Driver Shaft Research Articles

Strength-to-Weight Optimization of Driver Shafts: A Comparative Analysis of Material Selection, Manufacturing Methods, Generative Design, and Topology Optimization using Fusion 360

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of strategies for optimizing the strength-to-weight ratio of driver shafts in automobile applications. The research focuses on four key areas: material selection, manufacturing methods, generative design, and topology optimization. Firstly, a range of materials commonly used in driver shaft manufacturing is evaluated, considering factors such as strength, weight, durability.. Various manufacturing methods, including traditional techniques and advanced processes like additive manufacturing, are assessed for their impact on shaft performance. The study also delves into the application of generative design and topology optimization techniques. Generative design algorithms are employed to explore innovative shaft geometries that enhance structural integrity while minimizing weight. Topology optimization algorithms are utilized to optimize material distribution within the shaft, further improving strength-to-weight characteristics. The findings highlight the potential benefits of integrating advanced design methodologies with appropriate material selection and manufacturing processes. This research contributes valuable insights for optimizing driver shafts, enhancing automobile performance, and achieving efficient utilization of materials in automotive engineering. Key Words: Driver Shaft design, Strength and weight optimization, Generative Design, Topology Optimization, Material and manufacturing Consideration.

Investigation of tensile strength, hardness and wear of titanium diboride reinforced AA6061 composite

This paper studies the mechanical properties of AA6061 matrix composite material reinforced with Titanium diboride particulates. Hot compaction method was employed to produce three composites having 2%, 4% and 6% weight composition of the reinforcement particulates. The resulting composites were tested for tensile strength, hardness and wear. The properties were compared with a base material having the matrix element only. The composite material having 4% composition of the reinforcement particulates developed increase in tensile strength by 0.5%, hardness by 19.3% and reduces wear by 53.9% respectively in comparison with the base material may improve driver shaft life. All the composite materials exhibited improved properties compared to the base material. The changes in the mechanical properties were proportional to the composition of the reinforcement particles in the composite. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of composite materials improve by adding up to 4 wt% of Titanium diboride particulates as the reinforcement particles.

S3443 Recurrent Acuphagia: Endoscopy or Not?

INTRODUCTION: Acuphagia is uncontrollable ingestion of metal or sharp objects. It is a psychiatric disorder. Few cases of recurrent acuphagia are reported in literature. We describe the case of a 27-year-old lady with recurrent episodes and the dilemma faced in management. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: 26-year-old lady with a past medical history multiple psychiatric disorders and an 8 year history of recurrent radio-opaque foreign body ingestion. She ingested a screw driver shaft and had previously ingested razor blades, 60 paper clips, spoons, bobby pins, pens, phone stylus. She required many esophagogastroduodenoscopies(EGDs) .Open laparotomy was done once for gastric perforation. Recurrent ingestion was related to craving anesthetic agents as a means of relieving anxiety. At review, her vital signs were stable. The foreign body was visualized on x ray and successfully removed from the stomach using a snare at EGD.Her medications were adjusted by psychiatry. She represented a month later after swallowing an unfolded paper clip confirmed on imaging. Due to lack of symptoms and adjudged low risk, EGD was not done, leaving her dissatisfied. DISCUSSION: Foreign body ingestion is more common in children compared to adults. Adult foreign body ingestion is increasing.(1) Recurrent intentional ingestion is more common in the elderly, prisoners and people with underlying psychiatric disorders.(2) Acuphagia is a form of pica, the consumption of non-nutritious substances. This patient had many psychiatric diagnoses. Most foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously. Some require intervention. European guidelines recommend conservative management for asymptomatic patients with ingestion of small, blunt objects (except batteries and magnets)(3). Indications for endoscopy include symptomatic patients, ingestion of sharp or pointed materials, batteries, magnets and large substances. Those with complications, for example perforation, intestinal obstruction require surgery. Our patient required multiple upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. Although largely asymptomatic, she mainly ingested sharp metal objects that put her at a risk for perforation.Managing this patient was challenging due to multiple presentations. Medication readjustments to manage anxiety thereby preventing recurrences were not fully successful. The threshold for endoscopy was raised. Propofol is being avoided for endoscopy as much as possible as this was the specific agent she craved.Figure 1Figure 2

Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force.

The biomechanics of a golf swing have been of interest to golfers, instructors, and biomechanists. In addition to the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of multi-segments of body, the closed-chain body posture as a result of both hands holding a club together makes it difficult to fully analyze the 3D kinetics of a golf swing. To identify the hand-grip joint force and torque applied by each hand, we directly measured the 3D internal grip force of nine registered professional golfers using an instrumented grip. A six-axis force-torque sensor was connected to a custom-made axially separated grip, which was then connected to a driver shaft using a manufactured screw thread. Subjects participated in two sessions of data collection featuring five driver swings with both a regular and customized sensor-embedded grip, respectively. Internal grip force measurement and upper limb kinematics were used to calculate the joint force and torque of the nine-linkage closed-chain of the upper limb and club using 3D inverse dynamics. Direct measurement of internal grip forces revealed a threefold greater right-hand torque application compared to the left hand, and counterforce by both hands was also found. The joint force and torque of the left arm tended to precede that of the right arm, the majority of which had peaks around the impact and showed a larger magnitude than that of the left arm. Due to the practical challenge of measuring internal force, heuristic estimation methods based on club kinematics showed fair approximation. Our results suggest that measuring the internal forces of the closed-chain posture could identify redundant joint kinetics and further propose a heuristic approximation.

Design, modeling and experimental validation of a novel finned reciprocating compressor for Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage applications

Considering the need for a reliable and environmentally friendly energy storage solution for addressing renewable energy intermittency issue and following the developments on Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (I-CAES) systems, a new finned piston compressor which is characterized by increased heat transfer area and coefficient has been designed, analyzed, manufactured and experimentally tested. This compressor includes two sets of concentric annular fins with different diameters: the mobile fins are pushed into the space between the stationary fins through a driver shaft and compress the air trapped in the interconnecting annular chambers while keeping the air temperature close to ambient. Modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in such a complicated geometry with a transient, non-linear, multi-layer, multi-dimensional nature can be best done by equivalent electric analogies with variable resistances and capacitors and employing a lumped method. Using bond graph representation method and based on a previously developed model for a classic reciprocating compressor, energy conversion has been modeled using a conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow model. Results of the simulation are presented and have been validated using an experimental test bench and to provide contrast to current technology, compared to a classic reciprocating compressor. The heat transfer along one cycle has increased in the finned compressor by 32 times compared to a classic piston compressor. The results also reveal that however the volumetric efficiency is decreased slightly in the finned compressor (−8%), the exergetic efficiency has increased from 55.1% in a classic piston to 78.4% in the finned piston.

A preliminary investigation of trunk and wrist kinematics when using drivers with different shaft properties

It is unknown whether skilled golfers will modify their kinematics when using drivers of different shaft properties. This study aimed to firstly determine if golf swing kinematics and swing parameters and related launch conditions differed when using modified drivers, then secondly, determine which kinematics were associated with clubhead speed. Twenty high level amateur male golfers (M ± SD: handicap = 1.9 ± 1.9 score) had their three-dimensional (3D) trunk and wrist kinematics collected for two driver trials. Swing parameters and related launch conditions were collected using a launch monitor. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p ≤ 0.003) between driver differences; specifically, faster trunk axial rotation velocity and an early wrist release for the low kick point driver. Launch angle was shown to be 2° lower for the high kick point driver. Regression models for both drivers explained a significant amount of variance (60–67%) in clubhead speed. Wrist kinematics were most associated with clubhead speed, indicating the importance of the wrists in producing clubhead speed regardless of driver shaft properties.

A Study of Drive Shaft Assembly

The weight reduction of the driveshaft can have a certain role in the general weight reduction of the vehicle and is a highly desirable destination. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and durability of composite materials. The advanced composite materials such as graphite, carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are widely practiced because of their high specific strength and high specific modulus. Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver shaft applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural component construction in order to obtain the reduction of the weight without a reduction in vehicle quality and dependability. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important objectives in vehicle design and reduction of weight is one of the most efficient steps to get this effect. In reality, on that point is about a direct proportion between the weight of a vehicle and its fuel use, especially in city driving. This task is an analysis performed on drive shaft with different composite materials and concludes that the utilization of composite materials for drive shaft would induce less amount of stress which additionally reduces the weight of the vehicle. CATIA is the modelling package used to model the drive shaft arrangement and ANSYS is the analysis package used to carry out analysis.

A New Design of the Universal Test Rig to Measure the Wear Characterizations of Polymer Acetal Gears (Spur, Helical, Bevel, and Worm)

This work aims to study the wear characterization of common types of acetal polymer gears (spur, helical, bevel, and worm) using a new TS universal test rig, in order to obtain reliable results and as a reference when compared with acetal nanocomposite gears later. The TS universal test rig consists of three different units that are connected by a main driver shaft and a pair of constantly meshing metal spur gears, which transfer power to the bevel and worm test units. The first unit is used to test the bevel gears, the second unit is used to test the spur and helical gears, and the third unit is used to test the worm gears. The loading mechanism is similarly designed to block the brake mechanism. Hobbing and milling machines were used to machine an injection-moulded polymer flanges and produce the tested gears. All gear pairs, except the worm gear, have identical gear ratios. The experiments were performed at speed 1420 rpm and the torque was 4 Nm. The results showed that the wear rates (in the form of weight loss) of spur gears were consistent with the previous results and the other gear types had larger wear rates.

Fluid Flow Analysis of a New Finned Piston Reciprocating Compressor Using Pneumatic Analogy

The goal of this paper is to investigate the fluid flow analysis in a novel multilayered finned reciprocating compressor, adopting a so-called “pneumatic-Electric” analogy using a lumped methodology. This machine includes two sets of concentric annular fins with different diameters: the mobile fins are pushed into the space between the stationary fins through a driver shaft and compress the air trapped in the interconnecting annular chambers. Considering pressure as effort and mass flow as the flow variable, the equivalent electric circuit was developed to represent the behavior of the pneumatic system. The governing state space equations are derived and simulation results are presented.

The Application of Advanced Composite Material in Tail Driver Shaft of the Helicopter

The helicopter tail drive shafts are designed by using aluminum alloy conventionally. The composite materials have the advantages of high strength ratio, good fatigue and erosion resistance. It can reduce weight 10%~30% than metal, and improve the pneumatic elasticity characteristics and flight performances of helicopter. This cannot be realized by using other materials. The design of the tail driver shaft has used composite material, so the advantages of light weight, good dynamic performances, high reliability, long life, excellent survivability can be achieved, and critical speed are increased. Torsional vibration problem of helicopter is also solved.

Influence of shaft length on golf driving performance

The aim of this study was to determine how shaft length affects golf driving performance. A range of drivers with lengths between 1.168 m and 1.270 m, representing lengths close to the 1.219 m limit imposed by R&A Rules Limited (2008), were assembled and evaluated. Clubhead and ball launch conditions and drive distance and accuracy were determined for seven category 1 golfers (handicaps 0.21 ± 2.41) who performed shots on a purpose-built practice hole. As shaft length increased from 1.168 m to 1.270 m, initial ball velocity increased (+1.8 m/s, P < 0.01). Ball carry (+4.3 m, P = 0.152) also increased, although not significantly so. Furthermore, as shaft length increased, for all club comparisons there was no decrease in accuracy. Ball launch conditions of spin components and launch angle remained unaffected by shaft length. Launch angle increased (0.8°, F = 1.074, P = 0.362) as driver shaft length increased. Our results show that clubhead and ball velocity together with ball carry tended to increase with no loss of accuracy.

Compliantly mounted damping means

A compliantly mounted damper (16,18) for rotating equipment of the type including a rotor shaft (2) and a quill shaft (6) coupling the rotor shaft (2) to a driver shaft (8) is disclosed. The damper includes a plate (14) rigidly mounted to the quill shaft (6) and a plate (16) compliantly mounted to the rotor shaft (2) so that the rotor shaft plate (16) follows the angular displacement of the quill shaft plate (14) due to shaft misalignment which may occur, while torsional damping is achieved.