Drug Use In Sport Research Articles

Assessing anti-doping knowledge among Taiwanese pharmacists

BackgroundTaiwan’s unique health behaviour, such as extensive exposure to Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), has introduced a risk of inadvertent doping among competing athletes. Pharmacy professionals have an imperative role in advising athletes on the safe use of medicines. This study provides an overview of anti-doping knowledge and educational needs among pharmacists in Taiwan and examines influencing factors.MethodsA cross-sectional online questionnaire survey consisting of five domains, namely demographic characteristics, source of prohibited substances, identification of prohibited substances, understanding of doping control, and education needs on anti-doping, was distributed to the registered pharmacists in Taiwan. In total, 491 responses were included in the analyses.ResultsRespondents (65% female, aged 41.9 ± 11.4 years, with 68% having a Bachelor’s degree) reported a moderate anti-doping knowledge score of 37.2 ± 4.9, ranging from 21 to 48 (out of 51). Fifteen per cent of them had the experience of being counselled about drug use in sports. Higher knowledge scores were observed in younger respondents, showing an age-dependent effect (p < 0.001). Individuals practising in southern Taiwan (compared to northern Taiwan) and those working at clinics (compared to hospitals) exhibited lower knowledge. Most of the respondents (90%) knew that stimulant ephedrine is prohibited in sports, but few had recognised diuretic furosemide (38%) and CHM (7%) containing β2-agonist higenamine. Approximately 90% of respondents agreed with the need for anti-doping education.ConclusionsThis study highlights the heterogeneity of anti-doping knowledge among pharmacy professionals and provides practical relevance in organising future educational topics and research-based activities.

Framing the space of performance enhancing drug use in sport: Nationalism bias in the Australian Media

ABSTRACT Sports media regularly frames the issue of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) through the ideals of morality, nationalism and expected behaviours. This has provided an emergent focus for research studies and extensive and enlightening coverage. This study aims to identify how the Australian media frames PEDs across a diverse range of media sources through the selection of five print and online media publications. Using nationalism bias and media framing, the study researched the prevailing positions, language and framing each publication used to report on individuals associated with, linked to or found to be using, PEDs. The prevalent, ‘nationalism-based’ reporting emerged, glorifying anti-doping procedures in relation to international athletes and sporting programmes. In comparison, the guilt and severity of punishments given to Australian athletes was questioned. Thus, the reporting presents both a political and biased narrative that is explored further within this manuscript.

Assessment of the Factors Responsible For the Use of Illicit Drugs by Medical Students in Sports in a Tertiary Institution in Delta State, Nigeria

The use of illicit drugs in recent times in modern sport has become an issue of growing concern. This study assessed the factors responsible for the use of illicit drugs by medical students in sports in Delta State University Abraka The target population included five departments in the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences of Delta State University Abraka. A cross-sectional survey design was conducted among 1,436 medical student athletes of the College of Health Sciences of Delta State University Abraka and random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 143 respondents. A researcher-made confidential questionnaire was the instrument used for the collection of data. A coefficient index score (r) of 0.78 was obtained which ascertained the internal consistency of the instrument was reliable. A total of 120 questionnaires were successfully retrieved and used for data analysis. Mean score and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were adopted as statistical tools for analyzing the obtained data. There was significant (p&lt;0.05) relationship between the age of medical students and their knowledge of illicit drugs used in sports, however, there was no significant (p&gt;0.05) relationship between the gender of the students and their knowledge of illicit drugs used in sports. Similarly, there was no significant (p&gt;0.05) relationship between type of school of medical students and knowledge of illicit drugs used in sports. Findings from the study further equally revealed that there was no significant (p&gt;0.05) relationship between parental background and medical students’ knowledge of use of illicit drugs in sports. Based on the findings of this study, it is obvious age was supported to determine the use of illicit drugs in sports by medical in sports, hence, the need for stringent policies to be censored especially towards the age requirement for medical student participation while adopting adequate measures to curtail the use of illicit drug among medical students.&#x0D; Keywords: Illicit drugs, Sports, Gender, Age, Medical students

Goodwill competition and drug use in sports

Goodwill competition and drug use in sports

Cheating of Olympic proportions: The genealogy of Samaranch’s deployment of “cheating”

The issue of doping has been a staple concern of the Olympic Movement since the 1950s. During that time, the notions of what doping was, and the social importance of it evolved over time. This study looks at the official news and opinion venue of the International Olympic Committee (The Olympic Review) to trace the genealogy of the concepts of doping and cheating over time to see how historical and social contingencies have affected the 'drug-free Olympics' discourse. References 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law & Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195. https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667. Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrucken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU.

Pharmacy services at the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games

ObjectivePharmacy services at large multisport events support safe and effective medication use. Our aim is to describe the contribution of pharmacists and to share the pharmacy experiences at the 2018...

WADA at twenty: old problems and old thinking?

ABSTRACT The decision taken at Lausanne in 1999 to establish WADA represented a new start in anti-doping: a new organization under new leadership with new sources of funding, new headquarters and a new and wider anti-doping remit. The establishment of WADA also represented a potential new start in another way, for it offered an opportunity to develop fresh thinking and new approaches to anti-doping. To what extent has such fresh thinking been evident in WADA policy over the past twenty years? This question is examined via a focus on two key policy issues: WADA’s rationale for anti-doping policy and the reliance of WADA’s anti-doping policy on a strategy based on biological testing. What have been the implications of decisions in these areas for the outcomes of WADA policy, as measured by the number, and the type, of doping offences identified by WADA? It is argued that in many respects WADA’s policies represent a missed opportunity for, far from bringing new thinking or offering a new approach to anti-doping, WADA has for the most part simply reiterated and intensified policies which have a long history of failure and that those policies continue to be largely unsuccessful in controlling drug use in sport.

Gender Difference, Nutritional Supplements and Drug use in Sport to Enhancing Performance: an Italian Revision over the Last Decade

Gender Difference, Nutritional Supplements and Drug use in Sport to Enhancing Performance: an Italian Revision over the Last Decade

In Memoriam Joseph Cummiskey, MD, Prof. 1945–2018

In Memoriam Joseph Cummiskey, MD, Prof. 1945–2018

Instructional design and assessment of an elective course on the use of drugs in sport

Background and purposeThe use and misuse of drugs in sport is becoming increasingly important globally, and the role of pharmacists is evolving in this regard. This paper describes the design and implementation of an elective course “Drugs in Sport” in an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum. Educational activity and settingThe elective course was designed to introduce BSc pharmacy students to an evidence-based approach to safe, effective, and legal use of drugs in sport. The course covered why athletes take drugs, evolution of doping in sport, the international regulations regarding doping and anti-doping in sport including the World Anti-doping Agency Prohibited List, as well as testing and monitoring for drug use in sport. It also included the role of athlete support personnel (ASP) in preventing the use of prohibited substances by athletes. A web-based survey was conducted at the end of the course to assess the students’ perspectives of the course. FindingsStudents provided an evaluation of the course in terms of its content, methods of delivery, and assessment. Overall, the students demonstrated competence. They gained insight into international and national regulations regarding doping and anti-doping in sport and the potential role of pharmacists as ASP in providing support and advice for athletes and the public. SummaryDesigning and implementing an evidence-based course on the use of drugs in sport customized for pharmacy students was achieved successfully. Such courses could provide an opportunity to advance the scope of pharmacy practice and possibly provide a new career path for future pharmacists.

Match-Fixing: A Historical Perspective

Match-fixing has a long history, but while use of drugs in sport has a substantial secondary literature, match-fixing has only recently begun to attract the attention of historians. This essay begins with a brief overview of its global contemporary contexts, the broad range of sports where it now surfaces, increased recognition of its moral, social, and economic threat, and the varied responses of leading sports organizations, legal gambling operators, police forces, governmental departments, and regulators. The following section explores the challenges of finding any reliable evidence of match-fixing in the past. Such material can include reports of criminal trials and investigations, the decisions of national and international sporting bodies, journalistic investigations, players confessions, suspended investigations, and the many various unsubstantiated allegations of fixing. An overview shows that match-fixing has been a major and substantial long-standing historical continuity in sport usually but not always is linked to gambling and sporting materialism. Examples are brought forward to show that it could be found in Ancient Greece and Egypt, and was widespread across the early modern and modern periods in Britain, America, and Australia. The essay concludes by suggesting some key questions which a future agenda for the historical study of match-fixing might address.

Understanding Appearance-Enhancing Drug Use in Sport Using an Enactive Approach to Body Image.

From an enactive approach to human activity, we suggest that the use of appearance-enhancing drugs is better explained by the sense-making related to body image rather than the cognitive evaluation of social norms about appearance and consequent psychopathology-oriented approach. After reviewing the main psychological disorders thought to link body image issues to the use of appearance-enhancing substances, we sketch a flexible, dynamic and embedded account of body image defined as the individual’s propensity to act and experience in specific situations. We show how this enacted body image is a complex process of sense-making that people engage in when they are trying to adapt to specific situations. These adaptations of the enacted body image require effort, perseverance and time, and therefore any substance that accelerates this process appears to be an easy and attractive solution. In this enactive account of body image, we underline that the link between the enacted body image and substance use is also anchored in the history of the body’s previous interactions with the world. This emerges during periods of upheaval and hardship, especially in a context where athletes experience weak participatory sense-making in a sport community. We conclude by suggesting prevention and intervention designs that would promote a safe instrumental use of the body in sports and psychological helping procedures for athletes experiencing difficulties with substances use and body image.

The new front in the war on doping: Amateur athletes

The war on drugs is usually associated with criminal policies aimed at stemming consumption of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and cannabis, less so with enhancement drugs like those used in sport. As drug use in sport, or doping, has become more visibly widespread, policies aimed at combating the issue have become more restrictive, intrusive, and harsh. In this article we draw new comparisons between the wider war on drugs and recent developments in sports anti-doping. We identify a growing trend towards criminalisation of traffickers and users, and associate that with another growing trend: the testing of amateur athletes. This article reviews the current anti-doping system, including the recent amateur policies, then considers of the results of one such program in amateur cycling. We then shift to consider the possible implications for amateurs of criminal doping laws and the recent debates about allowing medical exemptions for therapeutic use of banned substances. We show that drug use in sport can be understood as a new front in the war on drugs, with some extreme measures and many negative unintended consequences. To remedy this, we argue that amateur athletes require a separate anti-doping policy focused on minimising harms of use.

Tour du dopage: Confessions of doping professional cyclists in a modern work environment

Despite widespread condemnation of drug use in sport, recent flurries of riders’ confessions have emphasized the normalization and omnipresence of doping within cycling. This has particularly occurred since the Festina affair in 1998, and Lance Armstrong’s confession about drug use in 2012. Whilst there is an array of reasons for cyclists’ doping, little is known about how this is understood in relation to their performances. This paper addresses this by analyzing 112 doping cyclists’ confessions, adopting an interactionist perspective on deviance and a position of ‘sport as work’. Findings show how doping is legitimated by cyclists on three levels of their performance. These include maintaining their performance to themselves, presenting their performance to their team and supporting the grand spectacle of cycling. It is concluded that doping becomes a form of ‘performance egoism’ that allows cyclists to legitimate their performances.

Bioanalytical techniques in discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sport.

The discrimination between therapeutic and abusive use of drugs in sports is performed using threshold concentrations or reporting levels, and the detection of the substances in a sample is only reported as an adverse analytical finding when the concentration exceeds the threshold or the reporting level. In this paper, the strategies of discrimination and the analytical methods used for the main groups of substances where the distinction is needed (β-2 agonists, ephedrines, glucocorticoids and morphine) will be reviewed. Nowadays, LC-MS is the method of choice for the analysis of these substances and, in most of the cases, a simple dilution of the urine sample is performed before the chromatographic analysis.

‘The Event That Shook the Whole World Up’: Historicizing the 1983 Pan-American Games Doping Scandal

In August of 1983 at the Pan-American Games in Caracas, Venezuela, a multi-faceted doping crisis occurred that overshadowed all other aspects of the games. This essay marks the first attempt to historicize the events surrounding this watershed moment in the fight against drug use in sport. Doping was revealed in three ways in Caracas: by the large number of positive tests that resulted in the first loss to doping of medals in the history of the Pan-American Games, by the exodus of the 12 American track and field athletes who flew home rather than be subject to testing in the sophisticated lab run by Dr Manfred Donike, and by a rash of ‘injuries’ and unexpectedly poor performances that kept athletes out of the medals and thus out of Donike’s lab. In the aftermath of the games, the United States Olympic Committee implemented new policies to ensure that Americans competing in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games would not run the risk of similar public embarrassment.

Why the war on drugs in sport will never be won.

Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-control test results reveal. A zero-tolerance (ZT) model, which aims to eliminate the use, has dominated the thinking of sport’s policy makers over the last 15 years. In light of the limitations associated with ZT-based policy, we propose an alternative policy, one based on controlled use and harm reduction principles. We argue that substance control policies underpinned by harm reduction (HR) principles of social utility and public value will deliver superior social outcomes. First, a harm reduction approach better accommodates the competitive realities of sports and the impact of elite sports’ emphasis on performance at all costs. Second, HR prioritises athlete welfare over sport and brand reputation. Finally, while appreciating the regulatory and risk management responsibilities of sports’ governing bodies, the HR model offers greater space to the athlete’s right to privacy, and right to personal autonomy.

Knowledge and Perceptions of Pharmacy Students in Qatar on Anti-Doping in Sports and on Sports Pharmacy in Undergraduate Curricula

Objective. To assess pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions of doping and anti-doping in sports and to explore the curricular needs for undergraduate pharmacy in the field of sports pharmacy. Methods. A cross-sectional, descriptive, web-based survey of pharmacy students was conducted at Qatar University College of Pharmacy from March to May 2014. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results. Eighty respondents completed the online survey (80% response rate). Sixty percent were unaware of the World Anti-Doping Agency, and 85% were unaware of the International Pharmaceutical Federation's statement on the pharmacist's role in anti-doping. Students' knowledge score regarding the prohibited status of drugs that may be used by athletes was around 50%. Fourth-year pharmacy students had significantly higher knowledge scores than the other groups of students. Respondents acknowledged the important role of health care professionals, including pharmacists, as advisors on the safe and effective use of drugs in sports. Ninety percent of the students supported the inclusion of sports pharmacy in the curriculum. Conclusion. Pharmacy students indicated a strong desire to play a role in doping prevention and ensure safe and rational use of drugs among athletes. They suggested requiring an education and training strategy for sports pharmacy in undergraduate pharmacy curricula.

Rethinking drug use in sport: why the war will never be won

1. Revisiting the Drugs in Sport Debate 2. Setting the Scene 1: Drug Use in Contemporary Society 3. Setting the Scene 2: Critical Drug Use Incidents and Cases in Sport 4. Setting the Scene 3: Scale and Scope of Drug Use in Sport 5. Setting the Scene 4: Player and Athlete Attitudes to Drug Use in Sport 6. Framing the Debate 1: Neo-liberalism and the Cult of Individualism 7. Framing the Debate 2: Social Ecology and the Primacy of Context 8. Framing the Debate 3: Capital Accumulation through Bodily Enhancement 9. Framing the Debate 4: Life-Course Analysis as a Tool for Identifying Gateways to Success 10. The WADA Revolution 1: How it Happened and What it Does 11. The WADA Revolution 2: Sport League Responses 12. The WADA Revolution 3: A Critical Appraisal 13. Re-thinking Drug Control in Sport 1: Why Regulation? 14. Re-thinking Drug Control in Sport 2: Bringing it All Together 15. Rethinking Drug Control in Sport 3: The Case for a New Deal

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Cardiology was launched in 1985. It is part of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of cardiology is divided into 14 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Sherif F. NaguehSherif F. NaguehAfter graduating from the Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, Egypt, in 1986, Dr Nagueh emigrated to Houston, Texas, USA. He completed his medicine residency and cardiology fellowship at Baylor College of Medicine, USA. He is currently Professor of Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA; and Medical Director of the Echocardiography Laboratory at the Methodist DeBakey Heart Center in Houston, Texas, USA. Dr Nagueh has received several awards, including the Second Annual Feigenbaum Lecture at the American Society of Echocardiography meeting in 2001. He sits on the Editorial Boards of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Circulation, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, and Clinical Science; and has served as the Imaging and echocardiography Section Editor for Current Opinion in Cardiology since 2001. Andrew PipeAndrew PipeDr Andrew Pipe graduated from Queen's University, Canada in 1974. He is currently Chief of the Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada, and is also a Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa, Canada. He is currently involved in clinical research assessing new approaches to smoking cessation, strategies designed to facilitate exercise adoption, and novel initiatives to prevent cardiovascular disease. Dr Pipe has addressed audiences in over 30 nations and is frequently consulted on issues related to tobacco use and smoking cessation, physical activity and health, and drug use in sport. Dr Pipe is the recipient of the International Olympic Committee's Award for “Sport, Health and Wellbeing” and honourary degrees from Queen's University (LLD), Brock University (DSc), Canada and the University of Guelph (DSc), Canada. He was the recipient of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society's Dr Harold N. Segall Award for distinguished contributions to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and was named to the Order of Canada in 2002.