Size Of Microemulsion Droplets Research Articles

Microemulsion of essential oil of Citrus aurantium var. dulcis for control of Aleurocanthus woglumi and evaluation of selectivity against Aschersonia aleyrodis and Ceraeochrysa cornuta

The aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion from the essential oil of Citrus aurantium var. dulcis (EOCA) as an alternative to synthetic pesticides, and to evaluate its efficacy against Aleurocanthus woglumi and selectivity towards the natural enemies Aschersonia aleyrodis and Ceraeochrysa cornuta. Chemical composition of the essential oil determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed limonene, myrcene, linalool and α-pinene as major components. The microemulsion was prepared using a ternary diagram illustrating the composition of water, essential oil, surfactant (procetyl AWS) and co-surfactant (ethanol). Selected microemulsions were characterized by polarized light microscopy, revealing to be isotropic with a Newtonian behaviour when measuring the shear stress against shear rate. The mean droplet size of microemulsions ranged from 53.69 nm to 2.22 μm. The insecticidal activity was evaluated by assessing three application routes, namely, contact, systemic and translaminar. Selectivity of microemulsions was determined by the percentage of growth inhibition (PGI) of fungi on A. aleyrodis and by contact on eggs and larvae of C. cornuta. The oil (LC50 = 36.07 mg/mL) in its pure form had a lower insecticidal effect on A. woglumi than the microemulsions (LC50 = 18.65 mg/mL). The microemulsions showed systemic insecticidal activity with approximately 90% mortality at 72 h (LC90 = 55.50 mg/mL). On A. aleyrodis, the microemulsion interfered with biomass production, which was concentration dependent. At a concentration of 15.68 mg/mL, a 91% inhibition of biomass production were observed. In the selectivity experiments against C. cornuta, the microemulsions were selective for eggs and larvae, and did not interfere with its predatory capacity.

Supersaturable Solid Self-microemulsifying Delivery Systems of Astaxanthin via Spray Drying: Effects of Polymers and Solid Carriers.

This study aimed to develop the solid astaxanthin-encapsulated self-microemulsifying delivery system (S-AST SMEDS) spray-dried particles and investigate the effect of materials in formulations on product characteristics. The optimized liquid AST SMEDS incorporated with a polymeric precipitation inhibitor (PI) was solidified with a solid carrier by spray drying. Physicochemical properties of S-AST SMEDS spray-dried powders including morphology, particle size and distribution, flowability, solid-state characters, moisture content, yield, loading capacity of AST, and reconstitution properties were examined. Polymeric PIs seemed to have an impact on particles' size, surface smoothness, and flowability while solid carriers had an effect on the particles' moisture content and droplet size of microemulsions obtained after reconstitution. The amount of AST encapsulated in S-SMEDS powder was influenced by both polymer and solid carriers. Dissolution and short-term stability of S-AST SMEDS were also studied. Our developed spray-dried solid SMEDS particles helped enhance AST dissolution rate.

Atomistic Insights into the Droplet Size Evolution during Self-Microemulsification

Microemulsions have been attracting great attention for their importance in various fields, including nanomaterial fabrication, food industry, drug delivery, and enhanced oil recovery. Atomistic insights into the self-microemulsifying process and the underlying mechanisms are crucial for the design and tuning of the size of microemulsion droplets toward applications. In this work, coarse-grained models were used to investigate the role that droplet sizes played in the preliminary self-microemulsifying process. Time evolution of liquid mixtures consisting of several hundreds of water/surfactant/oil droplets was resolved in large-scale simulations. By monitoring the size variation of the microemulsion droplets in the self-microemulsifying process, the dynamics of diameter distribution of water/surfactant/oil droplets were studied. The underlying mass transport mechanisms responsible for droplet size evolution and stability were elucidated. Specifically, temperature effects on the droplet size were clarified. This work provides the knowledge of the self-microemulsification of water-in-oil microemulsions at the nanoscale. The results are expected to serve as guidelines for practical strategies for preparing a microemulsion system with desirable droplet sizes and properties.

Preparation of 3D flower-like Ti3C2Tx microspheres by W/O emulsion-assisted assembly and their application for supercapacitors

In this study, we proposed in situ controlled preparation of 3D flower-like Ti3C2Tx microspheres (FMXMSs) by water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion-assisted assembly. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), as a large molecule, can effectively stabilize the emulsion system. Ethylenediamine (EDA), as a weak cross-link agent, contains rich amino groups, which can effectively induce the assembly of Ti3C2Tx in spherical droplets and eventually form 3D flower-like Ti3C2Tx microspheres. By adjusting the water-oil volume ratio, the size of micro-emulsion droplets can be controlled, thus the structure and size of microspheres can finally be controlled. The structure has a large specific surface area (108.31 m2 g-1) which can provide an effective ion diffusion pathway. As the supercapacitors electrode, the specific capacitance of FMXMSs is up to 224.57 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1 and 193.67 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. Moreover, they also show good long-term cyclic stability. After 5000 cycles, the specific capacitance does not decay. The results indicate that W/O emulsion-assisted assembly is feasible for preparing MXenes microspheres with high electrochemical performance.

Preparation, optimization using a mixture design, and characterization of a novel astaxanthin-loaded rice bran oil self-microemulsifying delivery system formulation

This research aimed to develop a self-microemulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) to increase dissolution rate of astaxanthin (AST) using a design of experiment (DoE) approach for investigating the effect of components on the physicochemical properties of AST SMEDS formulation. By applying the mixture design, the optimal compositions of rice bran (RB) oil (oil; X1), Kolliphor® RH40 (surfactant; X2), and Span® 20 (cosurfactant; X3) were determined based on the preliminary screening studies. The optimization models were validated by comparing the regression coefficient (R2) of the predicted values to the experimentally measured ones. Based on the desirability function, the optimized AST SMEDS was composed of 33.67% rice bran oil, 34.70% Kolliphor® RH40, and 31.63% Span® 20 which contained AST concentration (Y1) of 0.04% in the formulation and yielded microemulsion droplet size (Y2) of 40.79 ± 3.11 nm. The experimentally measured values obtained from the optimized AST SMEDS were in accordance with its predicted values with relatively low prediction errors (< 2%). The validated models were investigated by the contour plots, three-dimensional surface plots, and main effect plots. It was found that surfactant and cosurfactant inversely affected on droplet size changes whereas all three components (oil, surfactant and cosurfactant) did not relatively impact AST solubilizing capacity. In vitro release of AST SMEDS was significantly increased more than 90% compared to the raw AST powder. The optimized AST SMEDS was successfully developed by the mixture design and could be economically effective to enhance dissolution of poorly water-soluble AST.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil encapsulated in new microemulsion formulations for enhanced antimicrobial activity

AbstractIn this present study, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and its new microemulsions (MEs) were evaluated both for the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. The essential oil composition was verified initially both by GC‐FID and GC/MS, where camphor (19.5%), 1,8‐cineol (12%), and verbenone (11.1%) were characterized as the main constituents. A titration method was used and utilized to formulate the MEs. The preparation was formulated using isopropyl myristate as an oil phase, where sorbitan monolaurate and macrogol‐glycerol ricinoleate were used as surfactants. In the same system, ethanol was utilized as co‐surfactant and distilled water as aqueous phase. A total of 0.1% (w/w) of R. officinalis essential oil was dissolved within the formulation, and evaluated for characteristic parameters such as viscosity, pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index, polydispersity index (PDI), droplet size, and zeta potential, respectively. The pH value was 6.2, where the average microemulsion droplet size was 4.58 ± 0.137 nm; the PDI value was found as 0.219 ± 0.016. The viscosity of the microemulsion was determined as 6.93 ± 0.015 cP. The conductivity of MEs was found as 10 μS/cm; finally, the zeta potential was determined as 0.391 ± 0.012 mV. The antimicrobial potential of the preparations was compared using the in vitro broth microdilution, and poisoned PDA assay. A significant increase in the anti‐Candidal activity of the micro‐emulsified essential oil (15.6 μg/ml) was observed, however, the antibacterial susceptibility was rather low at the tested concentrations. In addition, the novel microemulsion preparation significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the plant pathogens used in the study, suggesting its selective antifungal potential.

Examining the Temperature Dependence of Louche Formation in Absinthe.

Absinthe is an anise-flavored alcohol that is typically served by adding cold water to form a cloudy green louche, similar to the cloudy white louche of ouzo. This microemulsion formation, due to the competing interactions within the oil–alcohol–water system, has been termed the ouzo effect. Previous work has examined the ternary oil–alcohol–water phase diagram in ouzo and limoncello. Additional work has also characterized the droplet size and stability of microemulsions in ouzo, limoncello, and pastis. However, less work has been done to examine the effect of temperature on louche formation despite the fact that the louche is traditionally formed by adding ice cold water. This work demonstrates that both the maximum turbidity and the fraction of alcohol at maximum turbidity are temperature-dependent. The louche formation can be fit with a logistic curve, and the resulting fit parameters are linear with temperature. Optical images show that the increased turbidity correlates with an increase in the number of droplets in the microemulsion.

Lignin-Stabilized Doxorubicin Microemulsions: Synthesis, Physical Characterization, and In Vitro Assessments.

Encapsulation of the chemotherapy agents within colloidal systems usually improves drug efficiency and decreases its toxicity. In this study, lignin (LGN) (the second most abundant biopolymer next to cellulose on earth) was employed to prepare novel doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions with the aim of enhancing the bioavailability of DOX. The droplet size of DOX-loaded microemulsion was obtained as ≈ 7.5 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The entrapment efficiency (EE) % of LGN/DOX microemulsions was calculated to be about 82%. In addition, a slow and sustainable release rate of DOX (68%) was observed after 24 h for these microemulsions. The cytotoxic effects of standard DOX and LGN/DOX microemulsions on non-malignant (HUVEC) and malignant (MCF7 and C152) cell lines were assessed by application of a tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Disruption of cell membrane integrity was investigated by measuring intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. In vitro experiments showed that LGN/DOX microemulsions induced noticeable morphological alterations and a greater cell-killing effect than standard DOX. Moreover, LGN/DOX microemulsions significantly disrupted the membrane integrity of C152 cells. These results demonstrate that encapsulation and slow release of DOX improved the cytotoxic efficacy of this anthracycline agent against cancer cells but did not improve its safety towards normal human cells. Overall, this study provides a scientific basis for future studies on the encapsulation efficiency of microemulsions as a promising drug carrier for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations.

Impact of alkyl chain length of temperature-responsive ionic liquids on the aggregation behavior in ionic liquid microemulsions

As is known to all, the alkyl chain is a perfect tool to regulate the microstructure of ionic liquid(IL) microemulsion directly. However, it is still a great challenge to design a new type of temperature-responsive IL with different alkyl chain length to construct the stimulus microemulsion. In this study, a new class of temperature-responsive IL microemulsions was built for the first time, which is composed by [P444,n]Br (n = 8,10,12,14,16,18), [C12mim]Br and H2O. The phase diagram and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the size of IL microemulsion droplets can be effective regulated by the alkyl chain length of temperature-responsive IL, so as to gain a series of organized structures. The molecular dynamic(MD) simulations were performed by a series of [P444,n]Br/[C12mim]Br/H2O mixture systems to illustrate this unique aggregation behavior of droplet. Simulation results are presented and discussed via the data of interaction energies, aggregation numbers, radial distribution functions (RDFs) and coordination numbers. The results indicate that the aggregation sizes of [C12mim]+ become smaller with the increase of alkyl chain length of tetrabutylphosphonium cation, which agrees well with experimental results. This is because that the weakened interaction of temperature-responsive IL and water molecules by the long alkyl chain could reduce the electrostatic repulsion of the polarity groups of the surfactants, which may decrease the size of the aggregate. These finding can help in further understanding the structure variation law of temperature-responsive IL microemulsions and thereby improve microemulsion theory.

Enhanced Corneal Penetration of a Poorly Permeable Drug Using Bioadhesive Multiple Microemulsion Technology.

Corneal penetration is a key rate limiting step in the bioavailability of topical ophthalmic formulations that incorporate poorly permeable drugs. Recent advances have greatly aided the ocular delivery of such drugs using colloidal drug delivery systems. Ribavirin, a poorly permeable BCS class-III drug, was incorporated in bioadhesive multiple W/O/W microemulsion (ME) to improve its corneal permeability. The drug-loaded ME was evaluated regarding its physical stability, droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, ultrastructure, viscosity, bioadhesion, in vitro release, transcorneal permeability, cytotoxicity, safety and ocular tolerance. Our ME possessed excellent physical stability, as it successfully passed several cycles of centrifugation and freeze–thaw tests. The formulation has a transparent appearance due to its tiny droplet size (10 nm). TEM confirmed ME droplet size and revealed its multilayered structure. In spite of the high aqueous solubility and the low permeability of ribavirin, this unique formulation was capable of sustaining its release for up to 24 h and improving its corneal permeability by 3-fold. The in vitro safety of our ME was proved by its high percentage cell viability, while its in vivo safety was confirmed by the absence of any sign of toxicity or irritation after either a single dose or 14 days of daily dosing. Our ME could serve as a vehicle for enhanced ocular delivery of drugs with different physicochemical properties, including those with low permeability.

Study on cloud point pressure of [Emim][Tf2N] in supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions based on non-ionic surfactant and role of solubilized water

We studied the solubilization effect of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) microemulsion based on non-ionic surfactants (Ls-45, Ls-54, Ls-36, Dynol-604, and TMN-6) for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][Tf2N]) ionic liquid (IL) as well as the influencing factors by analyzing the cloud point pressure (CPP) curves, which served as a function of dissolved ILs concentration. The [Emim][Tf2N]/surfactant/scCO2 microemulsion system was characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which was proved to be a useful method to provide structure and size information of microemulsion. The effect of water on [Emim][Tf2N]-in-scCO2 (ILs/CO2) microemulsions was studied. The results showed that the ILs/CO2 microemulsions could be constructed by five surfactants selected in this paper, and in the Ls-mn system, the Ls-45/[Emim][Tf2N]/scCO2 system had the lowest CPP. However, the microemulsion constructed by Dynol-604 and TMN-6 surfactants had a poor solubilization effect, and the TMN-6 system was more sensitive to temperature. Besides, small amounts of water could reduce the CPP of the system to a certain extent, making the [Emim][Tf2N]/surfactant/scCO2 microemulsion system more stable, which had a positive effect on the solubilization of [Emim][Tf2N], especially the Ls-36 system. Moreover, the size of microemulsion droplets in [Emim][Tf2N]/surfactant/scCO2 systems was obtained by using the method of SAXS experiment, which also confirmed the solubilization of [Emim][Tf2N] in scCO2 microemulsion system. The structure of ILs/CO2 microemulsions constructed with a non-ionic surfactant was speculated. This study can provide a reference for the construction of ILs/CO2 microemulsions, which was helpful in understanding the microstructure and solubilities of ionic liquids in scCO2 microemulsions.

In Vivo Testing and Extended Drug Release of Chitosan-Coated Itraconazole Loaded Microemulsion Using Volatile Oil Thymus vulgaris

Microemulsions are potent drug delivery vehicles as they solubilize water insoluble drugs with poor bioavailability. The main aim of this study was to develop, optimize, and assess a thyme oil microemulsion with inherent antifungal activity for transdermal drug delivery of itraconazole. The optimized thyme oil microemulsion contains thyme oil, Cremophor EL, and water at 5:25:70% v/v respectively. The drug loaded microemulsion was mixed in equal proportion with chitosan for cutaneous application. The droplet size, zeta potential, FTIR spectra, and antifungal activity of the drug free microemulsion and drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan were characterized. The ex vivo drug permeation of drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan was compared with that of the bulk drug, using the Franz diffusion apparatus with the excised skin from Wistar rats. The droplet size of the drug free microemulsion and drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan were 25.53 ± 3.84 nm, 168.6 ± 13.33 nm, and 35.13 ± 0.41 nm respectively, with a polydispersity index between 0.436 and 0.658. The FTIR spectra demonstrated no changes in the structure of the drug in the drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan. The in vitro antifungal studies against Candida albicans exhibited similar zones of inhibition between bulk drug and drug loaded microemulsion, while the minimum inhibitory concentration showed a 2-fold decrease with drug loaded microemulsions with/without chitosan compared with the bulk drug. SEM confirmed substantial morphological changes in C. albicans cell membrane. The drug loaded microemulsion with chitosan revealed a slow and sustained release of itraconazole in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) proving it to be an efficient, stable, and sustained topical delivery vehicle.

Effect of radiation on interfacial properties and phase behavior of ionic liquid-based microemulsions

Recently, controlled synthesis of nanoparticles through the use of microemulsions combined with electron-beam or γ irradiation has garnered interest. However, there are rare research about the effect of these radiations on the interfacial properties and phase behavior of microemulsions. Therefore, in this work, we prepared ionic liquid-based microemulsions (IL-Cn-Ms) combining 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate having different alkyl chain lengths, TX-100, and deionized water and then irradiated them with a high-energy electron beam. The effects of radiation and alkyl chain length on microemulsion microregions, droplet size, surface tension, and solubilization were investigated in detail. Radiation had a negligible effect on the interfacial properties and phase behavior of the IL-Cn-Ms. Interestingly, the droplet size of IL-Cn-Ms increased with the alkyl chain length of the ionic liquid due to the IL interactions at the IL-Cn-Ms interface. Our work provides a preliminary database and presents new opportunities for the combination of ionic liquid-based microemulsions and radiation technology.

Lidocaine Microemulsion-Laden Organogels as Lipid-Based Systems for Topical Delivery

Conventional organogel and microemulsion-laden organogels (microemulsion organogels) were developed to deliver the lipophilic drug, lidocaine, topically. Optimized formulations of lidocaine microemulsions of oil, water, and surfactant:cosurfactant (Tween® 20:ethanol), at ratios 4:1 and 2:1 v/v, were selected based on the droplet size and physical stability of microemulsions. Microemulsions were then loaded into organogels. Lidocaine conventional organogel was prepared without the addition of microemulsion and used as a reference. The rheological properties and release profiles of lidocaine organogels were investigated. Lidocaine conventional and microemulsion organogels displayed viscoelastic properties with more elastic behavior. Lidocaine conventional organogel exhibited the highest viscoelastic properties and lowest rate of release, whereas microemulsion organogel containing Tween® 20:ethanol (4:1 v/v) exhibited lower viscoelastic properties and higher rate of release compared to those of microemulsion organogel containing Tween® 20:ethanol (2:1 v/v). Type and composition of organogels dictated the viscoelastic properties and rate of release of lidocaine.

DoE-based development, physicochemical characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of a topical hydrogel containing betamethasone dipropionate microemulsion

This study was performed to achieve two primary goals: First, a microemulsion containing betamethasone dipropionate was optimized using the quality by design approach. Second, a hydrogel-containing microemulsion was developed using cellulose derivatives, and its anti-inflammatory and skin irritation effects were evaluated. Face-centered central composite design was used to investigate the impacts of two independent variables (oleic acid and ratio of surfactant to cosolvent, S/CoS) on three dependent variables (skin deposition, flux of BMD, and microemulsion droplet size). The microemulsion including oleic acid at a low level (coded with -1) and S/CoS at a high level (coded with +1) was considered optimal since it was the most effective in terms of skin deposition and flux of BMD. Different cellulose derivatives (HPMC E6, HEC, NaCMC, and CMC) were screened to prepare a hydrogel-containing microemulsion based on four properties: flux and skin deposition of BMD, hydration of stratum corneum, and rheological properties of hydrogel-containing microemulsion (ME-hydrogel). The anti-inflammatory effect and flux of BMD from optimal ME-hydrogel with carboxymethyl cellulose as the hydrogel-forming agent were then compared to those of the hydrogel-containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN-hydrogel) and nanostructure lipid carriers (NLC-hydrogel). The percentage of edema inhibition declined proportionally with flux of BMD in the following order: ME-hydrogel (44.56 ± 8.08%) > NLC-hydrogel (35.93 ± 7.22%) > SLN-hydrogel (25.68 ± 9.05%).

Novel synthesis of high surface area nano-CeZrO2: transformation of the microstructure and textural properties as the effect of calcination

Semi-crystalline and crystalline ceria-zirconia, nanoparticles had been successfully synthesized by water/oil microemulsion method at room temperature without and with calcination process. The basic understanding on the influence of microemulsion system and the relation of calcination process on the microstructure of nanoparticles was studied. Without calcination, the semi-crystalline nanoparticles with the size in the range of were produced. This size was consistent to the droplet size of microemulsion and the XRD crystallite size. In , zirconia ions incorporated into the ceria structure to form a complete solid solution of nanoparticles. The specific surface area was and it was found as a highly microporous material. While, after calcination process, the degree of crystallinity of nanoparticles increased and the fully crystalline nanoparticles were produced. The crystals and particles size grew up to 12 nm, while the surface area reduced to . However, both nanoparticles, with and without calcination, were consistent as a cubic structure. By comparing the properties of both nanoparticles samples, it can be concluded that the nanoparticles are able to be synthesized using the microemulsion method at room temperature without calcination process and it is suitable for catalysts application.

Optimization of the freeze-drying process for microemulsion systems

The aim of this work was to develop a freeze-dried microemulsion using Design of Experiment and loaded with Amphotericin B, which is quite unstable in aqueous media, as a drug model. Different types of cryoprotectants were studied. The microemulsion containing maltose at 5% (w/w), frozen at a temperature of –80 °C and performed with a 24 h of freeze-drying time, yielded the best results. The freeze-drying process reduced the microemulsion droplet size and does not change the AmB content. Therefore, microemulsions containing maltose are suitable for drug incorporation, and the freeze-drying was able to enhance the drug stability in the system.

Highly efficient upconversion luminescence in hexagonal NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals synthesized by a novel reverse microemulsion method

A new reverse microemulsion system is proposed for the first time to synthesize NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals, which demonstrated high upconversion emission in 550 and 662 nm at 980 nm diode laser excitation. The reverse microemulsion (μEs) system is comprised of CTAB and oleic acid as surfactant and 1-butanol co-surfactant and isooctane oil phase. The surfactant to water ratio is able to tune the microemulsion droplet size from 14 to 220 nm, which eventually controls the crystallinity and particulate morphology of NaYF4:Yb,Er. Also, the microemulsion precursor and calcination temperature plays certain role in transforming the cubic NaYF4:Yb,Er to highly luminescent hexagonal crystal structured upconversion material. Single phase hexagonal NaYF4:YbEr nanorod prepared by water-in-oil reverse microemulsion (μEs) gives intense red upconversion emission. Both nanosphere and nanorod shaped NaYF4:Yb,Er was obtained, but nanorod morphology resulted an enhanced upconversion luminescence. The structural, morphological, thermal and optical luminescence properties of the NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles are discussed in detail by employing powder X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, high resolution electron microscopy, TGA-DTA, UV-DRS, FTIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Intense upconversion emission achieved in the microemulsion synthesized NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystal can make it as useful optical phosphor for solar cell applications.

Soft Confinement Effects on Dynamics of Hydrated Gelatin

Soft materials under geometrical confinement are ubiquitous and known to exhibit fascinating properties, sometimes even antagonistic to their bulk counterpart. Here, we explore the structural relaxation dynamics (α-relaxation) of the biopolymer gelatin dissolved in water (bulk form) and under soft spatial confinement using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy over a wide frequency range starting from 1 Hz up to 2 GHz. The gelatin–water mixture (hydrated gelatin) is geometrically restricted by the soft fluctuating surfactant monolayer of water–AOT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate)-n-decane reverse microemulsions (MEs), where the core size of microemulsion droplets varies from 3.7 to 5.0 nm. The stability of the droplet phase of microemulsion after the incorporation of gelatin is confirmed by the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiment. Notably, the hydrated gelatin in soft confinement exhibits faster relaxation dynamics in comparison to its bulk counterpart, and it further gets accelerated wi...

Application of factorial design approach in development and evaluation of self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of mebendazole

Self microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are defined as isotropic mixtures of natural or synthetic oils, surfactants and co-solvents/co-surfactants. Upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as GI fluids, these systems can form fine oil in water o/w microemulsion. The purpose of this study was to formulate SMEDDS containing mebendazole. Labrafil M2125 CS (an oil), Tween 20 (a surfactant), and Maisine 35-1 (a cosurfactant) were used to formulate SMEDDS. Effect of concentrations of oil and surfactant on emulsification process and in vitro drug release (percent cumulative drug release) was studied using 32 factorial design. Multiple regression analysis data and response surfaces obtained showed that viscosity increased significantly with increasing amount of co-surfactant. Whereas, decrease in emulsification time, it may decreases average droplet size of resultant microemulsion and rapid drug release. The drug release from the formulation increased with increasing amount of surfactant concentration increases solubility of drug in system. Prepared SMEDDS produced acceptable properties of immediate-release dosage forms. The L5 formulation was found to be optimized on basis of high percent cumulative drug release. And it is evaluated by globule size and zeta potential indicates globule size is in micrometer range and good stable formulation. It may expect to increase the bioavailability of mebendazole as solubility enhances.