Drum Assembly Research Articles

Review on Designing and Development of Loading and Unloading Platform for Two Wheelers

Abstract: Lift is a simple device use to raise the object from ground level to a certain height to perform a specific work with aiming of possible maximum load and minimum efforts. Lifts are generally operated either hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical type. In many vehicle manufacturing industries, there are using lifting mechanism for loading and unloading operations which have to invest a huge capital for installing a exsisting bulkey and large platform which generally based on hydraulic means. This type of machine uses while export and import business. The main purpose of our study is to design and develop loading and unloading platform for two wheelers. Material selection plays important role in designing a machine and also influence on several factor such as strength, reliability, durability and resistance which leads to increase the life of lift. The aim of the project is to design and development of wire rope operated platform which lifts maximum 877.5 kg load including factor of safety with minimum time and labour for per cycle operation. Platform movement is achieved safely by using wire rope with the help of motor and drum assembly mechanism is of 2.8 m from the ground level. The design is performed by considering a mechanical lift as a portable, suitable for all type of load application and without any hydraulic or pneumatic means. The design is developed keeping in mind that consideration of all safety parameters. Lubrication required in few moving parts only. The aim of this paper is design, analysis and fabrication of a prototype mechanical lift which operate efficiently, consistently, sholud be easy to handle, multifunctional, cost effective, compact in size. Drafting and drawing of loading and unloading mechanical lift carried out in AUTOCAD with suitable modeling. The analysis of mechanical lift includes total deformation load, reaction forces, buckling and bending failures, equivalent stresses were done in ANSYS Software. Finally this analysis of strength, toughness, elasticity and temperature distribution is carried out in order to check the coherance of the design value. Keywords: Lifting Mechanism, Platform, Machine, Design and Development, Analysis, AUTOCAD, ANSYS Software.

Research on rotary drum assembly and adjustment technology based on improved probabilistic Hough transform

Research on rotary drum assembly and adjustment technology based on improved probabilistic Hough transform

Numerical research on wear characteristics of drum based on discrete element method (DEM)

Drum works on high impact and non-linear load condition, which easily results in wear and failure. However, it is still an urgent problem to study the wear mechanism of drum and how to reduce the drum wear. In this study, the coupling model of drum cutting in complex coal seam was established using discrete element method (DEM). Then, the motion state of coal/rock particles, the wear distribution of drum and the influence of working parameters on drum wear were all studied to reveal the wear mechanism. To reduce the wear of drum and take into account the cutting performance of shearer, the optimal working parameters were obtained based on the multi-objective optimization theory. The results indicate that abrasive wear is the main form of drum wear. Wear of pick and blade among the drum assembly is relatively serious. The main influencing parameter of pick wear is traction speed and that of blade wear is drum rotation speed. Under the certain working condition, when the traction speed is 4.85 m/min, the drum rotation speed is 86.82 r/min, and the spiral angle is 13.8°, the wear of drum will be reduced to a certain extent, and the comprehensive performance of the shearer will be optimal.

Parametric identification of integrated model of a coal-fired boiler in a thermal power plant

Retrofit or replacement of few units in a subcritical facility may not only improve overall efficiency of conversion of energy in a power plant but also support sustainability issues. The primary objective of this article is to identify model parameters of a coal-fired integrated boiler and to present a comparative study on three different identification methods. This leads to select most suitable models that are applied for the developed model of the boiler of 210 MW coal-fired thermal power plants. The mathematical models of economizer, drum, and super-heater assembly are derived using mass balance and energy balance equations. The derived multi input–multi output model is then validated, and the model parameters are identified using three different identification methods namely nonlinear least square technique, maximum likelihood estimation, and expectation maximization algorithms. Identification of the plant model will essentially help to frame a good controller. In this article, parameter estimation has been carried out from real-time plant as it provides selective tool through quantitative comparative study of the three methods. The expectation maximization method has been found to provide suitable results compared to the other two methods. Model parameters of integrated boiler of a comprehensive structure have been obtained for the first time using expectation maximization method.

Integrasi Penjadwalan Produksi dan Preventive Maintenance untuk Meminimasi Makespan dengan Menggunakan Metode Heijunka dan Batch – Backward Scheduling (Studi Kasus PT. BMC)

PT BMC industry which produces automotive components. The problem, in the Brake Assembly Assembly Line, is that high engine downtime is caused by engine failure, resulting in production scheduling not going according to plan. The Drum Assembly Brake Line consists of BD III lines, producing Brake Drum and HUB III lines, producing Hubs. This study aims to determine the smallest and the same makespan value, for the BD III and HUB III lines using the integration of the Heijunka method and Batch Backward Scheduling with Preventive Maintenance (PM) Data processing begins by determining the sequence of jobs and completion time with Heijunka and Batch-Backward Scheduling method. Next, determine the MTTF and MTTR parameters to determine the optimal inspection interval and average repair time. In the last step, the scheduling results are integrated with the inspection and repair intervals if needed, to get the makespan value. The calculation results show that the optimal inspection interval and MTTR for the BD III line is 94 hours and 1.7 hours while the HUB III line is 116 hours with 1.2 hours. After integration of the Heijunka-PM method, the makespan is 511.8 hours and 510.3 hours for the BD III and HUB III lines. The integration of the Batch-Backward scheduling-PM method produces makespan of 538.8 hours and 540 hours for the BD III and HUB III lines. Based on the smallest makespan criteria, scheduling integration is chosen, using the Heijunka-PM method.

Multilevel finite element modeling and coupling vibration analysis of the drum in blade–disk–drum assembly

Blade–disk–drum (BDD) assemblies are commonly used in rotors of aeroengine. This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of the drum in the BDD assembly. In the analysis, multilevel modeling method based on ANSYS software is proposed. Free vibrations of single drum, disk-drum assembly, and the BDD assembly are calculated and carefully examined to discover the special modal shapes and coupling effects. Then according to the working environment, equivalent aerodynamic loads are imposed on blades and the drum respectively, to explore the vibration behaviors of the drum in the BDD assembly. Results reveal that, vibration of the drum, which may result in rub-impact or/and fatigue failure, can be induced by coupling vibration result from the aerodynamic loads on blades and drum, as well as the drum-dominant mode triggered by the aerodynamic loads on drum.

Structure Analysis of Inner Cylinder Components of Drum Washing Machine Based on Ansys/Workbench

The structure of inner cylinder component of drum washing machine has a critical impact on its working performance and service life, as a result, the structure analysis of the drum assembly (spider and main shaft) is chosen to be the research object in this paper. As the three-dimensional model is established by PRO/E, the structure intensity characteristic has been analyzed with the method of finite element analysis which is based on software Ansys/Workbench. According to the stress distribution characteristic, the maximum stress value that the spider has been bearing can be contrasted and analyzed with different load which can make sure the periodic properties of structure loads. The analysis and optimization method based on Ansys/Workbench provided a new thought which had the guiding significance for the development of new products of drum washing machine.

OPTIMIZATION OF CROSSPIECE OF WASHING MACHINE

The Optimization through FEA is new emerging field. Now a day’s providing product with less cost and with good functioning becomes necessary due to high competitions in market. Nowadays it is very necessary to shorten the development process of new components. Therefore tools are necessary that replace the natural evolution process by an automatic procedure. With today’s available resources the optimization approach is the best approach for industrial components which are having large number of design variables with more than one objective to satisfy. This paper includes optimization of crosspiece of washing machine by using FEA concept. One simple component is taken to correlate optimization FEA results with practical results. After validating simulation results of optimization, industrial component crosspiece of washing machine with drum assembly is considered for optimization. The material reduction objective is satisfied here by using simulation software tools like Optistruct, Hypermesh, Hyper view. The output shape from optistruct is converted into manufacturable part. Again simulation testing is performed for static loading. At last results before optimization and after optimization are compared for crosspiece.

Mountain bike wheel endurance testing and modeling

Mountain bike wheels may be evaluated for durability and mode of failure using bump drum test machines that subject wheels to simulated rider loads and uneven terrain. These machines may operate at high speeds in order to accelerate failures, particularly during the design and prototype phase of wheel development. This paper describes a mathematical model of the dynamics of a wheel test drum assembly, and the validation of the model using data recorded during a wheel test. This model will subsequently be applied to better understand the key test operating parameters that must be controlled in order to produce repeatable durability data during accelerated testing.

Dose Rate Distribution from a Standard Waste Drum Arrangement

The evaluation of the dose rate distributions from radioactive sources, together with the specific detector locations with respect to those sources, in many cases presents a significant analytical challenge. With the exception of a few, simple source-detector geometries, it is not possible to find an analytical expression for these dose rate distributions as functions of detector location. In this paper, the dose rate distributions due to the arrangement of radiological waste drums on a standard wooden transport and storage pallet are investigated. The dose rates at various distances, ranging from 5 cm to 20 m, from the waste drum assembly have been evaluated by Monte Carlo calculations. The simulation data are fitted by smooth analytical functions in two independent regions, the waste drum near zone, where a logarithmic function best described the data, and the far zone, where the functional dependence closely approximates the 1/r2-law for point sources.

Thermal Relaxation of Residual Stresses in Nickel-Based Superalloy Inertia Friction Welds

This article describes an experimental study aimed at characterizing the extent of residual stress relaxation during thermal treatment of inertia friction-welded alloy 720Li nickel-based superalloy welded tubular rings. In the as-welded condition, yield level tensile hoop stresses were found by neutron diffraction in the weld region along with axial bending stresses (tensile toward the inner diameter (ID)/compressive toward the outer). The evolution of these residual stress levels during postweld heat treatment (PWHT) was mapped experimentally over the weld cross section. After 8 hours of PWHT, the axial stresses relaxed by 70 pct, whereas the hoop stresses reduced by only 50 pct. Some scatter of residual stress evolution was found between samples, particularly for the axial stress direction. This was attributed to substandard tooling to grip the rings. The results on subscale samples were transferred to a full-scale aeroengine (650-mm diameter) compressor drum assembly that was postweld heat treated for 8 hours. It was found that the residual stresses, particularly in the axial direction, were noticeably lower in this full-scale weld component compared to the subscale weld heat treated for the same time. The differences seem to be best rationalized by the different standards of jigging used during joining these two types of welds.

Design and implementation of low cost automation system in heavy vehicle brakes assembly line

The brake drum assembly is an essential component in the automobiles. With increasing demand for heavy-duty automobiles, like trucks and buses, there is an increasing demand for these components. With a typical assembly rate of about 400 units a day using manual assembly tools, there is enormous pressure on the operator, prohibiting the company from enhancing their production rates to meet the market demand with existing resources. Keeping in mind the volatility of the market, it is preferred to resort to low cost automation, a technology that creates some degree of automation around the existing resources, using mostly standard components available in the market with very low investment. The method reported here presents such a low cost automation solution. It has been implemented in the real production line and its effectiveness has been proved in terms of planned objectives of increased productivity and reduced operator fatigue.

Study of Design and Evaluation of Drum Assembly for High Speed Dehydration in Washing Machine

Because customers are requiring front-loaded washing machine to handle big capacity laundry and have faster rotation speed to increase drying ability, there are being a lot of studies for achievement of high speed dehydration, high-strength and lightweight of washing machine in the latest washing machine business. It is essential that strength of Drum Assembly which is composed of spin drum, shaft, flange is improved to attain that target. In term of spin drum, it is difficult to realize joint strength required at high speed operation because joint strength of mechanical press-joining method is low remarkably in comparison with welding. Also in case of shaft system, stress from bending and twisting are complexly loaded onto the shaft supporting the horizontal drum, causing problems in fracture strength and fatigue life. The results of this study show optimal joining condition for mechanical press-joining by performing lots of tensile joining strength test with various specimen under multi-change of important design factor such as seaming width, bead area and bead depth etc. and the optimal design of shafting system for big capacity, high-rotation drying through strength analysis, experiment and evaluation.

Unique sounding drum

The unique sounding drum is a drum assembly having a metal body, a pair of upper rings and a membrane stretched across the top of the metal body and extended between the pair of upper rings. The metal body has a general hourglass configuration with an upper portion decreasing in diameter from a top opening to a midsection, and a lower portion increasing in diameter from the midsection to a bottom opening. A semi-circumferential arcuate relief extends partially, across the widths of the upper rings. The arcuate relief may have a plurality of grooves, dimensioned to have different widths and circumferential lengths. Additionally, the metal body has an interior chamber with a plurality of scratchings on it, which provide the drum assembly with a clearer voice and sound. The drum assembly may include a mallet, a cover made from a soft material, and an elastic cord.

A radiographic and tomographic imaging system integrated into a medical linear accelerator for localization of bone and soft-tissue targets

Purpose: Dose escalation in conformal radiation therapy requires accurate field placement. Electronic portal imaging devices are used to verify field placement but are limited by the low subject contrast of bony anatomy at megavoltage (MV) energies, the large imaging dose, and the small size of the radiation fields. In this article, we describe the in-house modification of a medical linear accelerator to provide radiographic and tomographic localization of bone and soft-tissue targets in the reference frame of the accelerator. This system separates the verification of beam delivery (machine settings, field shaping) from patient and target localization. Materials and Methods: A kilovoltage (kV) x-ray source is mounted on the drum assembly of an Elekta SL-20 medical linear accelerator, maintaining the same isocenter as the treatment beam with the central axis at 90° to the treatment beam axis. The x-ray tube is powered by a high-frequency generator and can be retracted to the drum-face. Two CCD-based fluoroscopic imaging systems are mounted on the accelerator to collect MV and kV radiographic images. The system is also capable of cone-beam tomographic imaging at both MV and kV energies. The gain stages of the two imaging systems have been modeled to assess imaging performance. The contrast-resolution of the kV and MV systems was measured using a contrast-detail (C-D) phantom. The dosimetric advantage of using the kV imaging system over the MV system for the detection of bone-like objects is quantified for a specific imaging geometry using a C-D phantom. Accurate guidance of the treatment beam requires registration of the imaging and treatment coordinate systems. The mechanical characteristics of the treatment and imaging gantries are examined to determine a localizing precision assuming an unambiguous object. MV and kV radiographs of patients receiving radiation therapy are acquired to demonstrate the radiographic performance of the system. The tomographic performance is demonstrated on phantoms using both the MV and the kV imaging system, and the visibility of soft-tissue targets is assessed. Results and Discussion: Characterization of the gains in the two systems demonstrates that the MV system is x-ray quantum noise-limited at very low spatial frequencies; this is not the case for the kV system. The estimates of gain used in the model are validated by measurements of the total gain in each system. Contrast-detail measurements demonstrate that the MV system is capable of detecting subject contrasts of less than 0.1% (at 6 and 18 MV). A comparison of the kV and MV contrast-detail performance indicates that equivalent bony object detection can be achieved with the kV system at significantly lower doses (factors of 40 and 90 lower than for 6 and 18 MV, respectively). The tomographic performance of the system is promising; soft-tissue visibility is demonstrated at relatively low imaging doses (3 cGy) using four laboratory rats. Conclusions: We have integrated a kV radiographic and tomographic imaging system with a medical linear accelerator to allow localization of bone and soft-tissue structures in the reference frame of the accelerator. Modeling and experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring high-quality radiographic and tomographic images at acceptable imaging doses. Full integration of the kV and MV imaging systems with the treatment machine will allow on-line radiographic and tomographic guidance of field placement. Keywords:

Cushioned support for drum

A drum assembly comprises a cylindrical shell and a head on the shell; annular retainer structure on the shell and retaining the head to the shell; multiple studs rigidly attached to the shell at the outer side thereof; multiple threaded rods extending between the studs and the retainer structure; a support band extending about the shell, and at least part way about the studs; and elastomer cushions carried by the support band and extending at least part way about the studs and adjacently facing the shell to cushion loading transferred between the studs and the support band, and to acoustically isolate the shell and support band; and drum support structure on the support band. The cushions typically extend in planes parallel to the drum central main axis.

Ribbon channel plate rotating drum DNA sequencing device.

A new design DNA sequencing electrophoresis device is described. The device, called the ribbon channeled plate rotating drum (rprd), consists of two major components, the plate assembly and the drum assembly. The plate assembly contains a machined or etched plate of individual micro-channels called the ribbon channeled plate. The ribbon channeled plate and other components of the plate assembly combine the advantages of thin gels and capillary arrays in a single unit with few of the disadvantages. The other major component of rprd is the drum assembly, which facilitates direct blotting onto deposition membranes affixed to a large plastic drum. The drum with attached membrane and deposited electrophoretically resolved ladders is easily moved to special units facilitating downstream processing and detection. The drum unit, although versatile, is specifically designed to be used with multiplex sequencing.

ＶＴＲ用ダイナミックドラム（ＤＤ）制御系の開発

This paper describes a new control system for VCR drums. The system, called the Dynamic Drum (DD) system, has the drum assembly's rotation axis tilted to accurately trace recording tracks for noise-free playback. The tilt angle for each playback speed is coarsely controlled by a rotary encoder; the tilt angle is finely controlled by a detected envelope of playback signals. The 2-step control of the DD enables fast angle determination and high stability even for videotapes recorded on other VCRs. The data for the optimum tilt angle at each playback speed can be saved for coarse tilt angle control.

Simulation of tape glide characteristics above VCR drum with rotating part and static part

The characteristics of tape flight over the entire drum assembly were analyzed, taking tape-drum contact into consideration, and assuming a practical VCR drum system in which the lower drum is stationary. Through this analysis, the effects of the basic components of the tape/drum system were examined, with the following results: 1) By making the upper drum radius larger than that of the lower drum, the tape can be supported by the lubricated region of the upper drum, and contact between tape and lower drum can be reduced. However, contact between the tape and the upper drum edge occurs where the tape leaves the drum assembly. 2) When the tape is inclined at an angle (helical angle) with the direction of drum rotation, the tape flying height is reduced throughout, from where the tape meets the drum to where it leaves. Where the tape leaves the drum, the tape makes contact with the lower drum. 3) There is considerable in-plane stress in the tape where it is subjected to pressure. For this reason, in systems with a helical angle, stress in the tape tends to concentrate where the tape leaves the drum on the upper drum side. 4) The tape feed system, including the lead guide, affects not only the lateral position of the tape, but also the characteristics of tape glide over the drum.

Electro-acoustically amplified drum and mounting bracket

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