School Dropout Research Articles

Horizontal inequity in the use of mental healthcare in Australia.

For people experiencing mental health problems, timely access to high-quality healthcare is imperative for improving outcomes. However, limited availability of services, high out-of-pocket costs, insufficient health literacy and stigmatizing attitudes may mean people do not receive the necessary treatment. We analyze Australian longitudinal data to document the extent and predictors of horizontal inequity in mental healthcare use among people with a newly developed mild or moderate mental disorder. Importantly, we compare people with similar health, residing in the same area, thus controlling for differences in healthcare needs and availability of services. Results suggest that mental healthcare use is not significantly associated with household income or financial hardship. In contrast, we find significant inequities by educational attainment, with university graduates around 50% more likely to receive mental healthcare than high-school dropouts. These findings are robust across subsamples and alternative modeling approaches, including panel data models with individual fixed-effects. Additional explorations of the education gradient suggest a potential pathway through mental health-specific knowledge and attitudes.

Learning Approaches of First-Year University Students: A mixed-method study in Chile

In Chile, the low retention rates among first-year university students are an issue of concern. Additionally, the sustained growth in enrolment in higher education poses challenges for universities due to inequalities in the students' basic and secondary education, increasing the risk of dropout. This study analysed the learning approaches among first-year students in English and Physical Education at three universities in the La Araucanía region and their impact on academic performance and retention rates. The research was carried out using a mixed methodological design, with a quantitative predominance of sequential order QUANT-qual with three phases, starting with a questionnaire to identify learning approaches, complemented with semi-structured interviews with students and concluding with the triangulation of the results obtained in the first and second phases. In the first phase 114 students participated, 46 males and 68 females, and in the second phase 10 students participated, 4 males and 6 females. The results indicated that participants adopted a deep learning approach with a prevalence of moderate intensity. A superficial learning approach correlates with university retention rates, but there is no significant relationship between learning approaches and academic performance. Qualitative findings showed that deep motivation and superficial learning strategies continuously influence participants when they face academic demands.

BARUDAK CERDAS DAN AKTIF : SOLUSI PENANGANAN ANAK PUTUS SEKOLAH DI DESA SIRNAGALIH KABUPATEN CIANJUR

This community service activity was carried out with the main background so that the people of Sirnagalih village, Cianjur district, could massively reduce the school dropout rate with the Smart and Active Barudak program. Thus, this service activity aims to increase parents' awareness and children's interest in going to school. The service method is carried out by providing counseling and providing training in collaboration with the community work team in Sirnagalih village. In general, the activity went well. The participation and enthusiasm of the participants in this activity could be seen from the active discussions. The impact of this activity can increase parental awareness and children's interest in going to school so that the school dropout rate can be reduced and decrease drastically.

THE SOCIOGENESIS OF RACISM AND ETHNIC-RACIAL RELATIONS IN SCHOOL: A CRITICAL VIEW

This study addresses the sociogenesis of racism in Brazil, examining its manifestation in the school environment and the challenges of developing pedagogical practices capable of mitigating this exclusionary culture and its violence. Based on a current, historical, and theoretical contextualization, the study seeks to investigate how racism manifests itself in education and what its consequences are in everyday school life, analyzing how prejudice, discrimination, and the devaluation of black and indigenous cultures and subjectivities impact students' learning processes. It is concluded that racism is prominent in Brazilian society and its consequences affect education, with impacts on school dropout rates, student performance, and social inclusion.

Overcoming Educational Barriers: Analyzing Root Causes and Solutions for Gender Disparity in Adivasi Education

This paper examines the current state of the gender gap in literacy rates and school education among Adivasi populations in India. Despite significant progress in overall literacy rates in recent decades, Adivasi communities, particularly Adivasi girls, continue to lag behind. We analyze the latest data from the Census of India, National Family Health Surveys, and other government reports to quantify the extent of the gender gap in literacy and school enrollment, attendance, and dropout rates among major Adivasi groups across different states. Root causes including poverty, lack of access to schools, cultural norms, early marriage, and lack of female teachers are explored. The paper also reviews recent government initiatives and welfare schemes aimed at promoting education of Adivasi girls and reducing gender disparity. Based on the analysis, targeted policy recommendations are made to accelerate progress in closing the gender gap and ensuring basic school education for all Adivasi girls in India.

Self-reported mistreatment of Danish medical students

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that mistreatment of medical students (MS) exists and that it is associated with stress, anxiety, burnout, substance abuse etc. Mistreatment encompasses discrimination and sexual harassment and impacts MS’ ability to partake their education with increased risk of dropout. The aim of the study is therefore to explore whether Danish MS and junior physicians enrolled in the Clinical basic education (CBE) have experienced mistreatment during their studies. Methods An online survey was conducted by email and sent to 5234 MS enrolled in one of four medical Master programs in Denmark or in the CBE. Reminders were distributed by email, shared in Facebook groups, and presented during lectures, accompanied by cards with QR codes for the survey. Data collection took place during spring 2023 and 645 completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 12 %. The questions were based on the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results MS most often encounter mistreatment from physicians, other health professionals and patients during their clinical internships. They also encounter mistreatment from lecturers and peers. MS who self-identify with another ethnicity than Danish/European were 3.2 times more likely than MS identifying with Danish/European ethnicity to report mistreatment from other students (95% CI 1.76 -5.95). Men were also less likely than women to report mistreatment. The mistreatment reported by MS is predominantly based on gender, ethnicity, religion, and age. The most frequent experiences are stereotypical statements (71,8%), lack of respect (65,1%) and being ignored (54,1%). Conclusions Our results indicate that Danish MS experience mistreatment, which can potentially impact their mental health. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to create an inclusive educational environment that fosters the well-being and success of MS. Key messages • Danish medical students often face mistreatment from peers and health professionals, and more often reported by woman and students identifying with ethnic backgrounds other than Danish/European. • Action by University management is needed to implement targeted interventions such as diversity training, as mistreatment can negatively impact students’ mental health and educational outcomes.

The Phenomenon of School Dropouts in the Pujut, Mandalika SEZ: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis from the Perspective of Education Actors and Society

The development of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Pujut district, while driving economic growth, has raised concerns about declining school interest and high dropout rates among local students. This qualitative study, employing interpretive phenomenological methods, explores the experiences and perceptions of education actors, including the vice principal for student affairs, counseling guidance teachers, Mongge madrasah teachers, and the Head of Sukadana Village, to understand the underlying factors. Findings reveal economic constraints as a primary cause of dropout, with many students from low-income families unable to afford education. Early marriage, particularly among female students, is another significant factor influenced by economic, social, and cultural pressures. Additionally, broken homes, unsupportive social environments, the negative influence of social media, and a lack of motivation contribute to the problem. Schools have responded with counseling, parental engagement, and restrictions on mobile phone use. However, deeper issues like early marriage and broken homes necessitate broader interventions involving government policies and socio-cultural change. This research illuminates the complexity of school dropout in the Mandalika SEZ and highlights the need for a comprehensive approach engaging all stakeholders to ensure educational access and success for all students.

Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent Behavioral Health Challenges, and High School Dropout.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with behavioral health challenges and high school dropout, and behavioral health is associated with high school dropout. Less is known about the role of behavioral health challenges in the relationship between ACEs and high school dropout. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2013) and its 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study supplement, the current study conducts mediational path analysis to examine the direct and indirect effects of cumulative ACEs on high school dropout via adolescent depression, anxiety, and substance use. Experiencing more ACEs was associated with depression, anxiety, and substance use. Only depression and substance use were associated with high school dropout. There was a significant direct effect between increased ACEs and high school dropout and significant indirect effects via depression and substance use, but not anxiety. Adolescent behavioral health interventions to address the long-term effects of ACEs may also support academic achievement. School-based interventions, particularly those aligned with trauma-sensitive school frameworks and engaging various school personnel, including school nurses, should be considered. Community- and policy-level interventions aimed at primary prevention of ACEs are also needed.

Unrealistic risk perceptions of Iranian current cigarette smokers on developing lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a cross-sectional study

Cigarette smoking causes serious complications and diseases in a person’s life, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and some cancers, including lung cancer. On the other hand, studies have shown that smokers do not have a real understanding of the health hazards of smoking. This study was conducted to determine the perceived risk of lung cancer and COPD in current smokers. This cross-sectional study which was conducted between January-May 2023, recruited 380 current smokers by convenience sampling in community setting. The data were collected face to face using three questionnaires (1) the risk perception for lung cancer and COPD questionnaire, (2) the smoking stage of change questionnaire, and (3) the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. We examined the relationship between the included variables and the smokers’ perceived risk of lung cancer and COPD by using multiple linear regression. We found that lower education (coefficient = 3.60, 95%CI [1.00, 6.19], P < 0.0001) for elementary level and (coefficient = 2.81, 95% CI [0.36, 5.26], P < 0.05) for secondary level had greater lung cancer perceived risk. Besides, smoking age onset for 20 + years (coefficient=-1.36, 95%CI [-2.42, -3.17], P < 0.0001) lower than those who started before the age of 20 were associated with lower perceived risk for lung cancer. Regarding COPD, results indicated that lower education (coefficient = 4.54, 95% CI [1.87, 7.21], p < 0001) for elementary level (coefficient = 3.35, 95% CI [0.83, 5.87], p < 0.001) for secondary level and (coefficient = 3.03, 95% CI[-0.67, 4.25], P < 0.05) for high school dropout, and employment status (coefficient = 3.62, 95% CI[0.66, 6.59], p < 0.05) of employer and (coefficient = 3.23, 95% CI [0.14, 6.33], p < 0.05) for homemaker reported greater perceived risk. This study’s results showed that participants’ perceived risk was relatively low. It seems necessary to carry out interventions to inform about the harms of smoking and to enhance public awareness about the heightened risks of diseases such as lung cancer and COPD among cigarette smokers.

Exploring Entrepreneurial Intention and Student Engagement of Youth Living in Poverty

Graduating from secondary education for adolescents living in poverty is challenging. Strong entrepreneurial intention and student engagement among youth living in poverty often play a protective role in reducing school dropout and fostering school completion, which results in improved educational attainment. However, research on this topic is scarce. A total of 1135 adolescents took part in this cross-sectional study, 50.9% of which were females. On average, they were 16.4 years old. They were all upper secondary school students from ten public and private schools in Lebanon. They completed instruments measuring entrepreneurial intention and student engagement. This study explored the covariate associations between risk and promotive factors through four dimensions of entrepreneurial intention and two components of student engagement (cognitive and psychological engagement). It shows positive associations for entrepreneurial intention with both individual factors (age) and social factors (working mother and private school). Negative associations for student engagement were found in all (individual and social) factors with the exception of the father’s job, which did not present any association. The findings provide insight for policymaking to empower schools to promote school completion and educational attainment among these youth by providing policy initiatives and school-based interventions that target entrepreneurial exposure and engagement strengthening, hence meeting young people’s individual, family, and school community needs.

A Study on Causes and Pattern of School Drop Out in A Slum Area of Kolkata, India in 2024

Introduction: School drop outs are very common in children, especially in developing countries, and may occur due to many causes. Social causes and other diseases like infections and other are important causes of drop out in school life across the world. Materials and methods: - We assessed various causes of school drop out by clinic-based study. Results: - We have also recorded here similar findings. Poverty was leading cause of school drop out followed by other social causes and health issues. Conclusion: - The important social as well as medical causes of school drop out should be looked into and efforts should be made to mitigate these contributing factors, in order to foster education of children.

Pharmacotherapy for patients with calcium oxalate stones and abnormal urine chemistry: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Urinary Stones, Third Edition.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the benefits and harms of pharmacotherapies for patients with calcium oxalate stones and abnormal urine chemistry. This article is a modified and detailed version of the commentary on Clinical Question 10 described in the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Urinary Stones, Third Edition. PubMed and Ichushi Web were searched through August 2020 for articles on pharmacotherapies for calcium oxalate stones (thiazides, citrate preparations, uric acid production inhibitors, and magnesium preparations). Two reviewers independently selected randomized controlled trials reporting reduction of stone recurrence and adverse drug reactions as outcomes and performed data extraction and quality assessment. Meta-analyses with random effects models and rating of the strength of evidence were performed. Pharmacotherapies were shown to significantly reduce stone recurrence (risk ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.63). Meanwhile, the pharmacotherapies increased adverse drug reactions leading to study dropout (risk ratio 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.09-5.75) and adverse drug reactions/adverse events (risk ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.56). The reported adverse drug reactions were, however, mainly minor and did not frequently require discontinuation of medication (2%-16%). The strengths of evidence for both outcomes were rated as moderate, because the risk of bias, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and publication bias were all serious except for one item. The overall strength of evidence across outcomes was therefore determined to be moderate. These results support the conditional recommendation to initiate pharmacotherapies for patients with calcium oxalate stones and abnormal urine chemistry.

Predictors of Dropout Intention in French Secondary School Students: The Role of Test Anxiety, School Burnout, and Academic Achievement

School dropout intention and reduced academic achievement are two crucial indicators of school dropout risk. Past studies have shown that school performance plays a mediating role in the models explaining dropout intentions. School burnout and test anxiety have been identified as predictors of both academic performance and school dropout. However, their combined effects on the intention to leave school have not yet been investigated. We aimed to address this gap by exploring the predictors of school dropout intention in a sample of 205 French secondary school students. Structural equation modelling analyses have revealed the specific facets of school burnout (devaluation) and test anxiety (cognitive interference) that explained the school dropout intentions and academic performance. Grade Point Average (GPA) was a mediator of the effects of these variables on the intention to drop out of school. The findings highlight the need to acknowledge assessments as a school stress factor that could contribute to health problems and intentions to drop out of school.

Health, economic and social impacts of the Brazilian cash transfer program on the lives of its beneficiaries: a scoping review

BackgroundThe Bolsa Família cash transfer Program (BFP) aims to break the poverty cycle by providing a minimum income to poor families conditioned on their investment in human capital (such as, education and health) and currently is the largest Program in the world in terms of the number of beneficiaries. Because there is a scarcity of reviews grouping studies on the impacts of the BFP, the objective of this scoping review was to identify and describe studies which evaluate the impact of the BFP on poverty, health, education, and other related outcomes.MethodsWe searched for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method articles that assessed the impact of the BFP on any aspect of the beneficiaries' lives between 2003 and March 2021. We included quantitative articles that used experimental, quasi-experimental or pre and post comparison designs. We excluded articles that analyzed impacts on political outcomes. There was no age restriction for the participants. The search was done in seven electronic databases.ResultsOne thousand five hundred forty-six papers were identified and 94 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Poverty and health outcomes were the most common outcomes studied. We found consistent evidence of the positive impact of the BFP on poverty reduction, as well as employment outcomes. We also found positive impacts in relation to mortality rates for children and adults, school dropout and school attendance among children and adolescents, and violence related outcomes such as homicide, suicide, crime, and hospitalization. However, we also found some evidence that BFP increased intimate partner violence and gender stereotypes among women and no evidence of impact on teenage pregnancy.ConclusionsOverall, the studies included found that BFP showed positive impacts on most poverty, health and education outcomes. More studies are needed to confirm some results, especially about violence and stereotype against women as there were few evaluations on these outcomes.

A Cross-sectional Study to Assess the Self-esteem Among Adolescents in an Urban Poor Locality of Bengaluru City

Self-esteem refers to the individual’s perception or subjective appraisal of one’s own self-worth, self-confidence and self-respect. Self-esteem plays an important role in determining and preventing mental health disorders. There is a dearth in the knowledge of understanding self-esteem among Indian urban slum adolescents; therefore, this study was taken to assess self-esteem among adolescents of an urban poor locality using ‘The Rosenberg Self-esteem scale’. A cross-sectional survey among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years was conducted from April to June 2023 in the urban poor locality of Bangalore. Taking prevalence of low self-esteem among adolescents as 15.3%, the sample size was calculated as 200. Out of 200 subjects, 52.7% were females and 47.5% were male. We found that 28.0% were school dropouts. The study showed a majority of the subjects had normal or high self-esteem and 10.5% had low self-esteem. Increasing age of the adolescents was found to be significantly associated with self-esteem scores ( p &lt; .05). This study identified that 10.5% had poor self-esteem and they need support from family, school and Sneha Clinic at Urban Primary Health Centre to improve their life skills and prevent mental health issues in adolescence and adulthood.

Cannabis Use During Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Academic Achievement

Cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood may affect academic achievement; however, the magnitude of association remains unclear. To conduct a systematic review evaluating the association between cannabis use and academic performance. CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to November 10, 2023. Observational studies examining the association of cannabis use with academic outcomes were selected. The literature search identified 17 622 unique citations. Pairs of reviewers independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. Both random-effects models and fixed-effects models were used for meta-analyses, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was applied to evaluate the certainty of evidence for each outcome. Data were analyzed from April 6 to May 25, 2024. School grades, school dropout, school absenteeism, grade retention, high school completion, university enrollment, postsecondary degree attainment, and unemployment. Sixty-three studies including 438 329 individuals proved eligible for analysis. Moderate-certainty evidence showed cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood was probably associated with lower school grades (odds ratio [OR], 0.61 [95% CI, 0.52-0.71] for grade B and above); less likelihood of high school completion (OR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.33-0.76]), university enrollment (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.60-0.87]), and postsecondary degree attainment (OR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.62-0.77]); and increased school dropout rate (OR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.73-2.78]) and school absenteeism (OR, 2.31 [95% CI, 1.76-3.03]). Absolute risk effects ranged from 7% to 14%. Low-certainty evidence suggested that cannabis use may be associated with increased unemployment (OR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.15-1.96]), with an absolute risk increase of 9%. Subgroup analyses with moderate credibility showed worse academic outcomes for frequent cannabis users and for students who began cannabis use earlier. Cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood was probably associated with increases in school absenteeism and dropout; reduced likelihood of obtaining high academic grades, graduating high school, enrolling in university, and postsecondary degree attainment; and perhaps increased unemployment. Further research is needed to identify interventions and policies that mitigate upstream and downstream factors associated with early cannabis exposure.

Blunted anterior midcingulate response to reward in opioid users is normalized by prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Abnormalities in goal-directed behavior, mediated by mesocorticolimbic reward function and structure, contribute to worse clinical outcomes including higher risk of treatment dropout and drug relapse in opioid users (OU). In a sham-controlled randomized study design, we measured whether robot-assisted 10Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the prefrontal cortex was able to modulate anterior midcingulate cortex (MCC) electrophysiological response to rewards, in OU and matched healthy controls. We show that OU exhibit a blunted anterior MCC reward response, compared to healthy controls (t(39) = 2.62, p = 0.01, d = 0.84), and that this is normalized following 10-Hz excitatory TMS (t (36) = .82, p = 0.42, d = 0.17). Excitatory TMS modulated the putative reward function of the MCC in OU. Further work with increased sample sizes and TMS sessions is required to determine whether restoring MCC reward function increases reward-directed behaviors, which may enhance treatment success through the maintenance of treatment goals.

The Impact of Financial Literacy on Selected Nigerian Public Sector Employees Savings Culture and Investment

Financial literacy ensures that an individual is able to match his income with his expenditure, lives within his means and forestall going broke or bankrupt. Like general or health literacy, financial literacy could be conceptualized as having two dimensions: understanding (personal finance knowledge) and use (personal finance application). In this study, we reviewed how financial literacy is measured in the current literature and examine how well the existing studies addresses whether financial literacy improves employees savings culture and investment. We review the literature on alternative policies to improve financial outcomes and compare the evidence on whether financial literacy improves employees spending habits, savings, investments and standard of living. The sample size of this survey based study consists of 110 working men and women from non-financial public sector in Nigeria. Data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency distribution. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis of the data. The major challenge in financial education has been how to measure the impact of financial education on the recipient savings culture. Investment and standard of living. On the other hand what is the influence of financial literacy on employees’ savings and investment outcome. It can be observed that in some instances those who did not have formal financial education and those who are primary or secondary school dropout have risen to own successful business empire. However, some who have tertiary financial education are struggling to survive. A large proportion of the sampled employees are deficient in financial literacy notwithstanding their exposure to financial education. Contrary to popular perception this research shows that there is no significant relationship between financial literacy and education level, savings culture and investments, of Nigerian public sector employees. Finally, we discuss directions ........

Prevalence and factors influencing substance abuse among secondary school students in Mbeya City, Tanzania

Background: Substance abuse among students has far-reaching social, religious, economic, health and demographic consequences, such as unplanned pregnancies, school dropouts, abortions, maternal and newborn mortality, infection risks and other psychological problems. Our study investigated the prevalence of substance abuse among secondary school students in Mbeya City, Tanzania. Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2021 among secondary students from Mbeya City, Tanzania. Students completed a self-administered substance use questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 343 students were requested to participate in the study. However, 300 agreed to indicate 87% response rate. 9.7% (n=59) reported substance use, primarily cannabis, 75% (n=225) and alcohol, 68% (n=204). Friends influenced substance use among 82.7% of users. Reported immediate effects included misbehaviour, 73.7% (n=221) and unprotected sex, 72.3% (n=217). Long-term harms were predominantly brain damage (86.7%). Community education (78%) and media campaigns (76.7%) were suggested to curb use. Conclusion: Substance abuse among a sizable minority of Mbeya City secondary school students is driven by peer influence and has detrimental impacts reported by students themselves. Comprehensive education and preventive strategies engaging families, schools and communities are recommended to address this critical youth issue. Keywords: Substance abuse; cannabis; alcohol; secondary school students; Tanzania.

School evasion at eetepa Dr Celso Malcher in the computer technical course in the subsequent evening mode

This study aims to identify the causes and motivations of school dropout in the subsequent evening technical course in IT at EETEPA Dr. Celso Malcher. In the investigation process, the issue regarding the factors that led students to drop out of the School, based on the problem: how the Dr. Celso Malcher school presents itself in the scenario of the phenomenon of school dropout in relation to the technical course in IT in the subsequent modality ? A case study was used with data collection through questionnaires applied to frequent and dropped out students between 2022/1 and 2023/1. The study had two fronts: a literature review on school dropout and practical research to understand students' perceptions. The approach was quantitative-qualitative, focusing on factors such as distance, safety, need to work, and difficulties with the education system. The results are at the threshold of the objectives and problem researched: implications with the distance from the institution; issues related to security, risk of violence and difficulty in transportation, among others.