Drinking Water Supply System Research Articles

Determination of Average Water Demand and Diurnal Consumption Pattern for a Multifamily Apartment Complex in Peshawar

Abstract: Accurately estimating and understanding domestic water demand and consumption patterns is essential for the efficient planning and management of drinking water supply systems. Traditional methods for estimating water demand are labor-intensive and often rely on assumptions. To overcome these limitations, this study employed a novel approach using highprecision data loggers to monitor water levels continuously in rooftop tanks at 5-minute intervals within a residential apartment complex in Peshawar, Pakistan. The findings indicate that per capita water consumption varies between 97 and 209 liters per capita per day (lpcd), with an average consumption of 173 lpcd. This methodology offers enhanced accuracy in quantifying water usage, providing a robust alternative to conventional estimation techniques.

Cross Sector Risk Management Analysis on Public-Private Partnership, Case Study Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) Jatiluhur I

Cross Sector Risk Management Analysis on Public-Private Partnership, Case Study Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) Jatiluhur I

Electric energy consumption (EEC) in groundwater-based drinking water supply systems: analysis and comparison of seven Italian case studies

ABSTRACT Drinking water and wastewater services depend on energy: electric energy consumption (EEC) of this sector amounts to 2–3% of global EEC. The attention of the scientific community and of water utilities about this topic is focused on energy optimization of wastewater treatment plants and pumping stages in drinking water supply systems (DWSSs). However, because of increasingly stringent regulations and because of more and more extended water-source pollution, the need for ‘unconventional’ drinking water treatment systems, which are very energy-intensive, will bring treatment to be a key factor in this scenario. Analyzing EEC in seven full-scale DWSSs, we wanted to control EEC in every single stage of the DWSS (withdrawal, drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) and distribution) and to identify opportunities for reducing energy consumption in DWSS, with a special focus on each drinking water treatment process. The most energy-intensive unconventional treatment turns out to be membrane filtration by reverse osmosis (for which specific consumption per cubic meter of pumped water is equal to 0.243 Wh/m3), whereas the most energy-intensive conventional treatment turns out to be air oxidation (specific EEC from 0.012 to 0.087 kWh/m3). The main strategies for energy conservation can be applied both in management and in the design phase.

Local and Low-Cost Filter Media of Simple Water Filtration

Commonly the Installation of a Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) in Indonesia consists of Coagulation-Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection Processes as a complete Process Unit for surface feed water such as rivers or lakes. Similarly, the clean water treatment process in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia uses intake water sources from irrigation. The intake water from irrigation used by the local Regional Drinking Water Company has good quality with a low turbidity value below the quality standards set by the central government. Based on these qualities, the right process unit to treat the water is by filtration only. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct evaluation and research to improve the efficiency of the process unit and the economic value of the water treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate irrigation feed water treatment by filtration using local and low-cost filter media. The filter reactor is designed with a rapid media filter type. The media is characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which is plugged in with EDS to find out the primary constituents and morphological information and after knowing the characterization of the media, and followed by tested the media placed in the water filter reactor with data collection. The results show that the size of the filter media has great effect on the quality of the processing water, which the smaller the media diameter conducted high selectivity and speed up filtration time. The greatest result obtained from testing feed water with media is 87.64%. Turbidity of the feed water sample process, which was previously 0.34 NTU, could be decreased to 0.02 NTU. Effective size of 0.4 mm and uniformity coefficient of 1.35 mm are the optimal allowable values.

The importance of institutional capacity in drinking water supply system governance: A policy evaluation from border area

In most developing countries, the equal access to clean and potable water is a major challenge faced by many communities. This research aims to evaluate water supply system governance policies as well as potential springs, constraints and problems related to the water needs of border communities. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. The qualitative approach looks at policies, institutions, conflicts, and problems faced, as well as looking at data on water sources, socio-economic challenges, culture, and local wisdom. The research location was in Belu Regency, on the Indonesia-Leste Timor border. Research informants were representatives of local government, academics and the community. The problems faced are the underdevelopment of piped networks due to budget constraints, low capacity and quality of human resources, and the absence of specific regulations governing the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM). The study area has springs spread across 11 subdistricts, with raw water potential ranging from 0.5 to 250 liters per second. Most of these water sources are good for community consumption, but some have not been optimally utilized so that they cannot be fully utilized to meet the needs of the population. The results show that SPAM management policies can be implemented to a certain extent, but have not yet run optimally because they still require capacity building and competence of the apparatus and local communities and an increase in the role of local governments to help implement central government policies in relation to assistance tasks and as a tool for deconcentration of the central government. In conclusion, the potential of raw water sources has not been fully utilized due to the challenges of infrastructure development and the limited capacity of human resources and budgets. Without good management and institutional support, communities will continue to face problems related to access to clean water.

IMPROVEMENT OF OPERATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE HYDRAULIC FLAKE FORMATION CHAMBER FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Ukraine’s surface water sources are unsatisfactory due to pollution caused by industrial and agricultural activities and the Russian invasion. As the natural water quality deteriorates, the treatment plant’s efficiency in preparing drinking water for the population’s needs decreases. The hydraulic flake formation chamber allows for physicochemical processes that produce large and solid flakes of metal hydroxides with impurities that quickly settle and are then removed from the water. This study aims to develop a methodology for experimental research on the new design of a swirl-vortex flake formation chamber that intensifies the water purification process in the domestic and drinking water supply systems. The proposed design of the swirl-vortex chamber has dimensions of 0.75×2.0 m and a height of 0.65 m. Due to the installation in the first section of 4 fittings with nozzles, two pieces on each pipe, and in the second section, six fittings with nozzles, three pieces on each pipe with a diameter of 6–10 mm, it is possible to increase the effect of water illumination. The authors performed hydraulic modelling following the Reynolds criterion (Re) and the Froude criterion (Fr). We conducted experiments using artificial turbidity water. White-blue clay was used as a turbidant because it contains more small particles than the white-green one. We decided to model flake formation chambers according to the Froude criterion (Fr). Modelling according to the Reynolds criterion leads to such large velocity gradients that it simply does not make sense to talk about flake formation processes. We carried out the second series of experiments to obtain a qualitative assessment of the swirl-vortex chamber’s work in forming flakes by studying the deposition of flakes at different velocity gradients and angles of inclination of the nozzles. The best effect of lightening the water in the flake formation chamber occurs at a nozzle inclination angle of 45° to the bottom. The best effect of water clarification happens at a velocity gradient of about 60 s-1 and the water residence time in the flake formation chamber of 200–300 s. Keywords: water treatment, intensification, flake formation chamber, drinking water supply.

Indonesian Civil Service Management in the Health and Disaster Management Sector: Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Prospective

The COVID-19 pandemic as a non-natural disaster has made many countries aware of reform in healthcare systems and services and disaster management, including Indonesia. The high intensity of natural disasters in Indonesia and the presence of non-natural disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic have become the government's momentum to carry out better mitigation in the future. This study aims to identify and analyse the gap between the existing conditions and the ideal conditions for the needs of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in the health and disaster management sector in the future. Using a gap analysis approach with qualitative data collection, this study shows a significant gap between the availability of ASN compared to the number of ASN needed in the health and disaster management sectors in Indonesia. Moreover, to make the health and disaster management sector successful, this study formulates the need for ASNs in strategic positions: Specialist Doctor, General Practitioner, Dentist, Pharmacy and Food Supervisor, and Rescuer. In addition, this study suggests the need for developing ASN competencies in this sector, such as digital services, biotechnology, nanotechnology, integrated flood management, construction of drinking water supply systems and landfills, risk management, and review analysis and mitigation

Community Empowerment Alternatives to Rural Drinking Water Infrastructure Problems: Case Study of Rural SPAM in Krangkeng District, Indramayu Regency

Abstract. The Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) is a basic community need that must be provided by the government. Water availability is currently a problem in rural areas of Krangkeng District. The condition of the region often experiences drought during the dry season and only 59.27% of people have access to adequate drinking water. Every year the government provides assistance in the form of physical development and water supply via tank trucks. The lack of public awareness in the sustainable implementation of SPAM has resulted in this problem recurring every year. With this phenomenon, community empowerment efforts are needed to create increased community capacity and active community participation in managing the drinking water supply system in Krangkeng District so that it can be sustainable. This research aims to identify community empowerment alternatives described in the aspects of implementing rural SPAM in Krangkeng District using a qualitative descriptive approach. The research results show that there are aspects that are problematic in implementing SPAM in terms of planning for the provision of infrastructure and drinking water services that are not yet structured. Technically, there is limited water infrastructure that can be utilized, there is no management institution, minimal funding allocation related to SPAM, minimal regulatory aspects and there has been no effort to improve from a social perspective related to the sustainability of SPAM. Based on these aspects, the community empowerment alternatives that can be implemented are education and awareness about the importance of drinking water use, community involvement both as management institutions (pokmas) and as users, involvement in collaborative advocacy networks with external parties, and involvement in monitoring and evaluation. It is hoped that this research can help stakeholders in Krangkeng District in efforts to mitigate problems with the implementation of SPAM and the sustainability of water resources in the future.

Perbandingan Algoritma Deep Q-Network dan Local Outlier Factor Untuk Deteksi Anomali Konsumsi Air Minum Pelanggan PUDAM Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Adequate provision of drinking water in quantity, quality, and continuity is needed to realize a healthy and productive society. A well-managed Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) is essential to meet this need. Based on Government Regulation Number 122 of 2015, the implementation of SPAM involves the development and management of drinking water which is the responsibility of the local government and PUDAM as the implementer. The main challenges faced by PUDAM include the high level of water loss or Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which reaches 40% in Indonesia. One of the efforts to reduce the NRW level at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency in the Kalipuro District area is to detect abnormal consumption in customer drinking water consumption. This study uses the Deep Q Network and Local Outlier Factor algorithms to detect anomalies in drinking water consumption, with the aim of comparing the performance of the two algorithms in identifying abnormal consumption patterns at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency. The results of the study indicate that the Local Outlier Factor algorithm is more suitable for anomaly detection as evidenced by the absence of detection errors and an F1-Score value of 36%.

Improving the drinking water supply system in the capital of Tomia Timur Subdistrict, Tomia Island, Wakatobi Regency

This research aims to improve the Municipal Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM IKK) in East Tomia, Wakatobi Regency, using a combined method approach and involving 76 participants. The findings indicate that water services in East Tomia adhere to the 4K principles (Quantity, Quality, Continuity, and Accessibility), with an increase in water volume despite some distribution challenges. Water quality remains high due to regular testing, and continuous service is ensured through ongoing maintenance, making the service accessibility for the community. Strategic improvements over the next 5-10 years include the implementation of solar-powered pumps, expansion of storage infrastructure, and enhancement of the distribution system to improve efficiency and sustainability. Recommendations include infrastructure upgrades, adoption of green technology, consistent quality checks, and support from proactive local government policies.

Implementation of an intelligent drinking water supply system using GIS mapping and smart metering for reliable water supply management

ABSTRACT The demand for water resources has increased due to population growth and the effects of cyclical droughts on irrigated agriculture. Due to these current circumstances, there is an imbalance between the limited supply of water and the rising demand for water. According to this perspective, accurate data on the spatial and temporal patterns of stockholder water demand can only be obtained through effective water planning and management. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and smart metering are being used to implement intelligent water supply systems for dependable water supply management. In water supply systems, GIS models aid in data comprehension, analysis, and querying using advanced technologies that can significantly enhance work in the field of urban planning.

Projected Analysis of Fulfilling Pdam Clean Water Needs in Domestic Customers of Waginopo Village, Wangi-Wangi District, Wakatobi District

Clean water is a very vital need for society, to meet the needs for drinking water, bathing, cooking, washing and including industrial needs. The existence of clean water in an area is very important considering the very dynamic activities of society. In its implementation, the drinking water supply system in Waginopo Village has not been able to run smoothly. In fact, according to a temporary survey that has been carried out, PDAM water only flows once every 2 days, once a week and the maximum flow time is only 12 hours. The aim of this research is to calculate the amount of clean water needed for the service area of Waginopo Village, Wangi-Wangi District, Wakatobi Regency until 2033. In this research, not only numerical data will be collected, but also information about what the community desires regarding the performance of the clean water distribution system, so this research study approach uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. From the results of the analysis it can be said that the total water demand of PDAM Wakatobi Regency for the Waginopo Village service area in 2033 is 867,894 m3/year. Meanwhile, based on water demand in 2024, it is 592,737 m3/year. So the calculation results from 2024 to 2033 have increased.

Public Private Partnership in Management Drinking Water Supply System: Disruption Innovation Perspective

Public Private Partnership in Management Drinking Water Supply System: Disruption Innovation Perspective

Environmental Quality Development Strategy in Central Government Areas: Case Study of Dompak Island, Riau Islands Province

Environmental quality refers to the state or condition of the environment in a particular area, taking into consideration various factors that affect the well-being of living organisms, including humans. It encompasses the health and sustainability of ecosystems, air, water, soil, and other natural resources. The interpretation of environmental quality as providing optimal carrying capacity for human survival implies that the environment should meet certain criteria to support human life and well-being. This research aims to find out how to apply and development strategy in providing regional facilities and infrastructure to optimize environmental quality on Dompak Island as the Central Government Area of the Riau Islands Province. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through SWOT analysis. The research results found that the strategy for providing facilities and infrastructure to improve environmental quality on Dompak Island is by developing a drinking water supply system (SPAM), increasing drainage capacity, providing street lighting infrastructure, providing green open space, maintaining existing physical infrastructure, utilizing empty land. for the construction of parking lots, collaboration with other parties and strengthening regional management institutions. The novelty of this research involves various infrastructure components, effective use of resources, multi-party collaboration, institutional strengthening, and strategies based on SWOT analysis to achieve the goal of improving sustainable environmental quality on Dompak Island.

Analysis Of Microbiological Quality in Community-Based SPAM (Drinking Water Supply Systems) in The City Of Blitar Based On A Monitoring System

Water is a natural resource that has a very important function for human life. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of monitoring on the microbiological quality of community-based SPAM (Drinking Water Supply System) in Blitar City. The design of this research is quantitative observational research with a cross sectional approach with the focus of the research directed at analyzing the effect of supervision on microbiological quality in community-based SPAM (Drinking Water Supply Systems) in Blitar City. The total population was 22 respondents and the sample was 21 respondents taken using the Simple Random Sampling technique. The findings showed that the majority of respondents had less supervision in the category of 18 respondents (86%). Apart from that, the majority of community-based SPAM (drinking water supply systems) have microbiological quality in the category of not meeting the requirements, as many as 18 respondents (86%). Based on the results of the Logistic Regression analysis, it shows that the p-value is 0.000 < 0.05, so H1 is accepted so it is concluded that there is an influence of supervision on the microbiological quality of community-based SPAM (Drinking Water Supply System) in Blitar City. It is hoped that respondents will improve supervision to be even better in accordance with applicable regulations in order to ensure the quality of existing SPAM drinking water is suitable for consumption.

ANALISIS SKEMA PROYEK KERJASAMA PEMERINTAH DAN BADAN USAHA DALAM SISTEM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM END TO END

Providing drinking water is a crucial aspect in efforts to improve community welfare. Collaboration between government and business entities has become a common approach in developing drinking water infrastructure. This research aims to analyze cooperation project schemes with the government and business entities end to end drinking water supply system. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the end-to-end SPAM project scheme and its conformity with the provisions regulated in PP Number 122 of 2015, especially Article 56. One important aspect of this regulation is Article 56, which regulates administrative sanctions for SPAM operators who does not comply with his obligations. The analysis results show that the suitability of the end to end SPAM project scheme with Article 56 PP Number 122 of 2015 depends on the extent to which the project complies with all the obligations and provisions stipulated in the regulation. Thus, this research provides in-depth insight into the implementation of the SPAM project scheme in the context of regulations in force in Indonesia.

Technical and Environmental Problems Creation and Operation of a Rural Drinking Water Supply System in the Northern Steppe Areas of the Mykolaiv Region, Ukraine

Technical and Environmental Problems Creation and Operation of a Rural Drinking Water Supply System in the Northern Steppe Areas of the Mykolaiv Region, Ukraine

Modeling and Control of Drinking Water Supply Infrastructures Through Multi-Agent Systems for Sustainability

Traditionally, drinking water supply infrastructures have been designed to store as much water as possible and to do so during the energy cheap hours. This approach is unsustainable today. The use of digital systems capable of modeling the behavior of infrastructures and the creation of intelligent control systems can help to make drinking water supply systems more efficient and effective, while still meeting minimum service requirements. This work proposes the development of a control system, based on multi-agent systems (MAS), capable of generating an intelligent control over a drinking water infrastructure, based on the use of local interests of the agents and with an emergent behavior coherent with the needs. To validate the proposal, a simulator based on the infrastructures of a medium-sized Spanish city of 5000 inhabitants has been built and the control has been simulated using the MAS. The results show how the system can maintain the objectives set, handling unknown situations, and facilitating the development of future physical systems based on a just-in-time paradigm that guarantees sustainability, as it allows the generation of virtualizations of the infrastructures and their behavior, thus being able to study the best option for an infrastructure to resolve a supply situation.

Hygienic efficiency of ultraviolet disinfection of water in centralized drinking and household water supply systems (systematic review)

Introduction. Drinking water supplied to the population must be safe in epidemic terms. However, some viruses and parasites are resistant to the disinfecting effect of traditionally used agents for water treatment. The use of UV irradiation ensures the microbiological safety of water, but there are factors affecting its effectiveness. 
 The purpose of the review was to systematize scientific data on the effectiveness of the use of UV irradiation in relation to drinking water.
 Materials and methods. The search for scientific publications was carried out using literature databases MedLine/PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The total number of publications was one thousand six hundred forty-six. The criteria for including the report in the systematic review were: publications in Russian or English with an available full-text version; samples for the study are water from centralized water supply systems or specially prepared microorganisms; any type of research evaluating the effectiveness of a wide range of doses of UV irradiation against microorganisms.
 Results of the analysis of publications. A systematic review included 17 reports about the effect of UV irradiation on bacteria and viruses. The subject of several studies was the resistance of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs to different doses of UV irradiation. According to the results presented in the publication, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, giardia cysts possess of the least resistance to UV irradiation (100% inactivation). 4 log-inactivation was established for Mycobacteia. E. coli and coliphages demonstrate a wide range of indicators of the resistance to ultraviolet radiation due to the diversity of the studied strains. 
 Conclusion. UV disinfection should be used as an additional method in combination with traditional reagents methods of water treatment. It is necessary to study the effect of UV irradiation on helminth eggs and protozoan cysts.

Online water quality monitoring: a case study in the umbulan drinking water supply system, East Java, Indonesia

Conventional systems that monitor the supply system periodically are considered to be very inadequate. This can cause the water supply distributed to the community to be of poor quality. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate water quality periodically by measuring water parameters such as pH, chlorine and turbidity for 30 days using an online system and portable unit. Portable tools used to measure pH, turbidity and residual chlorine are as follows, namely pH meters (Hanna, HI98017), Turbidity Meters (Hanna, HI 98703), Residual Chlorine meters and measurements with an online system using "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition”. The average parameter value of the results of online daily monitoring for a month for the pH parameter was a minimum 6.92, a maximum of 7.46, a minimum turbidity of 0.08 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) and a maximum of 0.94 NTU. While the residual chlorine minimum of 0.29 mg/L and a maximum of 0.58 mg/L. To determine the accuracy of the offline measurements, measurements were also performed with a portable device four times a month. The comparison of the measurement results is very small, which is the difference in pH parameters is between 0.37-0.50, turbidity is between 0.05-0.21 NTU, and residual chlorine is 0.002-0.006 mg/L. Offline measurements using the portable device are consistent with the online daily monitoring. Future research should focus on optimizing sensor technology for enhanced accuracy and reliability, and developing automated data analysis algorithms to streamline evaluation processes.