Driving Anger Expression Inventory Research Articles

The expression of driving anger in a sample of Italian drivers

This study examined the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) in a large sample of Italian drivers. After removing several items and allowing six error pairs to correlate, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 1007) supported a four-factor solution that broadly confirmed the four original factors, and this was confirmed in a second group (N = 1047) of drivers. The three aggressive factors (physical aggressive expression, use of a vehicle and verbal aggressive expression) were positively related, while the adaptive/constructive subscale was negatively related to measures of trait anger and aggressive driving. In addition, younger drivers reported engaging in the aggressive forms of expression more frequently, while older drivers reported more frequently engaging in the adaptive/constructive form of expression. Finally, those who had crashed in the past three years reported more frequently engaging in the three aggressive forms of expression, while those that had not crashed reported more frequently engaging in the adaptive/constructive form of expression. Although the DAX factors showed moderate correlations with social desirability, the associations between the different forms of driving anger expression, aggressive driving and crash involvement remained significant when controlling for socially desirable responding.

The expression of anger while driving – The role of personality and self-consciousness in a sample of Chinese drivers

Driving anger among Chinese drivers is common leading to aggressive and risky driving behaviours and potentially increasing involvement in road collisions. This study adopted an online survey to explore the relationship between personality, self-consciousness and driving anger expression. 559 participants completed a questionnaire consisting of the Driving Anger Scale (14-item DAS), the short version of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (15 item DAX), the Brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI), and the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded a reliable and valid three-factor structure of the Chinese 15 item DAX, labelled as “Adaptive Expression”, “Verbal Expression” and “Physical and Vehicle Expression”. Physical and Vehicle expression of anger was reported more by males and by experienced drivers compared to females and novice drivers. Traffic offenders showed more inclination towards exhibiting verbal anger expression than non-traffic offenders. In terms of dispositional traits, Humility-Honesty had a negative effect on both verbal expression and physical and vehicle expression. However, private self-consciousness was related to an increase in verbal expression and physical and vehicle expression. Importantly, Humility-Honesty and private self-consciousness moderated the relationship between trait driving anger and non-adaptive anger expressions in opposite ways. The findings could provide some support for the development of strategies to mitigate driving anger in China.

Investigating Responsibility in the Driving Context: Associations with Driving Anger Expressions and Driver Behaviors

The aim of this study is to explore the predicting role of responsibility (behavioral responsibility and feeling of responsibility) on driving anger expressions (verbal, personal physical, use of vehicle, and adaptive/constructive) and driver behaviors (ordinary and aggressive violations, errors, and lapses). A sample of 279 drivers (188 female and 91 male) completed an online survey which included Driver Behavior Questionnaire, Driving Anger Expression Inventory, and Feelings of Responsibility and Behavioral Responsibility Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses partially supported the expectations. Accordingly, behavioral responsibility, but not feelings of responsibility, was found as a predictor for driver behaviors. In detail, behavioral responsibility was a significant predictor for ordinary violations, errors and lapses, but not for aggressive violations. Additionally, behavioral responsibility negatively predicted verbal anger expression, feeling of responsibility negatively predicted use of the vehicle to express anger and lastly, behavioral responsibility positively predicted adaptive/constructive anger expression. Lastly, mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the indirect relationships between variables. The difference between patterns of results of the analyses with behavioral responsibility and feelings of responsibility highlights the difference between feeling and behavior, that is two concepts based on different psychological backgrounds do not necessarily lead to one another. The results were discussed in the framework of the related literature.

Associations of the Light Triad with Driving Style and Driving Anger Expression

Previous research on personality in the driving context mostly focused on the negative and maladaptive personality traits. The present study investigated the links between the Light Triad traits with driving style and driving anger expression. The Light Triad framework emphasizes the positive side of the personality and it consists of humanism, faith in humanity, and Kantianism. A total of 376 active drivers (50.3 % women) aged between 18 and 70 completed the online questionnaire including the Light Triad Scale (Kaufman et al., 2019), Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ; Reason et al., 1990), and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX, Deffenbacher et al., 2002). Ordinary violations, aggressive violations, and positive driver behaviors subscales of the DBQ were used to measure driving style, and the DAX was used to measure the aggressive and adaptive/constructive forms of driving anger expression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations of the Light Triad traits with each driving style and driving anger expression dimension after controlling for age, gender, and total mileage. The findings generally supported the expected associations. That is, some traits of the Light Triad yielded negative associations with aberrant driver behaviors and aggressive forms of driving anger. On the other hand, the opposite pattern was found in the analyses with positive driver behaviors and adaptive/constructive expression of driving anger. The findings are discussed in the light of relevant literature.

Depresyonu ve anksiyete bozukluğu olan sürücülerde sürücü öfkesi ve öfke ifadesi

Previous research revealed that driving anger and negative anger expression styles are risk factors for accidents and violent behaviors in traffic. Besides, the feeling of anger often accompanies psychiatric disorders. These two situations raise the question of whether individuals receiving psychiatric treatment are angrier in traffic environments. This study aims to compare drivers with depression or anxiety disorders and drivers without any psychiatric disease regarding driver anger and anger expression styles. For this purpose, individuals with depression or anxiety disorders (n:119) were compared to the non-patient control group (n:119) in terms of driving anger and anger expression by using the driving anger scale (DAS) and the driving anger expression inventory (DAX). SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, there was no significant difference between patients with depression or anxiety disorders and the control group in terms of driving anger and driving anger expression based on the scores of DAS and DAX subscales (p >0.05). These findings indicate that drivers with depression or anxiety disorders do not differ from non-psychiatric drivers regarding angry thoughts and behaviors in traffic. These results provide a new perspective for psychiatrists responsible for psychotechnical and driving license assessments.

Validation of the Driver's Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ) in a sample of professional drivers in Iran

Aggressive driving has emerged as one of the most studied behaviors in the traffic safety field, due to its association with the odds of motor vehicle crashes and especially fatal crashes. Previous research has investigated the situations which provoke anger while driving, as well as the emotional (anger) and behavioral (aggression) aspects of aggressive driving. However, surprisingly the cognitive aspects of aggressive driving have largely been neglected. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the short-forms of the Driver's Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ) and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) in a sample of professional drivers. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the mediation effects of aggressive thoughts, as the cognitive aspect of aggressive driving, on the relationship between traffic congestion and driving aggression. To this end, 613 public transport bus drivers completed the DATQ and DAX and were also asked to report the level of traffic congestion they normally faced in their daily driving, using six pictures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the four factor DAX and the five factor DATQ, which largely replicated the original factors. The four forms of maladaptive thoughts on the road were positively associated with aggressive driving, while the positive factor (coping self-instruction) was negatively associated with aggressive driving and traffic violations. Moreover, the results indicated that traffic congestion does not contribute directly to anger expression on the road, but rather through aggressive thoughts. This study suggests that cognitive interventions may help to eliminate aggressive driving and its adverse outcomes on traffic safety.

Understanding the growing role of driving anger in the risk of traffic incidents involving Vietnamese motorcyclists

Objective This study validates the Vietnamese versions of the Driving Anger Scale and Driving Anger Expression Inventory, two prominent instruments for determining driving anger proneness and expression. Using these scales, the authors investigate the relationships between driving anger and motorcyclists' on-road risks in Vietnam. Methods Factor analyses are conducted to explore the dimensional constructs of the two scales with a dataset of 960 Vietnamese motorcyclists. The t-tests were applied to assess the differences in driving anger levels between motorcyclists' subgroups. Negative binomial regression is used to predict the probability of motorcyclists' traffic incidents based on driving anger factors and individual differences. Results The Vietnamese Driving Anger Scale has three factors, including Hostile gestures (α=.78), Unpleasant conditions (α=.80), and Traffic violations (α=.74). Hostile gestures elicit the most driving anger among Vietnamese motorcyclists. Besides, females report higher propensities for driving anger than males over three anger-provoking factors. The Driving Anger Expression Inventory has a two-factor structure, including Aggressive expressions (α=.83) and Adaptive expressions (α=.74). Vietnamese motorcyclists are more prone to have adaptive expressions than aggressive expressions when angry on-road. The regression results reveal the significant effects of gender and two factors of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory on the probability of traffic incidences. Females have considerably fewer traffic accidents and offenses than males. Besides, the number of minor crashes and violations grows by 1.54 and 1.93 times with each unit rise of the Aggressive expressions factor. Increasing adaptive expression level is associated with a decrease in the numbers of major crashes and offenses (40% and 19% less, respectively). Conclusions This study provides insights into driving anger in Vietnam, a motorcycle-dominant country. The findings corroborate the Vietnamese versions of the Driving Anger Scale and Driving Anger Expression Inventory, which contributes to understanding the formation and expression of driving anger and its roles in predicting driving outcomes. Furthermore, the higher on-road risks of males and motorcyclists with more aggressive expressions are highlighted. Generally, enhancing the risk perception about driving anger and promoting the advantages of on-road adaptive expressions may significantly reduce traffic issues in Vietnam.

Exploration of Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-Loc) and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and Their Relationship for Middle East Drivers

Exploration of Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-Loc) and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and Their Relationship for Middle East Drivers

Психологические детерминанты агрессивного поведения водителей автомобильного пассажирского транспорта в контексте их психических состояний в период COVID-19

Background. The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation notes the need to review the measures used to reduce the risks of human factor in driving and to implement a preventive strategy. Objective. The work is aimed at studying the psychological determinants of aggressive behavior of Russian drivers of passenger transportation in the context of their mental states during the COVID-19 period and to clarify the preventive strategy of the Russian Ministry of Labor to reduce the role of the human factor in accidents. Design. The article presents the materials of an empirical study obtained on a sample of professional drivers of Moscow passenger vehicles. The study involved respondents (men) aged 26 to 59 years with work experience from 8 to 40 years. The method of determining the dominant state (DS-8) by L.V. Kulikov; test for measuring poorly realized manifestations of aggression “Hend-test” by E. Wagner; questionnaire Driving Anger Expression Inventory by J.L. Deffenbacher and R.S. Lynch; questionnaire “Dula Dangerous Driving Index” by C.S. Dula were used: Results. It was found that the increase in the aggressiveness of drivers is determined by the intensity of their non-equilibrium mental states, primarily tension states, including those caused by restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion. Total social control, along with continuous video tracking of the driver’s behavior while driving, contributes to the manifestation of aggressive behavior. The specific “cumulative publicity effect”, which is caused by the multiplied combination of total social and personal video control in the workplace, contributes to the need to “dump” the cumulative stress on the object, which in any way prevents the realization of an urgent need. Due to the fact that the ability to self-regulate non-equilibrium mental states plays the most important role in the manifestation of aggressive behavior., A proper method to solve the problem is to develop an individual profile of the dynamics of a non-equilibrium mental state for the driver (“driver’s risk passport”) based on neural network information and analytical data of pre-shift testing. Such an individual passport will make it possible to predict risks when driving passenger transport and can become a reliable tool for implementing a preventive strategy to achieve a zero mortality rate in accidents.

Masculinity, femininity, and angry drivers: Masculinity and femininity as moderators between driver anger and anger expression style among young drivers

Driver anger and its expression are among the most studied topics in traffic safety literature. However, the function of gender roles, i.e., masculinity and femininity, in driving anger experience and expression has remained mainly unexplored. The present study investigates the association between driving anger and gender roles on the expression of anger among young drivers. Three hundred seventy-nine young drivers filled a questionnaire including the Driving Anger Scale, Bem Sex Roles Inventory, Driving Anger Expression Inventory, and demographic information. Moderated regression analyses showed that masculine gender role and anger provoked by other road users’ discourtesy were positively and femininity negatively related to verbal aggression while driving. Anger related to police presence, slow driving, and masculine gender role were positively related to gesture-based and vehicle-based expression of driver aggression. Hostility and feminine gender role were negatively related to the gesture-based expression of driver aggression, while anger related to witnessing illegal driving and feminine gender role were negatively related to the vehicle-based expression of aggression. The interaction effects between masculinity and hostility, masculinity and slow driving, and femininity and illegal driving were also found on the gesture-based expression of driver aggression. The effects of interaction between masculinity and slow driving and femininity and illegal driving were also found on the vehicle-based expression of driver aggression. Slow driving and femininity had a positive relationship to the adaptive expression of anger in driving. The results suggest that masculinity and femininity moderate the relationship between driving anger and the expression of driving anger among young drivers.

Investigating sex, masculinity and femininity in relation to impulsive driving and driving anger expression

Human factors constitute a class of prominent road safety related factors. In the present study, human factors of driving were studied by investigating sex differences and gender roles in relation to impulsive driving and driving anger expression. A total of 425 drivers between the ages of 18 and 56 (M = 25.46, SD = 7.58) participated to the study and completed a series of questionnaires including a demographic information form, the Bem Sex Roles Inventory, the Impulsive Driver Behaviour Scale and the Driving Anger Expression Inventory. According to the ANCOVA results, male drivers showed higher functional impulsivity, lack of premeditation and use of the vehicle to express anger than female drivers. Additionally, hierarchical regression analyses showed that masculinity was positively associated with functional impulsivity, urgency and the dimensions of aggressive anger expression. However, femininity was positively associated with functional impulsivity and adaptive/constructive anger expression, but negatively associated with the dimensions of dysfunctional impulsivity and aggressive anger expression. Overall, the results showed the significant solo effects of masculinity and femininity on impulsive driver behaviours and driving anger expression, over and above the effects of sex, and the interaction between sex and gender roles. In the present study, previously reported findings indicating the relationships between sex and gender roles and driving anger expression were supported and extended by providing the literature with the contribution of answering the question how sex and gender roles are related to impulsive driver behaviours. The findings of the two related concepts of impulsive driving and driving anger expression were discussed in light of the current literature. Contributions, implications and future research directions concerning road safety practices were presented.

A cognitive-behavioural intervention to reduce driving anger: Evaluation based on a mixed-method approach

Road anger is an increasing problem that does not only lead to discomfort but is also associated with aggressive driving and an increased risk of crash involvement. Based on a cognitive-behavioural approach, we developed and tested a short group intervention (90 min) that aimed at decreasing road anger among drivers. We used a before-after control group design, surveying people who did (EG) and who did not (CG) participate in the group intervention. The sample (n = 126) consisted of 80 men and 46 women with a mean age of 54 years (SD = 13). In addition, a sub-sample (n = 37) participated in a driving simulator study before and after the intervention. To enrich the survey- and simulator-based findings, we conducted a focus group discussion about post-intervention experiences in traffic. Comparisons of pre and post survey results showed that constructive expression as measured by a slightly revised sub-scale of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX-short), increased significantly for EG participants but not within the CG. In addition, the involvement in milder forms of road anger (e.g., yelling) decreased significantly in the EG but not in the CG. In the simulator study, we observed that EG participants decreased the extent of aggressive driving, commenting and gesturing – however, none of these differences were statistically significant. EG participants self-assessed the intervention overall positive and 44 % reported that they had changed their way of thinking or reacting in traffic. Overall, results indicate a positive effect of the cognitive-behavioural group intervention. Study limitations, possibilities to improve the intervention and different areas of application are discussed.

What is the role of narcissism in the relationship between impulsivity and driving anger expression?

The contributing factors of aggressive driving have been studying in the last decades. Both impulsivity and narcissism are associated with aggressive driver behaviors. Although the role of these two factors were examined in the same studies, the combined role of these two factors hasn’t been studied yet. To understand the combined effect of them, in the present study, the moderated mediation model for examining the relationships of narcissism, impulsivity, and aggressive driver behavior was developed and tested. Three hundred and four participants completed an online survey battery comprised of Demographic Information Form, Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form, Barrat Impulsiveness Scale- Short Form, and Driving Anger Expression Inventory. The moderated mediation analyses were conducted using PROCESS macro developed by Hayes and Preacher (2013). The results revealed that only the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and the use of vehicle to express anger is mediated by attentional impulsiveness. Also, this relationship is moderated by grandiose narcissism. In detail, grandiose narcissism moderates the direct effect of vulnerable narcissism on attentional impulsivity and also the direct effect of attentional impulsivity on the use of vehicle to express anger. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Development of the pedestrian anger expression inventory

Objective There has been extensive research into road user behavior, although how pedestrians express their anger has yet to be explored. This is important given the high vulnerability of pedestrians and the additional risks that angry people often undertake. The present study developed a tool to measure one’s tendency to engage in aggressive acts while walking: The pedestrian anger expression inventory (PAX). Methods The survey consisted of 37 items adapted from the Driving Anger Expression Inventory as well as a subset of items from the Pedestrian Behavior Questionnaire. Ten items from the Trait Anger Scale (TAS) questionnaire were also used to assess the general anger tendencies of individuals. A total of 475 participants from Tehran provided complete responses to a questionnaire administered via paper and pencil. Results A Principal Component Analysis showed a 30-item, 3-factor model describing three ways of expressing anger: 1) Anger Expression-In (internalizing anger), 2) Anger Expression-Out (in the form of aggression), and 3) Adaptive/Constructive Expression (dealing with anger in a constructive way). Hierarchical linear regression showed that trait anger was a significant predictor of pedestrian anger expression, above other demographic variables (age and gender). However, age and gender remained significant predictors of pedestrian anger. As age increased, the tendency to become angry while walking decreased. Male pedestrians were also significantly more likely to express their anger aggressively than female pedestrians. Conclusions In this study, we developed a questionnaire to measure anger expression in pedestrians, highlighting three broad ways pedestrians deal with their anger (internally, externally, or constructively). This questionnaire was used in Iran and therefore, further research is required to validate these tools among different samples and populations.

Aggressive Behavior and Unstable Mental States in Car Drivers

The present paper focuses on the connection between aggressive behavior and unstable mental states in car drivers. The hypothesis was that aggressive behavior of drivers is caused by an unstable mental state. The experiment featured 27 car drivers involved in road traffic accidents and 33 drivers without an accident history over the past two years. Their age was 18–57 years, driving experience – 2–38 years, average annual mileage – 20,000–50,000 kilometers. The following blank and instrumental methods were used as diagnostic tools: Hand-test, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Dula Dangerous Driving Index, Driving Anger Expression Inventory, and a hardware-software complex for testing drivers UPDK-MK Avtomobilny-M. According to the results, the drivers with a bad driving history demonstrated serious unstable mental states, as well as statistically significant connection between aggressive behavior and negative unstable mental states.

Anger while driving in Mexico City.

This study aims to analyze the level of anger developed by drivers in Mexico City and also understand the behavior that those drivers use to express that anger, using four different survey methods. The first focuses on personal information, the second Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX), the third refers to a shorten version of Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and the fourth being the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI). These have previously been applied and validated in several different countries. The questionnaires were filled out online by 626 drivers. Using the data collected through the online platform, it was possible to identify the kind of reactions volunteers displayed while driving. Also, it was possible to identify that people in Mexico City developed anger depending on their driving area. Our analyses shows that in the Adaptive/Constructive Expression subscale, males and females show a significant difference in their mean score, with women express their anger in a more constructive way than males.

Factors of the “Aggressive Driving” Behaviour amongst Malaysian Drivers

This study explores factors that lead towards aggressive driving behaviour among Malaysian drivers and to determine the highest factor that contributes to these aggressive driving styles in Malaysia. Driving aggressively increases the chances of drivers becoming involved in a motor vehicle crash, and aggressive driving behavior occurs happens due to multiple factors. The Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) is used to calculate the factors corresponding to their anger while driving. There are four factors that has been identified to define how people expressed their anger while driving by using DAX, they are Verbally Aggressive Expression (α=0.7332), Physically Aggressive Expression (α=0.8548), Using the Vehicle for Aggressive Expression (α=0.7267) and Adaptive/Constructive Expression (α=0.8711). At the end of this research, we found out that the Adaptive/Constructive Expression is the highest factor and most commonly used amongst drivers to adapt to these aggressive situations on the road. Followed by the factor Verbally Aggressive Expression and Using the Vehicle for Aggressive Expression. Then, the least often used factor in Malaysia is Physically Aggressive Expression. Therefore, some mitigation plans should be considered towards reducing accidents in Malaysia which is on a yearly rising trend.

Road rage in China: An exploratory study

This study consisted of a stated-preference questionnaire survey to investigate road rage among Chinese drivers. A total of 5157 Chinese drivers completed the survey. The Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) were used to measure road rage under various anger-provoking situations. Meanwhile, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted to explore respondents’ attitudinal perception towards road rage behaviors. Three TPB variables, i.e., behavioral attitude (BA), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC), were used to describe drivers’ perceived anger levels, driving habits, self-efficacy, and perceived controllability of road rage, respectively. Additionally, aggressive reaction (AR) was introduced to describe drivers’ inclination to express road rage. Then, descriptive analyses were performed to examine the connection between individual characteristics on road rage. Results exhibited these variables have different between-group correlation and significant relationships with gender, age group, education, driving years, professional or not, daily driving hours, and vehicle type. Also, outcomes from structural equation models (SEMs) demonstrated that the above four descriptive variables in the modified TPB model could be linked to drivers’ intention to exhibit road rage behaviors. Finally, countermeasures for controlling and curing road rage were proposed based on the findings.

Brazilian adaptation of the driving anger expression inventory: testing its psychometrics properties and links between anger behavior, risky behavior, sensation seeking, and hostility in a sample of Brazilian undergraduate students

Introduction: In Brazil, driver aggressiveness in road traffic is a critical issue and could be an important contributing factor to the high number of traffic accidents. Because no instruments are available in Portuguese to register driving aggressiveness or driving anger in Brazil, we adapted English instruments into the Brazilian context. The aims of this study were to provide a Brazilian adaptation of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and to try to validate it by testing its psychometric properties and investigating its relationships with risky driving behaviors (DBQ), road accidents, driving sensation seeking, and hostility. Method: The Brazilian adaptations of the DAX, DBQ, the Driving Sensation Seeking Scale (DSSS) and the hostility Scale were administered to a sample of 512 undergraduate students (with a mean age of 23.7 years, 52.1% men). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian DAX (DAX-BR) items yielded a four-factor solution with 43 items, which obtained the best goodness-of-fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha for the DAX-BR factors ranged from 0.69 to 0.88. Other results on validity were a positive correlation (range 0.39–0.59) between the factors of the DAX-BR, DSSS, and DBQ. Conclusion: DAX-BR as the same structure as the original and is a reliable instrument for use with young drivers. Other studies should be conducted to further validate the DAX-BR in different types of populations such as older and more experienced drivers, professional drivers, and traffic regulation offenders whose driver's license has been taken away. Practical applications: This Brazilian version can be recommended for the assessment of driving anger expression in Brazil among young drivers in view of helping them driver more safely, and in particular to reduce traffic violations.

Driving anger expression in Germany—Validation of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory for German drivers

Objective: The main objective of this article is to examine whether the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) applies to German drivers because this scale has previously been given to drivers in many different countries.Methods: We applied German versions of the DAX, the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) to a sample of 501 German drivers. We computed confirmatory factor analysis and principal axis factoring (PAF) analysis to examine the structure of driving anger expression in Germany. Finally, we related the drivers’ anger exp ression scores to their driving anger experiences and their general anger propensities to assess the validity of the DAX for German drivers.Results: Results indicated that the DAX’s original factor structure does not apply to German drivers because the confirmatory factor analysis did not show a good model fit. An item analysis revealed that many DAX items had no meaningful variability. They were excluded from further analysis. The subsequent PAF analysis indicated that German drivers do not use personal physical aggression to express their driving anger. Instead, they reported unique preventive anger expression management behavior. In addition, their driving anger expressions were significantly related to their driving anger experiences and their general anger propensities indicated the validity of the refined DAX for German drivers.Conclusions: We conclude that German drivers do not use strong behaviors to express their driving anger. Many statements of Deffenbacher et al.’s (Behav Res Ther. 40:717–737, 2002) original American questionnaire were not applicable for our sample of German drivers. These findings are in line with several other studies showing discrepancies in driving anger expression in various countries. Future investigations should examine the reasons for discrepancies in driving anger expression.