Drivers Of Consumers Research Articles

Factors Impacting Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Electric Vehicles in China: Based on the Integration of Theory of Planned Behaviour and Norm Activation Model

Understanding the factors that drive consumers to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) is critical to achieving decarbonization of China’s transportation sector, as well as mitigating global warming. This study aims to construct a research model based on altruistic and self-interested perspectives by integrating the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Norm Activation Model (NAM) to predict the psychological factors that influence Chinese consumers’ intention to purchase EVs. Data were collected from 867 participants in China and empirically tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Self-interested factors, namely subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioural control, all had a significant positive effect on EV purchase intention. Additionally, the results showed that personal norms had the greatest effect on EV purchase intention. It was also found that awareness of consequence, ascription of responsibility and subjective norms were positive predictors of personal norms. Awareness of consequence had a positive effect on both the ascription of responsibility and attitudes. The findings contribute to understanding the psychological drivers of Chinese consumers’ intention to purchase EVs and can provide decision-making references for policy makers and manufacturers.

Understanding the drivers of consumers’ acceptance and use of service robots in the hotel industry

Purpose This study aims to discover factors and configurations that influence customers’ acceptance behaviors to investigate the current hospitality industry using service robots. Design/methodology/approach A mix of symmetrical and asymmetrical modeling methods was used for the data analysis. The symmetrical modeling was used to find the net effects, whereas asymmetrical modeling was adopted to find the combined configurations for hotel guests’ robot service acceptance behaviors. Findings The results revealed the significant effect of innovativeness, willingness to be a lighthouse customer, personal norms and concern about service robot performance on acceptance behaviors. In addition, the complex solution models using characteristics of tech-forward consumers, norms and attitude and uncertainty and concern were found. Practical implications The study shows directions to hotel marketers, to help them make customers adopt service robots. Originality/value The study explored customer service robot acceptance behaviors based on comprehensive theoretical backgrounds, including the technology acceptance model, theory of planned behavior, norm activation model and service robot acceptance model.

Cookies Fortified with Polyphenols Extracts: Impact on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Enzyme, Colour and Sensory Attractiveness.

The goal of the research was to determine the impact of fortification with polyphenolic compounds on (i) sensory attractiveness (global satisfaction, appearance, colour, odour, flavour, sweetness, bitterness), (ii) content of polyphenols and colour (L*, a*, b*) after the baking process and (iii) their bioactive potential (antioxidants activity and inhibiting of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme). Fortification was made with extracts of polyphenolic compounds of selected plant raw materials rich in polyphenols from quince (fruits), tilia (flowers), pomegranate (skin), passion fruit (endocarp), sour cherries (leaves), haskap and chokeberry (berries), silver skin (coffee beans), rosehip (seeds). Depending on the nature of the polyphenol extract, flavan-3-ols (monomeric and polymeric), phenolic acid, flavonols and anthocyanins were identified in the product in amounts ranging from 53.7 to 212.6 mg/100 g DM. Cookies' colour (L*, a*, b*) depended on the type of polyphenol extract used for fortification. Cookies with haskap, chokeberry and sour cherry presented the highest antioxidant potential. Cookies with chokeberry, haskap and rosehip presented high activity in inhibiting α-amylase (65.5, 60.6 and 62.2% of inhibition, respectively), but cookies with haskap, silver skin and quince in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity (23.0, 20.4 and 21.4% of inhibition, respectively). In the sensory evaluation, the most attractive were cookies with rosehip and pomegranate (6.3 and 5.8 score, respectively), but the lowest ratings were given to cookies with passion fruit and silver skin but especially quince cookies, which obtained the lowest desirability (3.7 score). The acceptability of fortified cookies was determined to the least extent by monomeric flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids (in minus in odour/flavour, bitterness, sweetness and global satisfaction), but anthocyanins, polymeric procyanidins and flavonols had the most significant positive impact on consumer acceptance of the assessed features, i.e., global satisfaction, odour/flavour, sweetness and bitterness (positive consumer drivers).

Home loans and Muslims – an Australian perspective

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how Australian Muslims make consumption-related decisions regarding the purchase of home loan products.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory research used in-depth semistructured interviews with community leaders from leading Muslim ethnic communities. Seventeen community leaders from the six largest Muslim community groups by country of birth and living in Melbourne and Sydney were selected for the interviews. The interview data was analyzed using NVivo 12.FindingsThe findings suggest that despite knowledge of and concern for Islamic tenets regarding the consumption of banking and financial products, including home loans, most Muslims viewed conventional home loans (CHL) as being permitted, essential or innocuous. Reasons for such views include the interpretation of Islamic tenets, limited awareness of available Islamic home loan offerings, convenience factors related to accessing CHL offerings, service quality levels, availability of technology-based services such as internet banking, and the influence of social groups and communities.Research limitations/implicationsThis research helps marketers understand the attitudes, subjective norms (SN) and behavioral factors related to the Muslim consumption of home loans.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research can facilitate the development of financial products and marketing strategies that better appeal to Muslims. Such loan products can improve the uptake of home loans (and, in effect, homeowners) by Muslims, potentially improving social and financial inclusion.Social implicationsThis research helps marketers understand the attitudes, SNs and behavioral factors related to the Muslim consumption of home loans, which can facilitate the development of financial products and marketing strategies that better appeal to Muslims. Such loan products can improve the uptake of home loans (and, in effect, homeowners) by Muslims, potentially improving social and financial inclusion.Originality/valueThis qualitative study explores the drivers of Muslim consumers’ uptake of home loans in Australia. Drawing upon the theory of planned behavior and the literature, antecedents to attitude, SNs and perceived behavioral control that influence intention and behavior were investigated. It identifies factors influencing decision-making related to home loans by Australian Muslims, contributing to a theoretical framework to investigate Muslims’ consumption of financial products.

The effects of customer brand engagement on brand love in sharing economy

ABSTRACT Collaborative consumption has drawn the attention of both managers and researchers. However, the literature focusing on the antecedents and outcomes of brand love in collaborative consumption is not well documented. Drawing on value co-creation theory, this paper has developed and tested a model capturing the role of brand love with data collected from Airbnb consumers. The results from 380 Airbnb consumers show that consumer brand engagement, perceived authenticity, and value co-creation are key drivers of consumer’s love of Airbnb. Brand love then positively influences consumers’ intention to revisit Airbnb. However, consumer brand engagement does not directly affect revisit intention. The paper concludes with theoretical and managerial implications.

Examining the impact of pharmacist professionalism and celebrity endorsers on dietary supplement purchase intention: the moderating role of product knowledge

PurposeThis study aims to explore how consumers’ purchase intentions concerning dietary supplements are affected by two pivotal factors: pharmacist professionalism and celebrity endorser attractiveness. In addition, this study investigates the moderating role of consumers’ awareness of product knowledge about dietary supplements in the relationship between brand trust and purchase intention.Design/methodology/approachThe research data was collected through online questionnaires from a convenience sample of 340 individuals residing in Taiwan. The research model, consisting of four hypotheses, was formulated based on a literature review. The partial least squares structural equation modeling technique was used for data analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate positive effects of both pharmacist professionalism and celebrity endorser attractiveness on dietary supplement brand trust. The results also suggest a significant impact of brand trust on purchase intention. Finally, product knowledge significantly moderates the relationship between brand trust and purchase intention.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study provide valuable insights for marketers, pharmacists and practitioners about the drivers of consumers’ dietary supplement purchase behavior. It will enable marketers to develop better strategies for the dietary supplement market segment.Originality/valueThis paper has made a significant contribution to the understanding of consumer buying intentions toward dietary supplements, addressing a gap in the literature. First, unlike previous research, this study considers both pharmacist professionalism and celebrity endorser attractiveness in the research model, effectively bridging this gap. Furthermore, this study identifies the pivotal role of brand trust as a critical factor in enhancing consumers’ purchase intentions toward dietary supplements, offering valuable insights for dietary supplement companies regarding consumer purchase decision-making.

Profiling the novel plant-based meat alternative category: Consumer affective and sensory response in the context of perceived similarity to meat

Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) are increasingly popular and may contribute towards reduction of negative environmental impacts associated with the meat industry. Inferior sensory characteristics of PBMAs, compared to conventional meat products, remain a barrier for uptake of these products. This study aimed to profile a wide range of PBMAs for perceived similarity to meat, consumer liking, emotional response and sensory experience, and to determine consumer drivers of liking for this product category. Twenty-one PBMAs, spanning a broad range of product types (burger patties, sausages, meatball alternatives, chicken/beef pieces, bacon alternative, turkey roast alternative) and main protein ingredients (extruded plant proteins, tofu, or legumes/vegetables) representative of PBMAs available to Aotearoa New Zealand consumers, were tasted and evaluated by 140 Aotearoa New Zealand residents. Samples ranged widely in their perceived similarity to meat (median value range: 1.0–4.0 on a 5-point-scale) and overall liking ratings (mean ± SD, range: 35.1 ± 1.2––77.7 ± 17.4 on a 100-point hedonic scale). Overall liking ratings were driven mostly by liking for flavour, followed by texture, and less so by appearance. Sensorially, sample differentiation was mostly associated with variation in meat-related flavours and textures, or vegetable-related attributes. Notably meat flavour was the main driver of liking, and a very strong relationship (r = 0.92) was observed between perceived similarity to meat and overall sample liking ratings. Meat-like samples were also associated with positive emotional terms, whereas samples made from wholefoods were associated with negative emotional terms. Textural terms (‘gluey/slimy’, ‘pasty/doughy’) associated with wholefood products were also negative drivers for liking, and should be avoided in future PBMA products. In conclusion, the general population maintains a strong preference for PBMAs that are similar to meat, validating ongoing efforts to improve the meat-like properties of new and emerging products. PBMAs made from wholefoods require extensive product development to achieve consumer satisfaction across the category.

Key Drivers of Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use Facial Recognition Payments

Key Drivers of Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Use Facial Recognition Payments

Would You Like to Trade Your Energy? A Comparative Survey Experiment on Energy Trading Platforms

As energy markets become more decentralised, energy trading platforms are emerging as useful tools to facilitate the coordination of energy consumption and generation, encouraging a more efficient use of renewable energy by residential producers and consumers. By exploring three different European countries, we study the effectiveness of both monetary and non-monetary incentives in fostering energy trade via trading platforms. We use an incentivized survey experiment to evaluate the drivers of consumers’ and prosumers’ willingness to participate in an energy trading platform. We find that the monetary incentive is not necessarily the main reason why people would choose to trade their energy, but other dimensions, such as environmental concerns and independence from the national grid, play an important role.

Augmented reality characteristics as drivers of consumers’ purchase intention

Augmented reality characteristics as drivers of consumers’ purchase intention

Identifying and testing drivers of consumers’ attitude towards last-mile delivery modes

AbstractMany online businesses strive to optimize last-mile delivery cost by implementing delivery modes aimed at cutting costs through automation or collaboration. Convincing consumers to adopt cost-efficient last-mile delivery modes is imperative to successfully achieve this goal. Yet, evidence on consumers’ attitude towards different delivery modes is scarce and causes of differences in attitude are currently not well understood. Based on qualitative interviews with e-food industry experts, we identify potential drivers of consumers’ attitude towards last-mile delivery modes. We test these drivers experimentally, finding privacy concerns to fully mediate differences in attitude of in-home and in-garage delivery when compared to timed in-person delivery. In addition, we find evidence indicating the presence of privacy calculus in delivery mode choice. Next to reducing customer risk, providing added customer value could therefore be a viable approach to encourage consumer adoption of more cost-efficient last-mile delivery.

What drives consumers towards shared luxury services? A comparison of sequential versus simultaneous sharing

This study extends the nascent literature on luxury services and shared luxury by delving into how consumers are drawn to shared luxury services (SLS). Through a multigroup analysis on survey data from 803 consumers, we investigate whether diverse motivations affect consumers’ attitude and purchase intentions towards two different types of SLS reflecting different levels of sharing, namely simultaneous (i.e., when they are consumed in the presence of others – high sharing) and sequential (i.e., when they are consumed successively, without the concurrent presence of others – low sharing). Hedonism and environmental consciousness emerge as the main drivers of consumers’ attitudes towards both forms of SLS. Additionally, perceived privacy risk, need for uniqueness and bandwagon effect appear to drive consumers’ attitude towards simultaneous luxury. Overall, our findings advance knowledge vis-à-vis the changing nature of luxury services by highlighting the role of sharing level in shaping consumers’ attitudes towards sharing economy offerings.

A Model for Consumer Acceptance of Insect-Based Dog Foods among Adult UK Dog Owners.

The use of alternative proteins is becoming more common in pet feed, and insect-based dog foods (IBDFs) are becoming more widely available. However, little research has been conducted to date in respect of the drivers for consumers' acceptance of IBDF. This study aimed to investigate the acceptance of IBDF among adult UK dog owners and the factors influencing the decision to try and buy such products. A theoretical model was developed following a review of the existing literature. An online survey of 280 participants was carried out and the results were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the theoretical model. The following constructs all had a significant impact on attitudes towards IBDF and/or intentions to try and buy IBDF: food preferences for animal welfare, health and environment; attitudes towards uses of animals; beliefs about insect sentience; disgust; perceptions of benefits and risks; and social norms. Social norms had the strongest influence of any single construct. Consumer acceptance of IBDF is multi-faceted including social, cultural and ethical components, and it is likely that the better availability of information and opportunities for consumers to familiarise themselves with IBDF would help to drive consumer acceptance. In order to allow dog owners to make informed decisions in line with their ethical preferences, further research is needed to establish the overall health and welfare implications of IBDF on the animals involved in production, as well as the companion animals, who are the ultimate consumers.

Dapatkah Harga dan Kualitas Pelayanan Berdampak Terhadap Minat Konsumen Pada Biro Perjalanan Haji dan Umroh?

This scientific article investigates the impact of price and quality of service on consumer interest in Hajj and Umrah travel agencies. The study aims to understand the factors that influence consumers' decision-making process when selecting travel agencies for their religious pilgrimages hajj and umrah. The research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from a sample of potential pilgrims a hajj and umrah in PT. X. Statistical analysis techniques, including regression analysis, are employed to examine the relationships between price, quality of service, and consumer interest. The findings reveal that both price and quality of service significantly influence consumer interest in Hajj and Umrah travel agencies. Specifically, affordable pricing and superior service quality emerge as key drivers for consumers' selection of travel agencies. The study provides valuable insights for travel agencies to enhance their competitive advantage and attract more customers by strategically managing pricing strategies and improving service quality. Moreover, it contributes to the existing body of knowledge on consumer behavior within the context of religious tourism, particularly for the Hajj and Umrah market segment. Further research avenues are proposed to deepen the understanding of consumer preferences and behavior in this domain

Drivers of Banking Consumers’ Cybersecurity Behavior: Applying the Extended Protection Motivation Theory

Objective - This study aims to analyze the relationships between perceived knowledge and protection habits on cybersecurity behavior among active mobile banking users in Indonesia. The research direction involves empirical testing, employing the protection motivation theory (PMT) to develop a mediating model encompassing threat appraisal and coping appraisal components. Methodology/Technique - A quantitative research approach was employed to examine the twelve hypotheses developed based on the extended PMT. An online survey could obtain 380 valid responses where the respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Since this study extended the PMT, data was analyzed using PLS-SEM to maximize the predictive model. Findings – This study validated the protection motivation theory (PMT) by confirming the effect of all threat and coping appraisal components on protection behavior, except for perceived vulnerability. The results also reported a substantial impact of perceived knowledge and protection habits on cybersecurity behavior among active mobile banking users in Indonesia. Novelty - This research is one of a few studies that extend PMT by integrating perceived knowledge and protection habits to understand consumer behavior toward cybersecurity risk. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: M31, M15 Keywords: Cybersecurity behavior, Mobile banking, Perceived knowledge, Protection habit, protection Motivation theory (PMT). Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Tambariki, C; Sondakh, O.B; Dondokambey, V.A; Hendriana, E. (2024). Drivers of banking consumers’ cybersecurity behavior: Applying the extended protection motivation theory, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review, 9(1), 01 – 12. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2024.9.1(1)

What influences consumers' online medication purchase intentions and behavior? A scoping review.

Objective: Consumers increasingly buy pharmaceuticals online. No scoping review has been carried out to summarize and synthesize the studies that have identified drivers of consumers' purchase intention and behavior from online pharmacies. Thus, we conducted a scoping review to explore the extent to which prior research has studied consumer purchase intentions and behavior related to online pharmacies, the drivers previously identified to explain consumers' online pharmacy purchase intentions and behavior, and how these antecedents differ between OTC and prescription medications. Then, we identified gaps in the published literature to form a comprehensive theory-based agenda for future research. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to retrieve relevant studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals. The search strategy identified forty-eight eligible studies. Results: We identified twelve types of factors influencing purchase intentions and behaviors from online pharmacies: demographics, convenience, availability, price, evaluations of the purchase environment, information sources, internet usage, prior experience, perceived risk, health insurance, privacy, and product. Our analysis also revealed differences between OTC and prescription medications in drivers of purchase intentions and behaviors. Conclusion: While demographic factors tended to be the most often measured influences on intentions and behavior, their role was generally inconsistent, with many contradictory results. However, other factors (e.g., convenience, availability, lower prices, and favorable evaluations toward the purchase environment) more consistently enhanced online medication purchase intentions and behavior. An extensive agenda for future research is advanced.

Drivers of consumers’ intention to adopt sustainable healthy dietary patterns: evidence from China

IntroductionIn line with the shift towards sustainable consumption, sustainable healthy dietary patterns (SHDP) have received considerable attention, but no study has examined Chinese consumers’ intention to adopt SHDP.MethodsBased on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study integrated health consciousness, environmental concerns, and past eating behaviour to construct an expanded TPB framework for analyzing the factors influencing Chinese consumers’ intention to adopt SHDP. The mediating role of attitude between perceived value and consumers’ intention to adopt SHDP was also analyzed. The study empirically tested the research model using structural equation modelling estimation, based on the data collected from 402 local consumers in Wuxi, China.Results and discussionThe results showed that attitude, perceived behavioural control, health consciousness, and past eating behaviuor positively and significantly influenced consumers’ intention to adopt SHDP, whereas perceived value indirectly influenced adoption intention through attitude. Subjective norms and environmental concerns had no significant influence on adoption intention. Based on these findings, interventions through dietary education and information campaigns are recommended to enhance consumers’ value awareness and attitudes towards SHDP. Interventions, such as nudging, should be designed to enhance consumers’ perceived behavioural control and dietary practises. The findings of this study provide important insights for the development of dietary change intervention strategies.

“Fundamentalist, pragmatic, or unconcerned?”: an analysis of consumers’ willingness to disclose information online

Purpose This study aims to propose an innovative model that integrates variables and examines the influence of internet usage expertise, perceived risk and attitude toward information control on privacy concerns (PC) and, consequently, in consumers’ willingness to disclose personal information online. The authors also propose to test the mediation role of trust between PCs and willingness to disclose information. Trust is not a predictor of PC but a causal mechanism – considering that the focus is to understand consumers’ attitudes and behavior regarding the virtual environment (not context-specific) (Martin, 2018). Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a survey questionnaire based on the constructs that compose the proposed model to collect data from 864 respondents. The survey questionnaire included the following scales: internet usage expertise from Ohanian (1990); perceived risk, attitude toward information control, trust and willingness to disclose personal information online from Malhotra et al. (2004); and PC from Castañeda and Montoro (2007). All items were measured on a Likert seven-point scale (1 = totally disagree; 7 = totally agree). To obtain Westin’s attitudinal categories toward privacy, respondents answered Westin’s three-item privacy index. For data analysis, the authors applied covariance-based structural equation modeling. Findings First, the proposed model explains the drivers of consumers’ disposition to provide personal information at a level that surpasses specific contexts (Martin, 2018), bringing the analysis to consumers’ level and considering their general perceptions toward data privacy. Second, the findings provide inputs to propose a better definition of Westin’s attitudinal categories toward privacy, which used to be defined only by individuals’ information privacy perception. Consumers’ perceptions about their abilities in using the internet, the risks, their beliefs toward information control and trust also help to delimitate and distinguish the fundamentalists, the pragmatics and the unconcerned. Research limitations/implications Some limitations weigh the theoretical and practical implications of this study. The sample size of pragmatic and unconcerned respondents was substantially smaller than that of fundamentalists. It might be explained by applying Westin’s self-report index to classify the groups according to their score regarding PCs. Most individuals affirm having a great concern for their data privacy but still provide online information for the benefit of personalization – known as the privacy paradox (Zeng et al., 2021). It leads to another limitation of this research, given the lack of measures that classify respondents by considering their actual behavior toward privacy. Practical implications PC emerges as an important predictor of consumer trust and willingness to disclose their data online, and trust also influences this disposition. Managers need to implement actions that effectively reduce consumers’ concerns about privacy and increase their trust in the company – e.g. adopting a clear and transparent policy on how the data collected is stored, treated, protected and used to benefit the consumer. Regarding the perception of risk, if managers convince consumers that the data collected on the internet is protected, they tend to be less concerned about privacy. Social implications The results suggest different aspects influencing the willingness to disclose personal information online, including different responses considering consumers’ PCs. Through their policies and legislation, the authors understand that governments must be attentive to this aspect, establishing regulations that protect consumers’ data in the virtual environment. In addition to regulatory policies, education campaigns can be carried out for both consumers and managers to raise the discussion about privacy and the availability of information in the online environment, demonstrating the importance of protecting personal data to benefit the government, consumers and organizations. Originality/value Although there is increasing research on consumers’ privacy, studies have not considered their attitudinal classifications – high, moderate and low concern – as moderators of willingness to disclose information online. Researchers have also increased attention to the antecedents of PCs and disclosure of information but overlooked possible mechanisms that explain the relationship between them.

Research on the Effects of Social Drivers of Consumers on Online Services Offered by E-Commerce Platforms

The marketing industry is currently being propelled by digitalization, and digital technologies have been utilized to identify the highest quality products and services to satisfy consumer demand. To enhance public accessibility and personalization, marketers are increasingly obligated to implement digital technologies. Due to the widespread prevalence of COVID-19, marketers are compelled to transition to online business in order to provide the highest quality services; furthermore, the significance of online mobile applications in guaranteeing the fulfillment of each consumer's requirements is growing. This incentivizes marketers to deliver suitable services without restrictions. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of demographic determinants of consumer purchasing behavior on online grocery shopping behavior. Additionally, the study aims to assess consumers' perceptions regarding the quality and quantity of groceries purchased via the internet amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This research article was compiled with the assistance of 157 respondents who purchased products via an online platform.

Role of tailored sourdough fermentation in the flavor of wholegrain-oat bread

Sourdough technology has been known for its role in the improvement of texture, flavor, and quality of mainly wheat and rye-based breads for decades. However, little is reported about its use in the improvement of whole-grain oat bread, especially concerning flavor formation, which is one major consumer drivers. This study investigated the effects of sourdough obtained by different lactic acid bacteria and yeast starters consortia on the texture and flavor of 100% oat bread. Four different consortia were selected to obtain four oat sourdoughs, which were analyzed to assess the main features due to the different starter fermentation metabolism. Sourdoughs were added to breads as 30% dough weight. Bread quality was technologically monitored via hardness and volume measurements. Sourdough breads were softer and had higher specific volume. The sensory profile of sourdoughs and breads was assessed by a trained panel in sensory laboratory conditions, and the volatile profile was analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Sourdoughs were rated with higher intensities than untreated control for most of attributes, especially concerning sour aroma and flavor attributes. Sourdough breads were rated with higher intensities than control bread for sour vinegar flavor and total odor intensity, in addition they had richer volatile profile. Our results confirmed that sourdough addition can lead to an enhanced flavor, moreover, it demonstrated that the use of different consortia of lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains leads to the improvement of texture and altered sensory profile of whole-oat bread.