Consumption Of Drinking Water Research Articles

Drinking water source and exposure to regulated water contaminants in the California Teachers Study cohort.

Pollutants including metals/metalloids, nitrate, disinfection byproducts, and volatile organic compounds contaminate federally regulated community water systems (CWS) and unregulated domestic wells across the United States. Exposures and associated health effects, particularly at levels below regulatory limits, are understudied. We described drinking water sources and exposures for the California Teachers Study (CTS), a prospective cohort of female California teachers and administrators. Participants' geocoded addresses at enrollment (1995-1996) were linked to CWS service area boundaries and monitoring data (N = 115,206, 92%); we computed average (1990-2015) concentrations of arsenic, uranium, nitrate, gross alpha (GA), five haloacetic acids (HAA5), total trihalomethanes (TTHM), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). We used generalized linear regression to estimate geometric mean ratios of CWS exposures across demographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. Self-reported drinking water source and consumption at follow-up (2017-2019) were also described. Medians (interquartile ranges) of average concentrations of all contaminants were below regulatory limits: arsenic: 1.03 (0.54,1.71) µg/L, uranium: 3.48 (1.01,6.18) µg/L, GA: 2.21 (1.32,3.67) pCi/L, nitrate: 0.54 (0.20,1.97) mg/L, HAA5: 8.67 (2.98,14.70) µg/L, and TTHM: 12.86 (4.58,21.95) µg/L. Among those who lived within a CWS boundary and self-reported drinking water information (2017-2019), approximately 74% self-reported their water source as municipal, 15% bottled, 2% private well, 4% other, and 5% did not know/missing. Spatially linked water source was largely consistent with self-reported source at follow-up (2017-2019). Relative to non-Hispanic white participants, average arsenic, uranium, GA, and nitrate concentrations were higher for Black, Hispanic and Native American participants. Relative to participants living in census block groups in the lowest socioeconomic status (SES) quartile, participants in higher SES quartiles had lower arsenic/uranium/GA/nitrate, and higher HAA5/TTHM. Non-metropolitan participants had higher arsenic/uranium/nitrate, and metropolitan participants had higher HAA5/TTHM. Though average water contaminant levels were mostly below regulatory limits in this large cohort of California women, we observed heterogeneity in exposures across sociodemographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. These data will be used to support future assessments of drinking water exposures and disease risk.

The Effect of Giving Mangosteen Peel Extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) in Drinking Water on Broiler Performance

Mangosteen peel is a waste that can be used as a feed additive. The function of xanthones in mangosteen peel as anti-tumoural, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and anti-virus. The research aims to determine the effect of administering mangosteen peel extract in drinking water on the performance of broiler chickens for 35 days which was carried out in Dajan Peken Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 cage units as replications. Each cage unit contains 4 broiler chickens so that the total research material is 64 broiler chickens aged 11 days. Drinking water treatment: drinking water without mangosteen peel extract as control (P0), drinking water containing 1% (P1), 2% (P2), and 3% (P3) mangosteen peel extract. The variables observed were initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, ration consumption, ration conversion, drinking water consumption. The results showed that the final body weight in treatment P1 (2.108.3 g/head) with an increase in body weight of 1.627.4 g/head was higher than in treatments P0, P2, and P3 but was not significantly different (P>0.05) with the lowest ration conversion value (1.54). Drinking water consumption in treatment P1 (5.556.2 ml/head) was higher than in treatments P0, P2, and P3) and significantly different (P<0.05) from treatment P0 (4.628ml/head). Conclusion: Providing mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) in drinking water at a level of 1% can provide optimal results to improve broiler performance and reduce feed conversion.

The Effect of Giving Mangosteen Peel Extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) in Drinking Water on Broiler Performance

Mangosteen peel is a waste that can be used as a feed additive. The function of xanthones in mangosteen peel as anti-tumoural, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and anti-virus. The research aims to determine the effect of administering mangosteen peel extract in drinking water on the performance of broiler chickens for 35 days which was carried out in Dajan Peken Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 cage units as replications. Each cage unit contains 4 broiler chickens so that the total research material is 64 broiler chickens aged 11 days. Drinking water treatment: drinking water without mangosteen peel extract as control (P0), drinking water containing 1% (P1), 2% (P2), and 3% (P3) mangosteen peel extract. The variables observed were initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, ration consumption, ration conversion, drinking water consumption. The results showed that the final body weight in treatment P1 (2.108.3 g/head) with an increase in body weight of 1.627.4 g/head was higher than in treatments P0, P2, and P3 but was not significantly different (P>0.05) with the lowest ration conversion value (1.54). Drinking water consumption in treatment P1 (5.556.2 ml/head) was higher than in treatments P0, P2, and P3) and significantly different (P<0.05) from treatment P0 (4.628ml/head). Conclusion: Providing mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) in drinking water at a level of 1% can provide optimal results to improve broiler performance and reduce feed conversion.

The complex association between drinking water consumption and endemic gastrointestinal illness as shown by Swedish cohort studies

ABSTRACT It is well known that municipal drinking water may be the cause of gastrointestinal illness (GII) outbreaks, but it is still unclear to what extent drinking water contributes to endemic GII. To explore this, we conducted a prospective cohort study among 6,955 adults in five municipalities in Sweden, collecting monthly GII episodes and mean daily cold drinking water consumption through SMS (Short Message Service). When the association between drinking water consumption and GII (all symptoms) and acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI, vomiting and/or three loose stools during a 24-h period) were assessed, there were indications that the association departed from linearity, following a unimodal shape. Among consumers in surface water areas, the highest risk of GII and AGI was generally seen among the average consumers, while the opposite was seen among groundwater consumers. The association however also seemed to be affected by neighbouring communities. The results of the study indicate that there is indeed an association between drinking water consumption and endemic GII, but the nature of this association is complex and likely affected by multiple factors, for example, water source type in the home and degree of exposure to drinking water from additional sources.

A faster and more accessible method for the analysis of acephate and methamidophos in water samples by LC-MS/MS

ABSTRACT Pesticide pollution on environmental matrices has attracted increasing attention worldwide. Pesticide runoff from agricultural crops into surface waters may impact ecosystems and human health through drinking water consumption in pesticide-polluted areas. This study aims to develop and validate a simpler, faster, and more accessible methodology for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides, such as acephate and methamidophos, using HPLC-ESI-MS (QqQ). Acephate and methamidophos are two of the most common and efficient systemic pesticides in the organophosphate family, known for their high effectiveness against insects and pests. Firstly, different extractions were tested: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), low-temperature partitioning extraction (LTPE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a usual and accessible cartridge, C18. LLE and LTPE showed low sensitivities, probably because acephate and methamidophos are extremely hydrophilic compounds, like many organophosphorus pesticides. Thus, they have low interaction with the extractor solvent, resulting in low extraction rates. SPE with C18 cartridge led to the best extraction of acephate and methamidophos in water matrices and was chosen for the validated process. The selected method ensured acceptable recoveries, within the same range found in the scientific literature (9–49%) and within relative standard deviations below 20%. However, future efforts regarding other types of cartridges are encouraged. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method were 0.2 µg/L and 0.5 µg/L for acephate and methamidophos, values lower than those reported in the scientific literature. The developed method was used to quantify the levels of such organophosphate pesticides in samples from Brazilian surface water and none of the target pesticides were detected in these aquatic matrices.

The coagulation process for enveloped and non-enveloped virus removal in turbid water: Removal efficiencies, mechanisms and its application to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2

The coagulation process has a high potential as a treatment method that can handle pathogenic viruses including emerging enveloped viruses in drinking water treatment process which can lower infection risk through drinking water consumption. In this study, a surrogate enveloped virus, bacteriophage Փ6, and surrogate non-enveloped viruses, including bacteriophage MS-2, T4, ՓX174, were used to evaluate removal efficiencies and mechanisms by the conventional coagulation process with alum, poly‑aluminum chloride, and ferric chloride at pH 5, 7, and 9 in turbid water. Also, treatability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a recent virus of global concern by coagulation was evaluated as SARS-CoV-2 can presence in drinking water sources. It was observed that an increase in the coagulant dose enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity and viruses, and the condition that provided the highest removal efficiency of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses was 50 mg/L of coagulants at pH 5. In addition, the coagulation process was more effective for enveloped virus removal than for the non-enveloped viruses, and it demonstrated reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 over 0.83-log with alum. According to culture- and molecular-based assays (qPCR and CDDP-qPCR), the virus removal mechanisms were floc adsorption and coagulant inactivation. Through inactivation with coagulants, coagulants caused capsid destruction, followed by genome damage in non-enveloped viruses; however, damage to a lipid envelope is suggested to contribute to a great extend for enveloped virus inactivation. We demonstrated that conventional coagulation is a promising method for controlling emerging and re-emerging viruses in drinking water.

One-head masonry panels reinforced with industrial-waste fiber reinforced mortar: Investigating the effect of bed joints and coating reinforcement in the diagonal compressive behavior

Construction industry is a human activities that most contributes to the world pollution. Recent studies conducted by the EU Commission in 2019 highlighted that buildings and construction materials are responsible for 39% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide and 50% of the raw materials extraction, as well as one-third of the world’s drinking water consumption. Analyzing the world of recycling mineral fibers, authors found that glass and basalt fibers from recycled waste, among other things, request less energy to obtain new filaments when compared to virgin fibers production. In this way, one can obtain a consistent reduction of energy consumption for building or retrofitting structures. In particular, authors explore in this study the benefits of using mineral fibers from recycled sources for strengthening brick masonry walls, carrying out diagonal compressive tests of one-head brick panels retrofiited with chopped fibers reinforced mortar. The aim of this study is twofold: understanding which type of chopped fibers is the most effective when dispersed in the mortar mix, i.e. basalt or glass fibers, and recognize the optimal location of the fiber reinforcement mortar with respect to the masonry panels. Under this perspective, three different set of panels are tested: (i) the reinforcing mortar is placed within the mortar joints of masonry panel; (ii) the reinforcing mortar is disposed as a double reinforcing layer on both the surfaces of the masonry panel, but the mortar joints are made out of plain mortar; (iii) the reinforcing mortar is placed both within the mortar joints of masonry bricks and as a double reinforcing layer on the surfaces of the masonry panel. Results are compared with reference panel made out of plain mortar and show that the most effective strengthening system is the one enriched by chopped basalt fibers. Generally, fiber reinforced mortar effectively strengthens both the loading and the post-peak capacity of the masonry panels, above all when used as coating layer on the external surfaces.

Applying user-centered design to improve drinking water consumer confidence reports: A Baltimore case study

The US Environmental Protection Agency is revising its policy on drinking water quality reports for consumers. These reports are intended to enhance the public’s “right to know” and to spur action to protect and promote safe water. However, these reports are known to be highly technical and difficult to access compromising their communication value. This study engaged a 10-person focus group to gather evidence on how these reports can be improved. We applied user-centered design principles to understand public drinking water consumer information needs and preferences and to develop new communication tools and methods. Through a set of in-depth interviews, we learned that most participants were unaware of the report until introduced to it during the study. The focus group participants voiced preferences for: better ways to convey technical information; more health information; a clearer understanding of costs and billing; and neighborhood or household level water quality information. Following the interviews, we convened two rounds of small group meetings to create new report designs and to review and refine the designs. The focus group developed a one-page summary statement, water contaminant trend charts, an interactive map, and other recommendations on ways to improve dissemination of the report. The project results, focus group recommendations and designs were submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency for consideration as the policy for these reports is finalized. We believe these findings provide valuable insights into water quality communication challenges and that this approach is widely applicable and can be informative for water utilities as they prepare future reports.

ANALISIS PENGARUH HARDBALL STRATEGI (DESAIN PRODUK, TAGLINE DAN PESAN IKLAN) TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN ADES DI KABUPATEN JEMBER

This research aims to determine the influence of product design, taglines and advertising messages as hardball strategies on purchasing decisions for Ades Jember drinking water. This type of research is quantitative. The population in this study were all Ades drinking water consumers in Jember using the Ferdinand formula sampling technique. The data source in this research uses primary data, namely questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, t test, f test, and determination test which were carried out computationally with the SPSS program. The results of this research show that product design, taglines and advertising messages have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions for Ades Jember drinking water.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of arsenic concentration in drinking water sources of Iran.

Recent studies have found arsenic contamination of drinking water in some parts of Iran, as in many other countries. Thus, a comprehensive systematic review is necessary to assess the distribution and concentration of arsenic in drinking water sources. For this purpose, articles published from the first identification until December 2023, were retrieved from various national and international databases. Of all the studies examined (11,726), 137 articles were selected for review based on their conceptual relationship to this survey. A review of the extracted studies presented that ICP methods (ICP-MS, ICP-OES, 56%) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS, 34.1%) were the two most commonly used techniques for the analysis of arsenic in water samples. The order of arsenic content in the defined study areas is descending, as follows: northwest ˃ southeast ˃ southwest ˃ northeast. A review of studies performed in Iran depicted that provinces such as Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, and Kerman have the highest arsenic concentrations in water resources. Accordingly, the maximum concentration of arsenic was reported in Rayen, Kerman, and ranged from < 0.5-25,000µg/L. The primary cause of elevated arsenic levels in water resources appears to be geologic structure, including volcanic activity, biogeochemical processes, sulfur-bearing volcanic rocks, Jurassic shale, the spatial coincidence of arsenic anomalies in tube wells and springs, and, to some extent, mining activities. The findings of the presented survey indicate that it is essential to take serious measures at the national level to minimize the health risks of arsenic contamination from drinking water consumption.

The Influence of Brand Awareness and Brand Trust on Brand Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable (Study on Aqua Drinking Water Consumers in Surabaya)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of brand awareness and brand trust on brand loyalty through customer satisfaction on bottled drinking water for the Aqua brand. This research method is quantitative research with the analysis technique used is path analysis. The sample used was random sampling with 100 respondents. The result of this study is that brand trust affects customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, brand awareness has no effect on customer satisfaction. Brand awareness affects brand loyalty while brand trust and customer satisfaction have no effect on brand loyalty. Brand trust affects brand loyalty through customer satisfaction, while brand awareness has no effect on brand loyalty through customer satisfaction.

Towards Reducing the Consumption of Drinking Water in Buildings as Part of the Circular Economy Model: Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats Analysis and Perspectives for Implementation

Progressive climate changes, drought resulting from them and the prospect of problems with access to water for people in cities mean that actions are being taken to minimize water use in buildings and to implement a circular economy in the water and wastewater sector. Within the water circular economy model, there is also a stage of “water consumption”. Minimizing water use in buildings undoubtedly has a number of advantages. However, it should be borne in mind that it may also have weaknesses, and if implemented on a large scale, it may be associated with certain threats. For these reasons, the aim of this paper is to critically analyze the possible directions of water management in buildings in order to reduce water consumption and increase the efficiency of its use. As part of the introduction, the model “towards a water circular economy for households” is presented and the possibilities of minimizing water consumption in buildings are discussed. The prospects for reducing the consumption of tap water are discussed in terms of existing opportunities, but also threats, barriers and limitations. A SWOT analysis of the implementation of drinking-water consumption reduction in cities is presented. The challenges faced by engineers, constructors, policy makers and consumers, and the potentialities for the development of this stage of the water life cycle, are considered. The conclusions summarize the current state and perspectives of water management in buildings. Based on the conducted analysis, suggested directions of activities for cities of the future in the technical, technological as well as socio-economic fields are indicated. There should be broad-based education, and efforts should be made to change the approach to designing and developing new guidelines. The implementation of minimizing water consumption should be accompanied by the control of possible negative effects and actions to mitigate them. In the transformation towards clean and available energy, future success should be seen in minimizing the consumption of drinking water in buildings.

Determination of radon concentration in bottled drinking water of Dhaka City

ABSTRACT Among all natural radiation sources, exposure to radon (222Rn) is considered as the most hazardous to human health. Recognizing the significance of water in preserving a healthy life style, assessing the 222Rn activity in drinking water is crucial. The 222Rn activity concentration was measured in 20 different branded bottled drinking waters purchased from Dhaka city using both alpha and gamma-ray spectrometry systems. Activity concentrations of 222Rn in bottled water obtained via RAD7 detector varied from 0.1 ± 0.02 Bq/L to 0.42 ± 0.01 Bq/L with an average value of 0.26 ± 0.02, while the value varied from 0.12 ± 0.01 Bq/L to 0.52 ± 0.31 Bq/L with an average value of 0.29 ± 0.09 by HPGe detector. The obtained results show lower concentrations when compared with other studies around the world as well as the US-EPA reference level of 11.1 Bq l−1 or 300 pCi l−1. The total annual effective dose calculated for different age groups and internal organ doses were found below the action level recommended by WHO (0.1 mSv y−1) and ICRP (3–10 mSv y−1), due to 222Rn, 3H and 40K in drinking water. Based on the obtained radon concentration and concomitant dose values, this study suggested negligible health hazards due to the consumption of bottled drinking water in Bangladesh. The results of this study could serve as a reference data for future studies in the area and beyond.

Determinants of Stunting Among Children Under Five Years in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2021-2022 Demographic and Health Survey

At the global level, the prevention of stunting is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Indonesia is currently working towards achieving the second Sustainable Development Goal, which entails ending hunger, ensuring food security, improving nutrition, and supporting sustainable agriculture. As a part of this objective, efforts are being made to decrease the prevalence of stunting in children by 2025. Attention towards stunting is crucial as it can adversely affect children's physical and cognitive development well into adulthood if not addressed appropriately. This paper conducted a literature review from various sources, with a focus on google scholar and prioritizing sources from the last five years, as well as research on the population in Indonesia. It was determined through the analysis of several sources that maternal, child, and environmental factors pose various risks for stunting in Indonesia. Maternal factors that may play a role in child development include the mother's age, upper arm circumference, height, breastfeeding or complementary feeding practices, early initiation of breastfeeding and food quality during pregnancy. A history of low birth weight or prematurity, male sex, neonatal illness, frequent and recurrent diarrhea, infectious diseases, and lack of immunization are among the child factors associated with developmental outcomes. Factors such as living in a low socio-economic environment, limited family education, especially maternal education, insufficient household income, open defecation in rivers, gardens or inadequate latrines, consumption of untreated drinking water and high exposure to pesticides are also associated with the prevalence of stunting.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PRODUK AIR MINUM DALAM KEMASAN STUDI KASUS KONSUMEN AMDK SUKABELA DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Increasingly advanced business developments have resulted in increasingly fierce competition in the business world, therefore companies are always trying to increase market share and reach new customers. Basically, the more competitors, the more choices for consumers to choose products that match their expectations. So that from these changes, consumers become more careful in choosing new products that are launched. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors of purchasing decisions for packaged drinking water products in case studies of voluntary drinking water consumers in Semarang district. The type of research used is explanatory research. The population in this study is the entire population in this study are people who have bought AMDK Sukabela products in Semarang Regency. Using the sampling technique used, namely the alternative formula Lemeshow (1997), a sample of 96 respondents was obtained. The results of multiple regression analysis for the price variable on purchasing decisions obtained tcount 3.754, promotions on purchasing decisions obtained tcount 3.036 and distribution channels on purchasing decisions obtained tcount 3.527. Based on the Fcount test, the Fcount value is 41,926. The results of the study can be concluded that the variable price, promotion and distribution channels have a partial effect. Price, promotion and distribution channel variables simultaneously influence purchasing decisionsKeywords: Price, Promotion and Distribution Channels on Purchasing Decisions

Ammonia (Nh3) Excrete Production And Performance Of Broker Chickens With The Addition Of Turmeric Rhyme (Curcuma Longa) Flour To Drinking Water

Ammonia is a gas resulting from the decomposition of protein residues in broiler chicken excreta. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a tropical plant that has antibacterial properties from the curcumin content and essential oils found in its rhizomes. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of ammonia excreta and the performance of broiler chickens by adding turmeric rhizome flour to their drinking water. There were 32 broiler chickens used. The feed used is starter and finisher phase feed. There were four treatments with four replications, namely treatment K0 (control), K1 (drinking water + 0.5 g/L amoxitin), K2 (drinking water + 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour), K3 (drinking water + 20 g/L turmeric rhizome flour). The data obtained were analyzed for variance using a completely randomized design. Turmeric flour was given for three consecutive days before carrying out weekly performance measurements at the same time interval for four weeks. The parameters observed were performance (drinking water consumption, feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, and final body weight), as well as ammonia production of broiler chickens. The results showed that giving turmeric rhizome flour had no significant effect of p&gt;0.05 on the performance and ammonia production of broiler chickens with the best performance and lowest ammonia production in treatment K2 (drinking water + 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour), namely drinking water consumption (197 .54±7.58 mL/e/d), feed consumption (83.57±5.14 g/e/d), feed conversion (1.65±0.14), body weight gain (51.08± 5.61 g/e/d), final body weight (1229.75±107.07 g/e) and ammonia production (33.20±7.54 mM). It can be concluded that the addition of 16 g/L turmeric rhizome flour (K2) to drinking water tends to produce better performance and less ammonia production

Kajian pustaka kualitas hujan buatan untuk mengatasi krisis air bersih: tinjauan pada beberapa parameter

Water is the most important substance needed by living things apart from air. Long droughts have serious impacts on society and the environment resulting in a lack of clean water supply, both in terms of quality and quantity. The purpose of the article is to contribute to a better understanding of overcoming the clean water crisis by utilizing artificial rain. The method of writing this article is a literature study on several journals and previous articles to obtain data and information to review experiences that have been successfully carried out in previous studies. The parameters used are pH, DHL, Sulfate, and Ca. Based on the study data, the pH is 6-8 which is still safe for drinking water consumption and fisheries, the DHL parameter is not recommended for drinking water consumption because it contains electric charge and is not recommended for agriculture and fisheries because it has high DHL levels. Sulfate is considered safe because it has low levels. In general, the presence of sulfate does not have a significant impact on health because the nature of sulfate ions is quite stable and does not react easily. Both high and low Ca levels are still considered unsafe. Only pH and Sulfate levels are classified as safe for agriculture, fisheries, and as drinking water.

Edukasi Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) Pelindung Jari Pada Pemilahan Sampah AMDK Gelas Plastik Di Bank Sampah SiHatin

The increase in consumption of bottled drinking water (AMDK) reached 54.11% from 2018 to 2020, which has a negative impact on the environment. SiHatin Waste Bank is a community formed to manage the waste. Waste Bank officers face the risk of injury and infection, especially to the hands, due to the lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the processing of plastic glass AMDK waste. This condition creates new problems for Waste Bank officers, the purpose of this activity is to implement education on the use of finger protection in sorting and cutting plastic glass AMDK. The method of implementation of the activity involves observation, preparation of educational materials, direct training at the Waste Bank location, and evaluation of the impact through monitoring changes in officer behavior. The implementation of education on the use of PPE succeeded in increasing staff understanding by 41%, which is expected to reduce the incidence of injury and infection in the process of cutting plastic bottled water. It also contributed positively to the overall operations of the Waste Bank. In the next stage, there is a need for comprehensive monitoring by involving stakeholders to support the implementation of education holistically in an effort to manage sustainable waste.

Quality of drinking water and risk to the health of the population of the south Baikal region (Russia)

Providing good quality water in sufficient quantities is a major challenge in the world. The purpose of the study is to assess the quality of drinking water and the health risk of various population groups in the southern Baikal region (Siberia, Russia) under changing hydrological conditions. Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body of water and is one of the sites protected by UNESCO. Materials and methods. An analysis of centralized and non-centralized water supply was carried out in the south-eastern part of the Irkutsk region, adjacent to Lake Baikal. The data used are from the Baikal (regional) Information Center for 2011–2022, and they include the results of monitoring the water quality of the centralized domestic and drinking water supply (CDW) with 140 thousand samples, and non-centralized domestic and drinking water supply (NDW) with 108 thousand samples. In all samples, 17 substances were determined. In addition, during the flood period, accompanied by additional water disinfection, trihalomethanes were determined in populated areas exposed to negative impacts. The quality of drinking water was assessed in comparison with the maximum permissible concentrations of substances (MPCs) approved by regulatory documents of Russia. An assessment of the characteristics of drinking water consumption by the population of the Baikal region was carried out, based on interview data from sample groups of the population. The assessment of the risk to public health, due to chronic oral intake of chemicals, was carried out using the values of the hazard coefficient (HQi), the hazard index (HI), individual carcinogenic risk (ICR), and population carcinogenic risk (PCR).Village residents more often use underground water sources (centralized and non-centralized). Residents of cities are provided with water from surface sources (Lake Baikal and the Angara River). Significant concentrations of iron, nitrates, and manganese were found in drinking water used by villagers. Average concentrations of iron - 2.25 mg/dl, manganese - 0.6 mg/dl, nitrates - 135 mg/dl were recorded in the water of underground springs in villages of the Irkutsk region. Among rural residents of the Irkutsk region, 60.8 % live in settlements with non-water supply systems, 28.4 % have mixed water supply.The non-carcinogenic risk for the adult and child population was calculated; HI > 1 was identified for the population using underground water sources. the non-carcinogenic hazard for the adult population, it was found that HI in the Irkutsk region slightly exceeded the standard value (1), amounting to 1.3, and for the child population - 1.6, the main contribution to the hazard index is represented by nitrates. For children of individual rural settlements of the Angarsk region HI = 1.38. The carcinogenic risk for water from underground sources reached in the range 1.56 × 10−5- 2.1 × 10−4 (in some settlements). Priority carcinogens were identified: arsenic (the contribution of which is 56.3–100 %), hexavalent chromium (29.9–35.8 %). A carcinogenic risk for city residents arises from increased disinfection during periods of microbiological contamination (floods, rains, high water levels), and it is associated with the formation of halogen-containing compounds. ConclusionThe need to strengthen the drinking water quality monitoring system in risk areas has been proven by increasing the number and frequency of sampling during flood periods.

Public health risks associated with drinking water consumption in the upper Awash River sub-basin, Ethiopia, sub-Saharan Africa

The Upper Awash sub-basin characterized by urban, industrial, agricultural and population growth, has impacted the quality of its water sources. This study focuses on the assessment of public health risks associated with drinking water sources in the sub-basin. In accordance with WHO guidelines, 120 water samples were collected from 60 water supply schemes in dry and wet seasons located in areas with low and high water pollution risk (WPR). Multi-meter, Photometer, Digital Arsenator, and Microbiological test kit measured the concentration of parameters. The assessment uses methods of hazard identification, exposure and dose-response analysis, and risk characterization, including Hazard Quotient (HQ), Cancer Risk (CR), Hazard Index (HI), and probability of infection. Monte Carlo simulation analyzes non-cancer risks from Nitrite, Nitrate, Chromium, Iron, Fluoride, and Arsenic, and CRs from Chromium and Arsenic, and infection risks from Escherichia coli (E.coli). As a result, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Nitrate was beyond unity (HQ > 1) in the dry season for all groups. HQ of Chromium was HQ > 1 for Women (1.1E+00) and Children (1.4E+00) in the wet season in the high WPR area. Chromium HQ > 1 for children (1.4E+00) in the wet season and Fluoride (HQ > 1) for Children (3.2E+00) in the dry season in the low WPR area. Arsenic CR was above 1 in 10,000 persons for children in the dry season, for all groups, and for women and children in the wet season in the high WPR areas. The CR of chromium ranged from 1 in 1000 persons, which is beyond the limit. Moreover, the Hazard Index (HI) was higher than the unity (HI > 1) for most cases. All E coli infection risks daily and annually exceeded the acceptable risks. Therefore, Public health concerns in the Sub-basin were quantified, and evidences were generated for risk management to undertake source protection through integrated watershed management and appropriate water treatment technologies.