating value LHV equal to 2.0 MJ/m3 in case of a raw, pre-dried chicken manure and 2.7 MJ/m3 in case of chicken manure pellets. Increasing share of woody biomass in the feedstock significantly increases the calorific value of the syngas. Different physical properties of the feedstock components (fraction and ash content) require further research to define reactor suitable for co-gasification of analyzed fuel blends.

English

In this study, dry chicken manure (DCM) was used as the source of nitrogen in the production of Spirulina platensis . Experiment was conducted in two different types of nutrition. In the type I nutrition, the highest average cell increase was recorded as 289.70 filaments mL -1 in value in the type I group (DCM+urea). In the type II nutrition, the highest average cell increase was recorded as 296.50 filament mL -1 in value in the type II group (DCM+urea+sodium bicarbonate). In the type I nutrition (DCM+Urea), the highest specific growth rate was detected as 0.21 division day -1 on the sixth day and k value as being 0.30 division day -1 . In the type II nutrition, the highest specific growth rate was recorded as 0.08 division day -1 in the group II (DCM+Urea+NaHCO 3 ) and k value as being 0.12 division day -1 . In both types of nutrition, the protein rates of the type I group (DCM+urea) and the group III (DCM+sodium bicarbonate) are found to be higher than that in the other groups. The lipid levels in both types of nutrition, in DCM (Control) and in the type I group (DCM+Urea) were found to be higher than the other groups. Keywords: Spirulina platensis, dry chicken manure, sodium bicarbonate, urea African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol 13(14), 1597-1603

Cultivation of Tanzanian &lt;i&gt;Coprinus cinereus&lt;/i&gt; (sisal compost mushroom) on three non-composted sisal waste substrates supplemented with chicken manure at various rates

Coprinus cinereus is a Tanzanian wild edible mushroom whose cultivation in the laboratory was performed in solid-state fermentation bioreactors using sisal decortication wastes namely; sisal dusts, sisal fibres and sisal leaves as basal substrates supplemented with chicken manure at various rates. Bioreactors containing 450 g wet weight of the three sisal wastes substrates each was supplemented with dry chicken manure at 0% (un-supplemented control), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of substrate dry weight. The effect of the test sisal waste substrates and chicken manure of various supplementation rates were evaluated by mushroom yield, (g fresh mushroom/kg moist substrate) and its biological efficiency, B.E. (relationship between fresh mushroom weight and dry substrate weight as percentage) and mushroom size (a ratio of total weight of fresh mushroom and total number of mushrooms). Each, sisal waste substrate and chicken manure supplement at various rates showed variable impact on mushroom yield, productivity and size. The overall best results of mushroom production were obtained in sisal dust at 25% chicken manure in terms of mushroom yield 381 g fresh mushrooms/kg moist substrate weight and its B.E. of 112% while mushroom size best results of 1.64 was obtained at 15% manure. In conclusion, results suggest that chicken manure from free-range chicken may play an important role on increasing the yield and productivity of Coprinus cinereus on sisal waste substrates under the conditions investigated.

Pengaruh Pemupukan Ulang Kotoran Ayam Kering Terhadap Populasi Cacing Tubifex tubifex &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;[The Effect Of Remanuring Dry Chicken Manure In Tubifex tubifex Population]&lt;i&gt;

Abstract Tubifex tubifex is one kind of natural food for fish larva. This worm has an important role because it can support the fish growth faster than another natural food like Daphnia sp. or Moina sp. It is caused by its has high nutrition. Dry chicken manure can be used for manuring worm media because it have high organic matter. The purpose of this research was to know the effect of remanuring dry chicken manure to the population of Tubifex tubifex and to know the remanuring of dry chicken manure which is gives high population of Tubifex tubifex. The method used was experimental method. Completely Randomize Design was used in this research with 4 dose manuring treatments and 4 replication : PI (dose 0,08 g/cm2/l days), P2 (dose 0,4 g/cm2/5 days), P3 (dose 0,8 g/cm2/10 days) dan P4 (dose 1,2 g/cm2/15 days). The analysis result showed that the treatment of PI (dose 0,08 g/cm2/l day), manuring of dry chicken manure could give the highest population of Tubifex tubifex was 505 individuals reached at days20. At days-30 there was decreasing total number population so that the harvesting of Tubifex tubifex could be done at days-20. The water quality during this research were pH 6,4 - 7; DO 1,2 - 3,8 mg/1; water temperature 28 - 30 °C and ammonia 0,06 mg/1. The water quality was in optimum condition for Tubifex tubifex growth.

Residual Effects of Compost and Green Manure of Pea with Other Organic Wastes on Nutrient-Use Efficiency of Successive Rice after Wheat

Adoption of legumes in cereal-based cropping systems and improvement of organic fertilizers are important to reduce chemical fertilizer use. We supplied compost and green manure (GM) of green pea plant residue (GP), without supplementation or supplemented with dried chicken manure (CM) and/or rapeseed oil residue (RR), for wheat and examined the effects of compost and GM (remaining fertilizer) on the rice of pea–wheat–rice system in two factorial pot experiments. Additions of pea residue resulted in an increase of 30% grains of rice compared to without addition, and compost increased 25% grains against GM. Supplementation increased 63–70% of rice grains as compared to the control. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) recovery efficiencies were correlated with yield, which suggested that composting and supplementation enabled effective nutrients accumulation in plant, resulting in better yield. Therefore, it is recommended that composting of GP with CM plus RR improves effectiveness of pea on rice of a pea–wheat–rice system.