Drinking Water Supply Project Research Articles

Women and Rural Development in the Context of Decentralisation in Tubah Council, North West Region of Cameroon

Purpose: Before 1990s, the decentralisation process in Cameroon has gone through several stages. This process really materialised with the revision of the Cameroon Constitution in 1996. Owing to that, several laws concerning this process were promulgated. Decentralisation should eventually make all decentralised territorial authorities autonomous. This government policy, which is part of the bottom-up approach, has the responsibility to promote the participation of the population. Thus, one is entitled to ask how decentralisation in Cameroon can impact women’s participation in rural development in the Tubah council?
 Materials and Methods: To answer this question, primary and secondary data were mobilised and processed according to appropriate methods for the variables studied. Primary data were collected from observation, interviews of key informants and administration of questionnaires addressed to a sample of 145 people in the council area. Secondary data were obtained from internet sources, textbooks as well as documentations and libraries. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptives and inferentials statistics meanwhile content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis.
 Findings: The results show that even if the decentralisation process does not pay particular attention to women, it contributes to the creation of a favourable framework for local development initiatives. Thus, 79% of the women in the Tubah area act individually, compared with 21% who take part in group actions. Their actions varied, with 40% in the field of agriculture and 30% to drinking water supply projects. Identified as one of the pillars of development in rural areas, the intervention of women, if well supervised and structured, it can boost development in a sustainable and effective way.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that councils within the process of decentralisation should encourage women participation in rural development by ensuring their high representativeness. It also goes in line with the theory of decentralisation, which states that in order to promote local and participatory development, the transfer of power to local authorities must be effective. The study emphasises on the fact that, the transfer should not only be at the level of power and finances, but it should also include the social categories, must especially women, who are one of the main actors of rural development in Cameroon.

Obstacles and risks to drinking water supply projects in Afghanistan

Water is a basic necessity of life, so in order for human beings to be free and safe from various diseases, it is necessary to take necessary measures to provide clean water to them. Lack of access to clean water in Afghanistan is a matter of serious concern. Two decades ago, when Afghanistan was facing a major crisis, 80% of the population used drains, canals and other stagnant water, which led to various diseases. Then, after the American presence in Afghanistan, a new government was formed. In 2001, the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) launched a program called RU-WatSip to improve access to clean water in rural areas. Implement clean water supply programs and projects, which have hit every village in Afghanistan, a decade later, according to a UNICEF survey, 67% of the population in Afghanistan had access to clean water. Which were pollution-free, whereas in the early stages only 20% of Afghanistan’s population had access to clean water. [1]The Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) has implemented various clean water supply projects in different rural areas, although the basic needs of the people have been met with the implementation of these projects. The projects that should have been considered were not implemented as they should have been, and these projects had different hurdles and risks from the design stage to the implementation and handover process, which divided us into three categories: High, medium, and low, for example, briefly mentioned, and our purpose in writing this article is to explore the barriers and difficulties in drinking water supply projects. [2]

Rainwater Harvesting Practices and Its Effectiveness in Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Water scarcity has been a major problem of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). Different interventions are being attempted to solve this problem including the highly discussed Melamchi Drinking Water supply project. Thus, so rainwater harvesting (RWH) could be a promising approach to satisfy water to some extent. The study has aimed to assess the status of rainwater harvesting practices in KMC and to examine its effectiveness in overcoming the water shortage. A total of 244 households were surveyed covering 32 wards of KMC through random sampling method and semi structured questionnaire forms were laid for the data collection. The annual rainfall data of interval 30 years (1990-2019) of KMC, collected from department of Hydrology and Meteorology for trend analysis. Study revealed 58.2% of households are practicing RWH and among them 63.2% installed RWH system more than five years ago. About 63% of households are practicing roof top harvesting which is found to be more convenient in terms of cost and space. Strong positive correlation (R2=0.876, r=0.942) was observed among amount of water harvested and space occupied by RWH system and was statistically significant (P <0.05). Harvested water is found mainly used for household’s chores, flushing toilets and watering the garden. Majority (95.8%) of respondents did not prefer harvested water for drinking due to its poor water quality, high contamination and bad odor and taste. About 73.2% of the respondents decontaminate harvested water before using and filtration (63%) is found to be most common and effective method for decontamination. Despite of challenges like leakages of storages and gutters, about 87.3% of respondents are strongly satisfied with RWH system as it reduced the municipal water supply bill and provides excess water for the sanitation. Furthermore, the trend analysis showed increment of rainfall in the area by 1.21 mm per annum. Study regarding governmental incentives for the installation of RWH system, availability and accessibility of quality products, training on installation and sanitary management of RWH system would help to shed further light in the aspects of RWH.

Individualized Community-Led Drinking Water Supply Projects in Rural Nepal

Despite access to water being a human right upheld by the United Nations, many residents in Nepal have limited access to safe drinking water due to factors including insufficient government assistance, the country’s mountainous topography, and devastating natural disasters. This paper examines the differences in effectiveness and sustainability in clean drinking water supply (DWS) systems in rural areas of the country that are either provided by the government or by local and international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). I argue that drinking water supply projects that are conducted using an individualized community-led methodology by international and local NGOs working in partnership are more effective and sustainable than generalized methodologies often employed by the government, and positively contribute to other areas of development including gender equality. To do this, I look specifically at the approaches taken by the NGOs Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) and Engineers Without Borders (EWB) in providing drinking water supply systems to rural communities in Nepal. Critically examining the outcomes of the differing methodologies that are employed to provide access to clean drinking water in this context is important in facilitating the achievement of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal of safe and affordable drinking water for all.

Design of a Spatial Information System for the Management of Drinking Water Supply Boreholes in the Departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi (Central Cote d’Ivoire)

Drinking water is an indispensable commodity for the life and development of the community. Despite the efforts made by the Ivorian government, much remains to be done to relieve the population. The satisfaction of such a need requires detailed and reliable information on the availability of groundwater. This study aims to design a database to manage the drinking water supply projects of the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi from boreholes. The methodological approach used in this study is that of a relational database combining attribute and spatial data. The result of this work is a user-friendly interface that facilitates consultation and data entry on the boreholes. Spatial and statistical analyses show an uneven distribution of boreholes throughout the study area. Furthermore, all the boreholes in these two departments have flow rates classified as low and the most productive alteration thicknesses are between 15 and 30 m. The optimal depth of drilling in this area can be defined between 60 and 90 m. Finally, it appears from this analysis that, among all the lithological formations in these departments, the shales are the most productive. This database constitutes a real decision support tool for managers for the planning and evaluation of drilling.

A Novel Intelligent Leakage Monitoring-Warning System for Sustainable Rural Drinking Water Supply

Leakage occurs in rural water supply pipelines very often and its locating is quite demanding even for specialists, which could result in a poor operation efficiency of rural water supply projects and thus a low rural water supply guarantee rate. In view of this problem, the detection of leakage, as well as its prediction, is of great significance for the operation, maintenance, and administration of rural water supply projects. The traditional monitoring-warning systems for urban water distribution networks cannot be applied to rural water distribution networks, due to various limitations. Meanwhile, as with the traditional models, most new approaches based on machine learning such as the artificial neural network (ANN), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and statistical learning theory (SLT) do not fit rural water distribution networks much better, being unable to converge and force high-accuracy results with small sample sizes, which is a crucial demand to meet when dealing with rural water supply pipelines. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), a model that specializes in small sample sizes and has a high generalization ability, was applied to a rural water supply project in Ningxia, China. In this study, a monitoring-warning system featuring both leakage locating and quantity estimation was established based on XGBoost. The accuracy and F1-score of the leakage locating model were 95% and 93%, respectively, while those of the leakage quantity model reached 96% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the pressure of monitoring stations could be obtained through the feature importance analysis enabled by XGBoost, which is essential for leakage warning. These results indicate that this system based on XGBoost could be a promising solution to the leakage issue in rural water supply projects, as a great inspiration for future developments in intelligent monitoring-warning systems, thus providing reliable approaches for the sustainable development of rural drinking water supply projects.

Critical Risk Factors of PPP Water Supply Project in Indonesia (Case Study: West Semarang Drinking Water Supply Project)

The increasing need for water cannot be denied, given the growing population and standard of living. Therefore, the Government seeks to involve the private sector through the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme in the West Semarang Drinking Water System project to overcome the cost of providing a significant investment. In 2012 the West Semarang Drinking Water Supply Project (WS-DWSS) was developed by the Government. But in 2015, the project was stopped due to changes in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources. PPP schemes in the water sector are relatively new in Indonesia and often face many challenges in their implementation. Through the lens of a theoretical framework and by taking a qualitative and quantitative approach based on primary and secondary data, this thesis assesses the critical risk factors during project implementation in the perception of the public and private sectors. This thesis shows that the both sectors agree that there are 3 most critical risks for drinking water projects: availability of raw water (continuity/quantity), natural disasters, tariff setting & demand projection error. However, the two sectors also have different perceptions of critical risk factors. This difference shows that the two sectors have distinct views and goals as part of a collaborative project. By knowing the similarities and differences, mitigation efforts can be made to minimize the risk of drinking water projects with the PPP scheme.

Assessment of Groundwater Based Public Drinking Water Supply System of Kamrup District, Assam, India using a Modified Water Quality Index

This work aims to assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) of the groundwater-based public drinking water supply system of Kamrup District (Rural) of Assam, India. For assessing WQI, water samples have been collected, both raw water and treated water, from seventy-eight public drinking water supply projects over the district for comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The WQI was calculated based on the weightage derived from the literature survey and based on the doctors’ weightage. The derived WQI showed that the water quality falls from poor to very poor quality. However, the concentration of the water quality parameters except Iron, Fluoride, and Manganese are within the permissible limit in all the water supply projects. It shows that the WQI calculated based on the weightage derived, as stated above, is not displaying the actual water quality of the supplied water. As such, a modified method is proposed to calculate the WQI of the supplied water considering the permissible limit of the parameters in deriving the weightage for the parameters. The WQI values calculated using the modified method falls in the range of good water quality to poor water quality and shows the true water quality of the supplied water. The statistical analysis of the water quality parameters and WQI shows that the WQI has a very high correlation with Manganese with a coefficient of correlation value of 0.86, followed by 0.4 with Chloride and 0.34 with Fluoride.

Development and technology of rural drinking water supply in China*

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water in rural areas is a basic need of the population. Since 2000 China has invested significantly in improving rural drinking water safety nationwide as an important measure to alleviate poverty and promote rural development. In 2009, China achieved the millennium development goal (MDG) of halving the ratio of the population without access to safe drinking water by 2015. Water quality, water quantity, guaranteed probability of water source and convenience of water acquisition are the four major factors in evaluating drinking water safety. Technology and innovative equipment for water purification, disinfection, construction models and management technology and institutions have been developed to support the large‐scale construction and management of rural drinking water supply projects during the last 20 years. This paper presents the technical progress and experience accumulated in the construction and management of the rural drinking water supply in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Designing community-based payment scheme for ecosystem services: a case from Koshi Hills, Nepal

The study was carried out to design payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to enhance the effectiveness of existing drinking water supply project. This study determined willingness-to-pay of water users using choice experiment method and identify the willingness of watershed households to participate in the scheme by household survey. The results suggest that creating a multi-stakeholder institution at the local level, led by local body, will make the implementation of the PES feasible. This would create trust between ecosystem managers and service consumers, facilitates monitoring system and encourages their participation in watershed management. In the beginning, water users would like to pay less than their willingness-to-pay because it may take time to improve the situation. This suggests that community-based payment for ecosystem services scheme in rural area can be kicked off, only after the external support this is because the amount committed by water users are not sufficient to implement all required activities and ecosystem managers will not make an investment expecting that they will be paid in the future. The study also recommends providing upstream communities in-kind support rather than cash may reduce the transportation cost as well as risk of corruption. This also ensures that the fund is spent on planned activities.

Risk Impact Analysis on the Investment of Drinking Water Supply System Development using Project Risk Management

The development of a water supply system requires a high investment cost, and financial, environmental, and institutional aspects need to be considered. As major projects involving many stakeholders, drinking water supply projects become vulnerable to risks. A risk-based analysis is required to reduce the likelihood of failure in both the operational and financial aspects of such projects. This study describes the process of risk management planning for a drinking water supply system construction project in South Bali. The case study is based on the project risk management method with the value at risk to calculate the impact of risks in project investment. The purpose of this study is to obtain a financial risk model that maps potential risk factors and calculates the financial impact of risks on the project. This is used to create alternative strategies to reduce the impact of risks on investment made during the development of the project. The analysis showed that of the three priority risk factors, production capacity has the greatest influence on the net present value of the project.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Rural Drinking Water Project in Maharashtra: A Case of Solapur District

This paper empirically Evaluation of Rural Drinking Water Project; the project proponent is interested in quantifying benefits and costs of a project from a broad societal point of view. Time horizon and discount rates for the economic assessment has been selected. Common decision criteria include net present value, expected net present value, benefit-cost ratio, annualized net benefits. Most commonly, project alternatives with a positive net present value are considered economically feasible. Present paper looks at the cost of Element and benefits of a drinking water supply project undertaken in Solapur district in Maharashtra. The study finds that the project was carried out rapidly and has largely met its aim of supplying sufficient, quality and safe water. However, has to be weighed against the better quality as well as operation and maintenance of the other Maharashtra project. Sensitivity analyses conducted as part of the economic analysis.

Public taps and private connections: the production of caste distinction and common sense in a Rajasthan drinking water supply project

This paper analyses a drinking water supply project in rural Rajasthan, India, that deliberately sought to create greater equality across caste for water users through a combination of public taps and payment for water. Later, in the post‐construction phase of the project, those goals were undermined by the counter‐technologies of upper caste households and the village‐scale institutions that supported them. The paper brings together geographic research on neoliberal water governance and caste processes in modern rural India to illuminate how neoliberal subjectivities deepened in the post‐project phase. It shows the ways that caste norms, village water governance and state power converged to produce ‘new’ ways of thinking about water access and payment that undermined the social goals and the physical infrastructure of the project. The paper contributes to research on neoliberalisation and the creation of subjects by demonstrating the mutual constitution of caste inequalities and successfully marketised drinking water over the construction and post‐construction phases of the project.

Hybrid drinking water governance: Community participation and ongoing neoliberal reforms in rural Rajasthan, India

This paper examines a Rajasthan (India) drinking water supply project that relied on hybrid governance reforms in its original design. Decentralization and marketization, combined with a participatory approach, were intended to facilitate an empowering shift in state-citizen relationships. Paying citizens were expected to make quantity and quality demands of the state as consumers, not welfare beneficiaries. Research on the project 3years after its completion revealed that although payment for water and community participation were intended to compel the state to provide clean water, they failed in this regard. The problem of an unreliable state supply was solved through small scale privatization, a decision ‘independently’ reached at the local scale, but one that served to further undermine the state’s ability to provide clean water.In this paper, we trace the shifts in regulation that evolved in the post-project phase at both the state and village scale that resulted in the delivery of contaminated water. Ethnographic research indicates that community participation was introduced as a set of institutions that would govern how villagers interacted with the state and its water supply, but villagers altered community participation by introducing reforms in water governance as a way of coping with an unresponsive state and increased work burden. Community participation evolved in contradictory ways as the impacts of neoliberal environmental governance were felt. The paper contributes to understandings of neoliberalization processes’ local impacts by analyzing their ongoing hybridization at multiple scales. It further calls into question foundational notions that community participation in resource governance is the appropriate solution to drinking water supply.

“Where the Knots of Narrative Are Tied and Untied”: The Dialogic Production of Gendered Development Spaces in North India

Participatory research with a Rajasthani (India) drinking water supply project indicates that women's participation has generated an ongoing struggle inside the implementing nongovernmental organization (NGO) and in villages. A Bakhtinian analysis of the project's women's participation program can illuminate the micropolitics of dialogic struggles surrounding women's participation and its related spaces. Bakhtin's concepts of utterance, dialogic process, and chronotope offer geographers a framework for analyzing the constant, simultaneous production of meaning and space. A Bakhtinian analysis of NGO fieldworkers' speech accesses the micropolitics within social relations, which construct gendered spaces. Gendered participatory approaches need reevaluation because dialogues about women's participation extend the scope of that participation beyond what is intended by development policymakers and practitioners. As part of their work, fieldworkers simultaneously are influenced by and contribute to shifting spaces of gendered domination, flexible meanings of women's participation, and newly audible voices. Verbal struggles over gendered spaces lead to new meanings of women's participation. These new meanings in turn expand the influence of women's participation as a platform for sociospatial change. Gendered gains may be temporary and incremental, but where before there was little precedent or feeling for women's participation within the drinking water supply project, over time women's participation became linked to all project goals.

“Traditional” women, “modern” water: Linking gender and commodification in Rajasthan, India

In this paper, I analyze the connections made between women and water in a Rajasthani drinking water supply project as a significant part of drinking water’s commodification. For development policy makers, water progressing from something free to something valued by price is inevitable when moving economies toward modernity and development. My findings indicate that water is not commodified simply by charging money for it, but through a series of discourses and acts that link it to other “modern” objects and give it value. One of these objects is “women”. I argue that through women’s participation activities that link gender and modernity to new responsibilities and increased mobility for village women involving the clean water supply, a “traditional” Rajasthani woman becomes “modern”. Water, in parallel, becomes “new”, “improved” and worth paying for. Women and water resources are further connected through project staff’s efforts to promote latrines by targeting women as their primary users. The research shows that villagers applied their own meanings to latrines, some of which precluded women using them. This paper fills a gap in feminist political ecology, which often overlooks how gender is created through natural resource interventions, by concerning itself with how new meanings of “water” and “women” are mutually constructed through struggles over water use and its commodification. It contributes to critical development geography literatures by demonstrating that women’s participation approaches to natural resource development act as both constraints and opportunities for village constituents. It examines an under-explored area of gender and water research by tracing village-level struggles over meanings of latrines.

Women Fieldworkers and the Politics of Participation

Previous articleNext article No AccessWomen Fieldworkers and the Politics of ParticipationKathleen O’Reilly Kathleen O’ReillyDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Search for more articles by this author Department of GeographyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 31, Number 4Summer 2006 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/500600 Views: 69Total views on this site Citations: 37Citations are reported from Crossref © 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Changing the Subject of Indian Feminism, (Aug 2022): 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-001 Indian Feminism in the New Millennium, (Aug 2022): 26–46.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-002 Feminist Governmentality, (Aug 2022): 101–131.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-005 Subaltern Self-Government, (Aug 2022): 132–159.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-006 On Critique and Care, (Aug 2022): 160–176.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-007 Notes, (Aug 2022): 177–214.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-008 References, (Aug 2022): 215–242.https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478023517-009Trevor Birkenholtz Infrastructuring drip irrigation: The gendered assembly of farmers, laborers and state subsidy programs, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 42 (May 2022): 251484862211003.https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221100386Carly Nichols Nutrition sensitive agriculture: An equity-based analysis from India, World Development 133 (Sep 2020): 105004.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105004Srila Roy Precarity, aspiration and neoliberal development: Women empowerment workers in West Bengal, Contributions to Indian Sociology 53, no.33 (Sep 2019): 392–421.https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966719861758Amir Manzoor Role of Microfinance Institutions in Development of India, (Jan 2018): 138–155.https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5213-0.ch008Panagiota Kotsila, V. Subramanian Saravanan Biopolitics Gone to Shit? State Narratives versus Everyday Realities of Water and Sanitation in the Mekong Delta, World Development 93 (May 2017): 374–388.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.008Juliana Siwale Microfinance and Loan Officers’ Work Experiences: Perspectives from Zambia, The Journal of Development Studies 52, no.99 (Feb 2016): 1289–1305.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1139692Stephanie Skourtes Visualizing Abjection, (Jan 2015): 369–384.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-052-9_18Kathleen O'Reilly, Richa Dhanju Public taps and private connections: the production of caste distinction and common sense in a Rajasthan drinking water supply project, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39, no.33 (Dec 2013): 373–386.https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12039Sarah E. Ryan Rethinking gender and identity in energy studies, Energy Research & Social Science 1 (Mar 2014): 96–105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.008 Introduction, (Jan 2014): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-001 The Movementization of NGOs? Women’s Organizing in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina, (Jan 2014): 21–49.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-003 Failed Development and Rural Revolution in Nepal, (Jan 2014): 50–92.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-004 The State and Women’s Empowerment in India, (Jan 2014): 93–113.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-005 Global Civil Society and the Local Costs of Belonging, (Jan 2014): 119–142.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-007 Resolving a Gendered Paradox, (Jan 2014): 143–165.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-008 Power and Difference in Thai Women’s NGO Activism, (Jan 2014): 166–192.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-009 Demystifying Microcredit, (Jan 2014): 193–217.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-010 Feminist Bastards, (Jan 2014): 221–247.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-012 Lived Feminism(s) in Postcommunist Romania, (Jan 2014): 248–265.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-013 Women’s Advocacy Networks, (Jan 2014): 266–284.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-014 Beyond NGOization?, (Jan 2014): 285–300.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-015 Conclusion, (Jan 2014): 301–310.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-016 Bibliography, (Jan 2014): 311–352.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822377191-017Juliana N. 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Sustainability of Drinking Water Supply Projects in Rural of North Gondar, Ethiopia

Background: Safe water supply coverage in the rural areas of Ethiopia is very marginal. The coverage still remains very low because of limited progress in water supply activities in these areas. Factors affecting the continued use of the outcome of water supply projects in the background of limited resources are not well studied. Objectives: To assess the utilization, functionality, community participation and sustainability of water projects. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 11 randomly selected Peasant Associations located in North Gondar using a pre-tested structured questionnaire in a total of 768 house holds in the months of December 2001 to January 2002. Six focus group discussions and 114 physical site observations were conducted to check the interaction and linkages within the hierarchies of project management and of water supply projects. Results: Four hundred forty two (57.6%) households were using protected water sources. The average frequency of water collection was 2.04 times per day with the mean per capita water consumption of 6.68 liters per day. The duration of waiting time needed to collect water at the water points was positively associated with the respondents complains about the non-functionality of water points. Community participation as defined in terms of some kind of contribution to smallscale drinking water development was more associated with spring protections than hand dug well protection. Results from observational checklists showed that 77% of the protected springs and 52% of the hand-dug wells used to be none-functional at least once from the time when their service was commissioned. Only 30.0% of the visited small-scale water projects had guards, some form of fences, cloth washing stands, and animal water troughs that are positive efforts to the advantages of maximizing community services. While the existence of Water Committee and labor contribution were identified as strengths, lack of built in trust and poor coordination were cited as weakness in the focus group discussions. Conclusion and Recommendation: Available water projects were not effectively used because of the existing user high demand in one hand, and frequent non- functioning schemes and poor project coordination on the other hand. Enhancing community participation in sustaining the functions of water supply projects and strengthening the technical and resource capacity of Woreda Water Desks are strongly recommended to sustain the community water services. Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2003;(3):221-229

開発途上国水道整備プロジェクトの事後評価法開発に関する研究

Drinking water supply in a developing country is considered as on a sanitation field of Civil Engineering which supports people to have Human Basic Needs. Therefore the construction and the maintenance of the Water Supply Project have direct influences to the people. To make project success, it needs sufficient management even after the project completed. This study examined the methods to evaluate drinking water supply project in a developing country by using the results of surveys in the country after the project had completed.