Drink Choices Research Articles

Dark patterns, dark nudges, sludge and misinformation: alcohol industry apps and digital tools.

Many alcohol-industry-funded (AIF) organizations disseminate eHealth/mHealth tools that claim to assist users in making health decisions by monitoring alcohol consumption, e.g. blood alcohol calculators, AUDIT scores, consumption trackers. Previously, AIF materials were found to contain health misinformation that could increase consumption (dark nudges) or make healthy behaviour change more difficult (sludge). The accuracy and functionality of AIF tools have never been analysed, and given the history of AIF materials it is possible they contain misinformation and function as covert marketing channels to promote alcohol-industry-friendly narratives on the causes and possible solutions of alcohol-related harms. We evaluated the information accuracy and framing, behaviour change techniques (BCTs), and functions of AIF digital tools (n = 15, from the UK, Ireland, the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia; including Drinkaware, Drinkwise, Educ'alcool and others), compared to a non-industry-funded independent sample (n = 10). We identified misinformation and 'dark patterns' (interface design strategies for influencing users against their interest) throughout AIF tools; significantly fewer provided accurate feedback (33% vs 100%), and significantly more omitted information on cancer (67% vs 10%) and cardiovascular disease (80% vs 30%) and promoted industry-friendly narratives (47% vs 0%). AIF tools encouraged consumption through priming nudges (53%) and social norming (40%). AIF tools utilized fewer BCTs, provided users with more limited pre-set options (54%), and fewer drink choices (mean 24 vs 275). Their input structure often impeded their ability to provide guideline advice. We conclude that AIF tools contain pro-industry misinformation strategies and dark patterns that misinform users about their consumption and could 'nudge' them towards continuing to drink alcohol-characteristics of 'Dark Apps' designs.

Innovative of cascara as potential in beverage, food and their functional impact: a review

SummaryCascara's beverage and food innovation has sparked interest due to its unique flavour profile and potential health benefits. Cascara drink, which comes from dried coffee pulp husks, offers a distinctive aroma reminiscent of cherry, mango and tamarind. Research has highlighted cascara's high antioxidant content, making it a functional and healthy drink choice. Sensory analysis has shown that cascara drinks exhibit dominant citric acid and black tea flavours with a strong sour aroma, appealing to consumers who enjoy coffee and tea. Furthermore, post‐harvest processing significantly influences the chemical composition of cascara beverages, with different processing methods resulting in varying levels of caffeine, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. This innovation not only offers a refreshing drink but also shows the potential of cascara to be a valuable source of antioxidants with diverse flavour profiles and contributing to the global market.

What do secondary school pupils eat at school? The barriers experienced in collecting transactional data from canteen purchases.

Introduction & BackgroundWelsh secondary schools generally use a cashless catering system and pupils pay for school food and drink via contactless cards, thumb or fingerprint biometric scanning. Helpfully, the digital footprint of school canteen purchase data already exists and is continually compiled over a limitless period. Compared to other methods of recording dietary intake (i.e., questionnaires and food diaries), utilising this transactional data is an unobtrusive method of data collection and has great potential. Although individual-level transactional data is being amassed, it remains unexploited by either the school, local authorities or Welsh Government. Obtaining this anonymised individual-level transactional data would provide immense insight into what pupils purchase throughout the school day. Objectives & ApproachThe Welsh School Meals (WSM) project aimed to investigate the feasibility of using secondary school canteen transactional data to better understand what pupils purchase during the school day and its nutritional quality. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with a representative from all cashless system providers (n=7) used in Welsh secondary schools. Next, the WSM project initially aimed to recruit nine secondary schools, with the methodological plan to: (i) liaise with head teachers; (ii) mine data; (iii) interview catering managers and head teachers; (iv) facilitate nutritional analysis; (v) conduct focus groups with pupils; and (vi) co-produce case studies. Relevance to Digital FootprintsSchool canteen transaction data is a form of digital footprint and utilising it to understand the current landscape of food and drink choices during the school day will inform Public Health policymakers and practice. ResultsDespite trying numerous strategies, the WSM project has encountered blockages which have prevented data acquisition. The four key stumbling blocks faced were: (i) identifying data providers; (ii) identifying data owners; (iii) data sharing; and, (iv) engaging stakeholders. Only the first barrier has been overcome and despite starting school recruitment in May 2023, the latter three barriers have stalled any progress. Conclusions & ImplicationsExploiting existing cashless catering system technology to collect individual-level big data from school canteen transactions has enormous potential. However, the WSM project has concluded that obtaining this data was not feasible.

Beverage Consumption and Factors Influencing the Choice of Beverages among Polish Children Aged 11-13 Years in 2018-2023.

Adequate hydration is essential for good health, and an individual's hydration status is determined by the quantity and type of ingested fluids. The aim of the present study was to determine the hydration status of school-age children and evaluate changes in the type and quantity of consumed beverages between 2018 and 2023. The study was conducted in two stages between 2018 and 2023, and a total of 1030 fully completed questionnaires were returned by the children and their parents. A comparison of the parents' responses regarding factors that affect beverage choices revealed that beverage composition was more significant for the parents in 2023 than in 2018, whereas health-promoting properties were significant for only less than 30% of the respondents. Taste preferences were important for both the parents and the children, and they were the main criterion in the choice of beverages in both 2018 and 2023. In turn, advertising was an important factor for children, and the percentage of children who were guided by advertising in their choice of beverages increased from 52.1% in 2018 to 58.5% in 2023 (p < 0.05). Daily fluid intake from beverages in children aged 11-13 years generally does not meet recommended intakes. Low fluid intake can negatively affect children's hydration status and bodily functions. Taste preferences and advertising were correlated with a higher intake of carbonated and non-carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and dairy beverages. The percentage of children who bought drinks independently and had access to SSBs increased significantly during the analyzed period. Obtain results indicate that nutrition education programs are needed to teach adolescents to make healthy drink choices, limit their consumption of SSBs and EDs, and promote regular intake of natural mineral water and non-sweetened dairy beverages.

Value-based decision-making in regular alcohol consumers following experimental manipulation of alcohol value

BackgroundDevaluation of alcohol leads to reductions in alcohol choice and consumption; however, the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this relationship are not well-understood. In this study we applied a computational model of value-based decision-making (VBDM) to decisions made about alcohol and alcohol-unrelated cues following experimental manipulation of alcohol value. Method: Using a pre-registered within-subject design, thirty-six regular alcohol consumers (≥14 UK units per week) completed a two-alternative forced choice task where they chose between two alcohol images (in one block) or two soft drink images (in a different block) after watching videos that emphasised the positive (alcohol value), and separately, the negative (alcohol devalue) consequences of alcohol. On each block, participants pressed a key to select the image depicting the drink they would rather consume. A drift–diffusion model (DDM) was fitted to reaction time and choice data to estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks in each experimental condition. Findings: In the alcohol devalue condition, soft drink EA rates were significantly higher compared to alcohol EA rates (p = 0.04, d = 0.31), and compared to soft drink EA rates in the alcohol value condition (p = 0.01, d = 0.38). However, EA rates for alcoholic drinks and response thresholds (for either drink type) were unaffected by the experimental manipulation. Conclusions: In line with behavioural economic models of addiction that emphasise the important role of alternative reinforcement, experimentally manipulating alcohol value is associated with changes in the internal cognitive processes that precede soft drink choice.

Effectiveness of visual nudges for encouraging healthier beverage choices from vending machines.

Research suggests visual nudging techniques can subtly encourage healthier consumption. Two experiments explored the effect of four visual primes for nudging drink choices from a vending machine display. Participants (17-25 years) were randomly assigned to view vending machine advertising posters containing pictorial nudges of water, soft drink, general health (runner), or a text-only control, for nudging vending machine choices. Participants then selected an item from a vending machine display containing drinks only (Experiment 1; n = 164), or both drinks and snack foods (Experiment 2, n = 684). In both experiments, nudging condition predicted beverage choice. Specifically, the water image nudged healthier beverage choices in both experiments. However, there was no effect on food choice in Experiment 2. Furthermore, in both experiments, liking and habitual consumption of chosen items were also significant predictors of choice, but condition predicted beverage choice over and above these. A water prime may be an effective means of encouraging healthier beverage choices in a vending machine environment. SO WHAT?: Findings have the potential to inform strategies for encouraging healthier beverage choices from vending machine environments.

Modulatory effects of estrous cycle on ingestive behaviors and energy balance in young adult C57BL/6J mice maintained on a phytoestrogen-free diet.

The estrous cycle is known to modify food, fluid, and electrolyte intake behaviors and energy homeostasis in various species, in part through fluctuations in estrogen levels. Simultaneously, commonly commercially available rodent dietary formulations greatly vary in soy protein content, and thereby the delivery of biologically active phytoestrogens. To explore the interactions among the estrous cycle, sodium, fluid, and caloric seeking behaviors, and energy homeostasis, young adult C57BL/6J female mice were maintained on a soy protein-free 2920x diet and provided water, or a choice between water and 0.15 mol/L NaCl drink solution. Comprehensive metabolic phenotyping was performed using a multiplexed Promethion (Sable Systems International) system, and estrous stages were determined via daily vaginal cytology. When provided food and water, estrous cycling had no major modulatory effects on intake behaviors or energy balance. When provided a saline solution drink choice, significant modulatory effects of the transition from diestrus to proestrus were observed upon fluid intake patterning, locomotion, and total energy expenditure. Access to saline increased total daily sodium consumption and aspects of energy expenditure, but these effects were not modified by the estrous stage. Collectively, these results indicate that when supplied a phytoestrogen-free diet, the estrous cycle has minor modulatory effects on ingestive behaviors and energy balance in C57BL/6J mice that are sensitive to sodium supply.NEW & NOTEWORTHY When provided a phytoestrogen-free diet, the estrous cycle had very little effect on food and water intake, physical activity, or energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, when provided an NaCl drink in addition to food and water, the estrous cycle was associated with changes in intake behaviors and energy expenditure. These findings highlight the complex interactions among estrous cycling, dietary formulation, and nutrient presentation upon ingestive behaviors and energy homeostasis in mice.

The effect of spatial separation on food and drink choices from an online menu

Emerging research suggests that modifying the presentation context of healthy food items can subtly ‘nudge’ individuals to make healthier choices. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of spatial separation between high and low nutritional value items on food and drink choices from an online fast-food menu. Participants (N = 210 women) were presented with one of three pictorial menus in which high nutritional value food and drink items were presented spatially mixed, grouped, or separate from low nutritional value items. Participants were asked to make one selection from each menu category (a main, drink, and dessert), and then completed a measure of dietary restraint. Overall, there was no main effect of menu condition. However, dietary restraint status moderated the effect of menu condition on healthy choices. In particular, women who scored low (but not those who scored high) on dietary restraint were positively influenced by the experimental manipulation, making approximately 14 % healthier selections when high nutritional value items were presented separately from low nutritional value items. This was principally the case for desserts, and to a lesser extent drinks. The findings have practical implications for the design of online fast-food menus to promote healthier food and drink selections.

40 Reported hydration intake of older patients in an emergency department

Abstract Background Older people are vulnerable to dehydration &amp; inadequate fluid intake is a major contributor to preventable dehydration. Poor oral intake of fluids can be related to the inability to feed independently and having poor availability and access to fluids. This study examined older patient’s ability to access fluids in an Emergency Department (ED) setting. Methods A point prevalence study was undertaken in the ED over one working day. Patients in the ED who were aged over sixty five, alert conscious &amp; no upper limb fracture were asked to participate in this survey by completing a task of pouring water from a standard ward water jug weighing 1.5 kg into a cup. In addition patients were asked a series of questions about their water intake and if they had adequate access to water in the ED. 20 patients participated in the study (11 Females 9 Males.) Results 70% of patients were able to lift the jug and pour water into a cup without assistance. 15% of patients stated they had access to sufficient fluids. All of these patients had brought their own drinks to the ED. 85% of patients stated they did not have access to sufficient fluids. Reported fluid intake ranged from 100 mL to 2litres. 70% of patient’s fluid intake was less than 1 l over 24 hour period. 11 patients had access to a table or overbed tray to place a drink on. The preferred cold drink option was water for 85% of patients. Conclusion The majority of older patients in the ED reported they did not have access to sufficient fluids. Fluid intake over a 24 hour period was less than 1 litre. Older adults in the ED are at risk of dehydration. Patients preferred drink choice of water could be made more readily available in the ED setting.

A Bio-Indicator Pilot Study Screening Selected Heavy Metals in Female Hair, Nails, and Serum from Lifestyle Cosmetic, Canned Food, and Manufactured Drink Choices.

Lifestyles, genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and geographical regions are considered key factors of heavy metals initiatives related to health issues. Heavy metals enter the body via the environment, daily lifestyle, foods, beverages, cosmetics, and other products. The accumulation of heavy metals in the human body leads to neurological issues, carcinogenesis, failure of multiple organs in the body, and a reduction in sensitivity to treatment. We screened for Cr, Al, Pb, and Cd in selected foods, beverages, and cosmetics products depending on questionnaire outcomes from female volunteers. We also screened for Cr, Al, Pb, and Cd on hair, nails, and serum samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) from the same volunteers, and we analyzed the serum cholinesterase and complete blood picture (CBC). We performed an AutoDock study on Cr, Al, Pb, and Cd as potential ligands. Our results indicate that the most elevated heavy metal in the cosmetic sample was Al. In addition, in the food and beverages samples, it was Pb and Al, respectively. The results of the questionnaire showed that 71 percent of the female volunteers used the studied cosmetics, food, and beverages, which were contaminated with Cr, Al, Pb, and Cd, reflecting the high concentration of Cr, Al, Cd, and Pb in the three different types of biological samples of sera, nails, and hair of the same females, with 29 percent of the female volunteers not using the products in the studied samples. Our results also show an elevated level of cholinesterase in the serum of group 1 that was greater than group 2, and this result was confirmed by AutoDock. Moreover, the negative variation in the CBC result was compared with the reference ranges. Future studies should concentrate on the actions of these heavy metal contaminations and their potential health consequences for various human organs individually.

A Psychological Explanation for the Prevalence of Coffee Culture in China

Being the world's third most popular beverage, coffee has not just dominated the drink choice of both young and old generations. It becomes a culture and an important part of social networks. However, coffee consumption is of a slightly different purpose in China. With a great economy and a potential market for soaring coffeehouse business, the traditional tea-drinking country has now developed its unique values regarding coffee drinking. In this paper, two approaches from a micro and a macro perspective are adopted to give an in-depth explanation for the rise of coffee culture in China. Through the analysis of secondary resources, it is concluded that coffee acts as a stimulant that provides cognitive enhancements for people to cope with pressure from work and school. In addition, coffeehouses provide places for social interaction to maintain social networks. Moreover, the success of large coffee-chain brands demonstrates the usefulness of social learning theory in marketing practice and reflects the value of conspicuous consumption among consumers in China.

Analysis on the Marketing Strategy of Milk Tea Market Based on Consumption Preference Analysis

Milk tea, which combines the advantages of milk and tea, is widely loved by consumers all over the world and has become one of people's daily drink choices. Studying consumer psychology is helpful for enterprises to produce products that customers like and choose the right marketing methods according to customer psychology, so as to expand sales and improve corporate profits and benefits. Once the consumption habits are formed, it is difficult to change, and consumers are more willing to shop according to their own habits. How to cultivate consumers' consumption habits, so as to use this habit psychology to achieve sales goals needs careful consideration by enterprises. Consumer psychology can affect consumers' behavior in consumption, so that consumers can decide what products to choose. Based on this, this paper takes the sales of milk tea market as an example to analyze the marketing strategy of milk tea shop from the perspective of consumption preference, in order to provide reference for the optimization and innovation of marketing strategy of milk tea shop.

Vending machine backgrounds: nudging healthier beverage choices

Soft drink overconsumption is a growing public health concern. The present research investigated whether priming nudges could decrease soft drink choices from a vending machine. We compared the effect of six vending machine wraps (Mount Franklin ™ logo, Coca-Cola™ logo, picture of water, picture of soft drink, blue, red) on beverage choice against a black (control) computerised vending machine display. In two studies, young adult participants (17 – 25 years) were recruited from [removed for blind review] (Study 1, n = 142, Study 2, n = 232). Participants were randomly allocated to choose a beverage from one of the wrap conditions. They also rated how much the beverage was liked and how often it was consumed (Study 1), or rated the refreshing value, healthiness, taste, and energy of each beverage in the vending machine (Study 2). We predicted that wraps referencing water would produce healthier choices and those referencing soft drink would result in unhealthier choices. Contrary to these predictions, the type of vending machine wrap did not significantly influence beverage choice in Study 1. However, viewing the black vending machine wrap resulted in significantly more caffeine-based selections in Study 2. Other significant predictors of the choice of beverage were how often the beverages were consumed and how much they were liked (Study 1), as well as their perceptions of the taste, healthiness and refreshing value (Study 2). The finding that the black vending machine produced more caffeine-based beverage choices demonstrates, in principle, that color-based priming nudges could influence beverage choices.

Health outcomes of 100% orange juice and orange flavored beverage: A comparative analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics in rats

A high intake of sugar-sweetened fruity beverage (FB) is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndromes, but the health outcome of 100% fruit juice (FJ) intake remains unclear. We aim to reveal health outcomes of diet intervention (FJ or FB) with system profiling via interaction of gut microbiota and metabolomics in a rat (Rattus norvegicus) model. Firstly, the glucose, sucrose, fructose, and bioactive metabolites of FJ and FB were analyzed, and FJ possessed higher sucrose and flavonoids, while FB showed higher glucose and fructose. Secondly, C0 was set as the control group on Day 0, and a 4-week diet invention was performed to control, FJ-intake, and FB-intake groups with normal saline, FJ, and FB, respectively. The results showed that FJ improved alpha diversity and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio (F/B ratio) of gut microbiota and prevented insulin resistance. However, FB possessed unchanged microbial diversity and enhanced F/B ratio, causing insulin resistance with renal triglyceride accumulation. In summary, FJ, although naturally containing similar amounts of total free sugars as FB, could be a healthier drink choice.

Consensus NHF-CAFSANI Summit on Food, Drinks and Cardiovascular Health: A Multisectoral Approach to Reducing NCDs in Nigeria.

The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Nigeria, like many other developing countries, has become worrisome. With the pre-existing health burden due to malnutrition, the challenges of low productivity, poverty, reduced economic growth and development are exacerbated. It is also a significant threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria. Several risk factors have been associated with this increased burden, including genetic, environmental, and behavioural. The rise in urbanization and globalization has undoubtedly had a significant influence on consumer food and drink preferences and choices. Many of the risk factors are preventable with changes in diet, lifestyle, alcohol, and drug use, among other measures. However, to prevent the growing occurrence of NCDs in Nigeria, critical and relevant stakeholders must work together with a definite agenda and concerted efforts to combat this challenge. This paper examines the roles of stakeholders, including global and national governments, industry, and consumers, and advocates a holistic and genuine commitment to measures that will fast-track the implementation of various recommendations such as WHO SHAKE and use of Front of Pack Labelling.

Quantifying differences in packaged food and drink purchases among households with diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundDiet is important for chronic disease management, with limited research understanding dietary choices among those with multi-morbidity, the state of having 2 or more chronic conditions.The objective of this study was to identify associations between packaged food and drink purchases and diet-related cardiometabolic multi-morbidity (DRCMM).MethodsCross-sectional associations between packaged food and drink purchases and household DRCMM were investigated using a national sample of U.S. households participating in a research marketing study. DRCMM households were defined as household head(s) self-reporting 2 or more diet-related chronic conditions. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used to model the associations between household DRCMM status and total servings of, and total calories and nutrients from, packaged food and drinks purchased per month, as well as the nutrient density (protein, carbohydrates, and fat per serving) of packaged food and drinks purchased per month, adjusted for household size.ResultsAmong eligible households, 3795 (16.8%) had DRCMM. On average, households with DRCMM versus without purchased 14.8 more servings per capita, per month, from packaged foods and drinks (p < 0.001). DRCMM households were 1.01 times more likely to purchase fat and carbohydrates in lieu of protein across all packaged food and drinks (p = 0.002, p = 0.000, respectively). DRCMM households averaged fewer grams per serving of protein, carbohydrates, and fat per month across all food and drink purchases (all p < 0.001). When carbonated soft drinks and juices were excluded, the same associations for grams of protein and carbohydrates per serving per month were seen (both p < 0.001) but the association for grams of fat per serving per month attenuated.ConclusionsDRCMM households purchased greater quantities of packaged food and drinks per capita than non-DRCMM households, which contributed to more fat, carbohydrates, and sodium in the home. However, food and drinks in DRCMM homes on average were lower in nutrient-density. Future studies are needed to understand the motivations for packaged food and drink choices among households with DRCMM to inform interventions targeting the home food environment.

Instagram-based priming to nudge drink choices: Subtlety is not the answer

Instagram-based priming (e.g., subtly incorporating healthy drinks into the background of Instagram images) could potentially nudge healthier consumption behaviours. Given the negative health consequences associated with sugar-sweetened-beverage consumption, two experiments tested the effect of three sets of Instagram-based primes for nudging drink choices from a visual food and drinks display. Participants (18–25 years) were randomly assigned to view a series of Instagram advertising images (for technology, travel, or homeware products) that included a glass containing water (water prime) or cola (soft drink prime), or no drink (control). They then selected an item from the visual display containing snack foods and drinks. In Experiment 1 (n = 493) beverages were subtly incorporated into the priming images; in Experiment 2 (n = 471) beverages were made more prominent. Priming condition did not predict choice in Experiment 1 but did so in Experiment 2, where participants in the soft drink prime condition were significantly more likely to select a drink versus a food, compared to those in the water prime and control conditions. The water prime did not predict choice in either study. A greater percentage of participants noticed the beverage primes in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1. Overall, it appears that when clearly visible, soft drinks incorporated into Instagram-style images can nudge drink choices. However, a less subtle approach may be needed to effectively encourage healthier drink choices.

Molecular Analysis of Mineral and Tap Water to Detect Microbial Contaminants in Jeddah Province

Since ancient times, drinking water quality has played a significant role in human diseases and infections. In Jeddah, the drinking water choices are mostly bottled water or water available in plastic containers after processing at private water treatment stations. A total of 30 drinking water samples were obtained from many sources in Jeddah, KSA: mineral water (13 samples) and tap water (17 samples). Microbiological tests were used, including a negative and positive Gram stain test for these colonies and determining the type of bacteria. To identify bacterially, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used in this study. Following that, the susceptibility of bacterial isolates to commonly used antibiotics is tested. The results showed that the microbial cultures were of different isolates. We confirmed that these results by microbiological examination and molecular identification found a difference between the study samples. Fifty-three bacteria were isolated from 30 samples, 34 (64.15%) tap water samples, and 19(35.85%) mineral water samples were found to be contaminated with bacteria. The highest bacterial contamination, 86.6% of all samples, was found in the tap water in 50% of samples, while 36.6% was found in mineral water. Microbiological tests and molecular diagnostic methods make it simpler and faster to shorten the detection time of drinking water contamination. The results of the current study suggest that mineral water is a better source of potable water in Jeddah than tap water. However, there may be pollution in the water at the reservoirs rather than at the water sources

Examining the Role of Clean Drinking Water Plants in Mitigating Drinking Water-Induced Morbidity

Access to clean drinking water is essentially required for human existence. It is a formalized fact that contaminated drinking water poses a serious threat to human life as the endowment of unpolluted drinking water to Pakistan’s inhabitants is the local government’s foremost duty. Thus, to conquer this purpose, the local government, with the coordination of the community development department (CD), fixed drinking water filtration plants at several places in Lahore. This study aimed to discover the health threats and health-associated costs endured by households in the target study areas and the effects of drinking water on infants’ and children’s health in areas having and lacking water filtration plants by employing the health lifestyle model. Moreover, this study compared waterborne disease incidence in households in targeted areas with and without local government filtration plants. For this purpose, a multistage random sampling technique was employed to collect the data from 300 households residing at different locations in Pakistan. This study revealed that people who make life choices to drink filtration plants’ water installed by the local government are less likely to contract waterborne diseases. Besides, class circumstances such as the size of the family, education of the family head, and plant water usage are highly correlated to the quality and use of drinking water and, ultimately, to the health-associated outcomes by improving a healthy lifestyle. In contrast, the age of the household head was found to be insignificant in making choices regarding drinking water choices and reducing waterborne illness. The more the education of the family head, the fewer family members found to indulge in practices for using plant water. Thus, infants/children and other people are less likely to contract waterborne incidents in areas equipped with these filtration plants. Moreover, the probability of contracting waterborne illness is higher in males than in females in areas lacking filtration plants.

Implementation and sales impact of a capacity building intervention in Australian sporting facility food outlets: a longitudinal observational study

BackgroundFew studies have explored behavioural and financial impacts of retail initiatives after 2 years to address the unhealthy food environments common in local government sporting settings.AimsTo evaluate the impact of...