Dried Rice Straw Research Articles

Towards valorization of rice straw into bioethanol and lignin: Emphasizing critical role of deep eutectic solvent components in biorefining process

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a potential opportunity in biomass utilization industries. This work emphasized the impact of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and acceptors (HBA) on deconstruction and valorization of rice straw. Acidity, alkyl chain length, hydrogen bonding ability and functional groups of HBD and HBA appeared to be important factors affecting the fractionated pulps and lignins, which further influenced ethanol fermentation. Among the candidate DESs, lactic acid/guanidine hydrochloride (LGH) was proved to be the most suitable one due to the excellent delignification and xylan removal. For the downstream fermentation process, 0.47 g g−1 of bioethanol with 0.55 g/L h−1 of productivity can be obtained from the LGH pulp’s hydrolysate. Mass balance showed 302.8 g bioethanol and 119.0 g technical lignin can be co-generated from 1 kg dried rice straw. This “green” valorization strategy offers a promising scheme in biorefinery of lignocelluloses.

Differences in composition and diversity of rumen fungi in buffalo fed different diets

The rumen is a complex ecosystem containing a variety of fungi, which are crucial for the digestive activities of ruminants. Previous research on rumen fungi has mainly focused on anaerobic fungi, given the rumen’s reputation as a mainly anaerobic environment. The objective of this study was to investigate rumen fungal diversity and the presence of aerobic fungi in buffalo fed on different diets. Three adult buffaloes were used as experimental animals. Alfalfa hay, oat hay, whole corn silage, sugarcane shoot silage, fresh king grass, dried rice straw, and five kinds of mixed diets with concentrate to roughage ratios of 20:80, 35:65, 50:50, 65:35, and 80:20 were used as the experimental diets. The experimental animals were fed different diets for 22 days. Rumen fluid was collected from the rumen fistula for ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequencing 2 h after feeding on the morning of day 22. The results indicate the presence of large quantities of aerobic fungi in the rumen of the buffaloes 2 h after feeding and suggest that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are the dominant fungal groups under different feeding conditions. The study also identified 62 different fungal types, which showed significant differences among the 11 experimental diets.

Biochar based self cleaning superhydrophobic surface with aqueous DESphobic properties

In this work, facile fabrication of chemically stable superhydrophobic surfaces based on biocompatible, fluorine free, carbon rich biochar has been reported. Biochar synthesized from dried rice straw by pyrolysis at 550˚C, which was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The biochar coated surface demonstrated superhydrophobic behaviour with static water CA > 150°. Aqueous drops remain in superhydrophobic state due to stability of Cassie-Baxter wetting regime and can shows very high-water contact angle (WCA > 160°) and self-cleaning behaviour. Such a very high WCA have been achieved typically by combination of low energy chemicals (fluorine based) and surface textures. However, no harsh chemical treatment of biochar was performed and a simple methodology of creating biochar layer onto the substate was adopted. Such surface also demonstrated repellent properties against aqueous mixtures of deep eutectic solvent (DES). A spherical aqueous DES drop can be easily formed onto the biochar surface for image analysis. The density of the liquid sample with a small sample volume can be assessed using this drop shape that was measured on the superhydrophobic biochar surface.

A sustainable approach for soil amendment; available plant nutrients in rice straws

The main aim of this study is to estimate the potential of mitigating the soil degradation by the utilization of rice straws, In every crop huge quantity of crop residue is generated along with the food grains. Only small part of the crop residue is used as cattle feed and other applications, significant quantity of these crop residues are either left unutilized or disposed by means of open field burning by the farmers, because other disposal options are not economically viable for the farmers. Consequences of open field burning of crop residues in India are, contribution of particulate matter in the atmosphere, emission of CO2, CO, NH3, NOx, SOx, and smog. On burning of crop residue heat produced is also accounted for the damage of microbes and other nutrients also present on the top layer of the soil, loss of organic carbon; it adversely affects soil fertility and productivity. It has a great economic potential as it contains high carbon content and significant amount of other essential plant nutrients which are required for plant growth. Sun dried rice straw samples were collected and analysed for primary nutrients (C, H, S, N, P2O5 and K2O) required for plant growth. Moisture content was 11.70%, Elemental analysis of paddy straw on dry basis was found C = 36.04%, H = 5.25%, S = 0.28% & N = 0.69% P2O5 = 0.43% and K2O = 0.64% in the kharif season 2021. These elements were quantified by using different advanced analytical techniques.

The mixture material of dried straw and kapok for acoustic treatment for UTeM mosque

The acoustical requirements in terms of intelligibility and liveliness are dissimilar for both of sounds-recitation and speech on religious subjects at UTeM mosque. To attain an overall satisfactory acoustical performance, it is significant to find an optimum Reverberation Time (RT) and the best directivity, which is the major factors affecting intelligibility and liveliness. This experiment is conduct to gauge the effect of RT by making it a variable, while keeping other factors as non-variable and fulfilling ideal conditions for maximum intelligibility. Bearing in mind, the acoustical problems always occurred in any communication building. To improve the problem, this paper presents the new idea of improvement by using biodegradable sound absorber materials which is the mixture of dried rice straw and kapok.

Strategies for Improved Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of Field-Grown Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under a Semi-Arid Climate

Water use efficiency is a main research target in agriculture, which consumes 70% of global freshwater. This study aimed at identifying sustainable water management strategies for the lettuce crop in a semi-arid climate. Three independent experiments were carried out on a commercial variety of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by applying different irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated through both the Hargreaves–Samani and Penman–Monteith equations. In the first experiment, one treatment was also guided by soil moisture sensors. In the second and third experiments, a factorial combination was used, combining the different irrigation levels with two soil mulching treatments, namely soil without mulch, and soil mulched with dried rice straw residues. The application of different irrigation levels significantly affected plant growth, yield, and physiology. Both the adoption of sensors for guiding irrigation and the application of mulching with straw promoted higher yield. As the irrigation water level was reduced, the WUE (water use efficiency) increased. WUE was also increased by covering the soil with mulch. The experiments point out that accurate management of irrigation water using a drip irrigation system associated with soil mulching increases yield and improves the WUE of lettuce crops in the Central Dry Zone, Myanmar.

Kinetics and physical analyses for pyrolyzed Egyptian agricultural and woody biomasses: effect of microwave drying

This paper investigates microwave drying effect as a pretreatment method on the kinetic parameters of four torrefied biomasses. The considered biomasses are rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane, and cotton stalks. Dried samples (microwave or oven-dried) were then torrefied under isothermal conditions in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at two different temperatures of (250 and 300 °C). Two simple kinetics methods were applied including direct Arrhenius (DA) and Coats and Redfern (CR). The physical structure of rice straw and cotton stalks as a function of drying method and torrefaction temperature has been studied using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area technique. Results revealed that microwave drying increased both the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor for both rice straw and sugarcane regardless of the torrefaction temperature, while the opposite occurred for rice husk. In the case of cotton stalks, microwave drying increased the kinetic parameters at 250 °C and decreased them at 300 °C. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor values obtained from CR method were larger than the ones from DA method. The 300 °C torrefied, conventionally dried rice straw has the lowest activation energy and pre-exponential factor and the largest peak width indicating wide range of reactivity. While microwave dried sugarcane, torrefied at 250 °C, is the hardest one to react. All microwave dried samples require more heat to decompose regardless of the torrefaction temperature. Microwave drying increased the surface area, mean pore diameter, and pore volume for rice straw, while the opposite occurred for cotton stalks due to its woody nature.

The feasibility of shortening the pretreatment time for improvement of the biogas production rate from rice straw with three chemical agents

Solid-state chemical pretreatment at room temperature was adopted to evaluate the methane production potential of rice straw. Dried rice straw was homogenized with distilled water at a 1:3 ratio and pretreated for 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, 120 h, and 168 h. The effects of the pretreatment time with three chemicals (H2O2, Ca(OH)2, and NH3·H2O) on the methane yield were investigated. The results showed that the anaerobic digestion performance was improved for solid-state chemical pretreatment of room temperature-treated rice straw. The biogas yields from the treatments with H2O2 for 168 h, Ca(OH)2 for 72 h, and NH3·H2O for 120 h were 386.6 mL/g VS, 413.5 mL/g VS, and 390.5 mL/g VS, which were 35.8%, 45.2%, and 37.2% higher than that from the untreated rice straw, respectively. Therefore, it is feasible to shorten the pretreatment time of rice straw for these three chemical solutions.

Plant-Based Culture Media for Improved Growth and Sporulation of Cercospora janseana.

Cercospora janseana is the causal agent of narrow brown leaf spot, one of the major diseases of rice in the United States. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate various plant-based agar media in comparison with potato dextrose agar (PDA) for their effects on radial growth and sporulation of C. janseana. The agar media were evaluated individually with the following plant-extract ingredients: fresh rice leaves, dried rice leaves, dried rice stems, dried rice roots, dried rice hulls, dried rice straw, rice bran, dried sorghum leaves, and dried barnyard grass leaves. Plant-based extracts obtained from 25, 50, 100, or 200 g/liter (plant material/water) were tested either alone or in combination with 10 and 20% clarified V8 juice. PDA served as the control medium. Media with 10 and 20% V8 juice were also included for comparison. Media were inoculated with a disc of 1-week-old actively growing C. janseana at the center of Petri plates and incubated at 28°C with a 12/12-h (light/dark) cycle for 2 weeks. Radial growth was measured at 7 and 14 days after inoculation (DAI), whereas sporulation was measured at 14 DAI. Radial growth and sporulation differed among various media and their amendment concentrations. Media with extracts of fresh rice leaves, dried rice leaves, dried rice stems, dried barnyard grass leaves, and clarified V8 juice enhanced radial growth compared with the PDA control. Of all the agar media evaluated, fresh rice leaf extract amendment at 25 g/liter with no V8 supplementation consistently supported the greatest radial growth, and 10% V8-only medium resulted in greater sporulation of C. janseana than other media evaluated.

YARN DEVELOPMENT FROM RICE STRAW TO COMMERCIAL

This research studied the process of separating fibers from rice straw. To study the physical properties of fibers from rice straw and the process of manufacturing yarn from rice straw fibers. It was analyzed by physical textile testing laboratory and developed as woven and into commercial products. The process of separating fibers from dried rice straw and selected the rice straw fiber length at least 30 cm. To subtract and peel off the joints of the lower end by hand. The result in the physical laboratory, it is cellulose fibers, tensile strength (Newton) at 28.18, elongation (percent) is at 2.01 which is cross-section; oval and clearly and its length is smooth and transparent. There are metals plenty of CADMIUM and LEAD at 0.1 mg/kg, CHROMIUM (TOTAL) / (VI) and COPPER at 0.5 mg/kg. There are 2 warps yarn and using natural color without blench. When woven as a fabric to develop for 4 products prototype: table lamps, tablecloths in Japanese style, potted plants and Accessories Box. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.32.506513 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Comparison between free cells and immobilized cells of Candida shehatae in ethanol production from rice straw hydrolysate using repeated batch cultivation

Ethanol production by xylose-fermenting Candida shehatae ATCC 22984 was studied in repeated batch fermentations of rice straw hydrolysate using both free cells and immobilized cells. Terracotta beads, coconut bract and corncob were investigated as supporting materials for cell immobilization. Ethanol production was stable at least 5 cycles when using cells immobilized on coconut bract. Average ethanol concentrations obtained from each batch were 16.7 g/L in free-cell system and 17.2 g/L in immobilized-cell system. Repeated batch using free cell system resulted in a slightly higher volumetric productivity than the use of immobilized cells. Ethanol that could be produced per ton of dried rice straw was 120 L using free cell system and 117 L using immobilized cell on coconut bract in glass column system.

Modes of transmission and stability of Rice yellow mottle virus

Abstract Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is the most important rice virus in Africa. We examined RYMV transmission via soil and water contaminated with RYMV-infected rice plants and by serial cutting with RYMV-contaminated scissors. Transmission of RYMV via dried rice straw kept at 27°C was also examined. The results showed the virus could be transmitted via soil and water, and by scissors. Rice straw that was RYMV-infected was not infective if it was dried and was kept longer than 42 days. By insect transmission experiments and ELISA, long-horned grasshoppers (Conocephalus spp.) were found to be a possible vector of RYMV in Uganda.

사료용 볏짚 중 잔류농약 분석

본 연구에서는 사료용 볏짚 중 잔류허용기준(MRL, Maximum Residues limits)이 설정된 etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran 7종과 carbofuran의 대사물질 3-hydroxy carbofuran, 3-keto carbofuran 2종을 포함하여 9성분의 볏짚 중 잔류 모니터링를 위한 분석법을 개발하고 국내 18개 지점의 볏짚을 분석하였다. 9종의 농약을 분석 가능한 기기조건에 따라 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 분석하였는데, HPLC-UVD로 분석이 가능한 농약 중 tricyclazole과 etofenprox를 첫 번째 그룹으로하고, propiconazole과 edifenphos를 두 번째 그룹으로 하였다. HPLC-FLD로 분석이 되는 carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran, 3-keto carbofuran을 세 번째 그룹으로 하였으며, GC-NPD로 분석이 되는 diazinon을 네 번째 그룹으로 하여 분석하였다. 시료 추출과정은 건조된 볏짚을 acetone으로 추출하고 dichloromethane으로 분배하는 방법으로 실시하였으며 정제과정은 첫 번째 그룹과 두 번째 그룹은 플로리실과 아미노-프로필 카트리지를 이중으로 연결하여 정제하였다. 세 번째 그룹은 아미노-프로필 카트리지로 정제하였고, 네 번째 그룹은 플로리실 카트리지로 정제하였다. 모든 성분의 정량한계는 잔류허용기준의 1/2수준 이하였고, 정량한계 수준을 포함한 회수율시험 결과 모두 70~110%를 만족하였으므로 볏짚 잔류농약 모니터링을 위한 분석법으로 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 2010년 한국 6지역에서 채취한 볏짚 18점의 잔류농약을 분석한 결과 1점에서 carbofuran의 대사물질인 3-keto carbofuran이 정량한계 수준인 0.04 mg/kg 검출되었으며 그 밖에 etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl 등 6성분은 모든 시료에서 정량한계 미만이었다. This study was conducted for the establishment of the analytical method of pesticide residues in rice straw for 9 pesticides; etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran and for the monitoring of these pesticides in rice straw for livestock feed in Korea. These pesticides were classified into 4 groups according to analytical instrument condition. Group 1 (HPLC-UVD1) included tricyclazole and etofenprox while group 2 (HPLC-UVD2) included propiconazole and edifenphos. Group 3 (HPLC-FLD) included carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran. Group 4 (GC-NPD) included Diazinon. The dried rice straw samples were extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and solid phase extraction (SPE): Combination of Florisil SPE and amino-propyl SPE was used for group 1 and group 2, amino-propyl SPE for group 3, and Florisil SPE was for group 4. Recovery was in the ranged 70~110% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were lower than the half of maximum residue limits. Therefore this method was proved to be efficient for monitoring of these pesticides residue in rice straw. A total of 18 rice straw samples from 6 provinces in Korea in 2010 were analyzed using established method and, only 3-keto carbofuran was detected in one sample at concentration of 0.04 mg/kg.

Mucilaginibacter daejeonensis sp. nov., isolated from dried rice straw

A novel strain, designated Jip 10(T), isolated from dried rice straw, was characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The isolate was Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate clustered with the genus Mucilaginibacter in the phylum Bacteroidetes. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain Jip 10(T) and the type strains of Mucilaginibacter gracilis and Mucilaginibacter paludis were 93.7 and 93.6 %, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 48.1 mol%. Chemotaxonomic data [major menaquinone MK-7 and major fatty acids iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c)] supported the affiliation of strain Jip 10(T) to the genus Mucilaginibacter. However, the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain Jip 10(T) from other Mucilaginibacter species with validly published names. Therefore, strain Jip 10(T) (=KCTC 12639(T) =LMG 23488(T)) was classified in the genus Mucilaginibacter as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter daejeonensis sp. nov. is proposed.

High-throughput determination of thioglycolic acid lignin from rice

For research and development of plants suitable for forage and biofuel production, the development of a high-throughput system of lignin determination, especially for herbaceous species, is important. However, currently available methods for lignin determination are not suitable for high-throughput analysis of herbaceous samples. In this paper, we describe a straightforward, high-throughput method for lignin determination as thioglycolic acid lignin from rice straw using disposable plastic microtubes, TissueLyser, and a UV microplate reader. We successfully plotted calibration curves derived from the readings of a spectrophotometer and a microplate reader using thioglycolic acid lignin prepared from bamboo milled wood lignin as a lignin standard. Based on the calibration curve, we could determine the lignin content in various organs from dried rice straw and rice seedlings. We confirmed that 20 mg of dried material from rice plants is adequate for stable determination of the lignin content. Using this method, 100 independent samples from rice straw can be analyzed in three days per person.

Parapedobacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov.

Strain Jip14(T), a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, was isolated from dried rice straw and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Jip14(T) belongs to the family Sphingobacteriaceae, and the highest degree of sequence similarity was determined to be to Pedobacter saltans DSM 12145(T) (88.5 %), Pedobacter africanus DSM 12126(T) (87.6 %), Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366(T) (87.1 %) and Pedobacter caeni LMG 22862(T) (86.9 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain Jip14(T) possesses menaquinone MK-7 and the predominant fatty acids C(15 : 0) iso, C(16 : 0), C(16 : 0) 10-methyl, C(17 : 0) iso 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C(15 : 0) iso 2-OH/C(16 : 1)omega7c). The results of physiological and biochemical tests clearly demonstrated that strain Jip14(T) represents a distinct species. Based on these data, Jip14(T) should be classified within a novel genus and species, for which the name Parapedobacter koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Parapedobacter koreensis is Jip14(T) (=KCTC 12643(T)=LMG 23493(T)).

Nitrous oxide emission from the burning of agricultural residue

Abstract The intramolecular distribution of stable isotopes in nitrous oxide from biomass burning plumes was measured for analysis of nitrous oxide behavior. Biomass burning experiments carried out for collecting the burning plumes used a grate-type test furnace. Dried rice straw was used as the biomass material for burning. Nitrous oxide was formed mainly in the flaming stage. The isotopomer ratios of the end-member of the burning were estimated, assuming simple mixing with background air. The nitrous oxide in the burning plume was depleted in 15N relative to the nitrogen compounds bound in the rice straw, but was rather similar relative to atmospheric nitrogen, and was slightly enriched in 18O relative to atmospheric oxygen. The central nitrogen atom was slightly heavier than the end-positioned atom. The kinetic isotope effects in nitrous oxide during the thermal decomposition and hydrogen reduction were evaluated at 1273 K. Assuming that a part of the nitrous oxide formed in the flame region was thermally destroyed or reduced, the behavior of nitrous oxide during biomass burning was analyzed on the basis of the isotopomer signatures and the kinetic isotope effects during the destruction reaction. The δ 15 N of the central nitrogen in nitrous oxide before destruction in the flame region was almost equivalent to that of the end-positioned nitrogen. The extent of the destruction reaction was quantitatively evaluated and small. This suggests that the nitrous oxide formed in the flames diffused quickly and is quenched by the surrounding air.

Studies on the composts for raising seedlings of vegetable crops in hot beds. VI.

In general, composts used for raising seedlings of vegetable crops in hot beds are piled outdoors in midsummer, turned and repiled two or three times in the following seasons and allowed to stand until next early spring to decompose the applied organic materials. It is generally believed that application of organic materials increases soil aggregates, and then improves the physical properties of composting soils. In order to ascertain the changes in soil aggregates during piling, the following studies were undertaken.1. The sample varying in the soils and applied organic materials were collected at intervals from three locations near Tokyo. In A compost (volcanic ash soil+fresh grass weeds) percentage of aggregates >0.25mm increased markedly after piling. then finally decreased, in B compost (sandy loam +dried rice straw and husk) the aggregates increased progressively, and in C compost (volcanic ash soil + rotted farmyard manure) there was little change in aggregation during piling.2. In the second experiments, six composts were pilied, which varying in the added organic materials, amount of nitrogen applied and method of piling. In the straw-composts, percentage of aggregates increased accompany with the degree of the decomposing of straw, before long reached its then decreased. In the leaf-mold commaximum, posts, there were little changes in aggregation during piling.In the straw-compost, to which large quantity of calcium cyanamide was added as a nitrogeneous fertilizer, the decomposition of straw was slow and the time required for maximum aggregation was lengthened.With respect to piling method, it was evident that the compost for which soil, cutted-straw and fertilizer were mixed well when they were piled, formed aggregates earlier than the one for which soil, non-cutted-straw and fertilizer were piled in layers, but there occured deterioration of aggregates in the former compost by the rapid decomposition of straw.3. The above mentioned results indicated that the soil aggregate formation or deterioration during piling was affected by types of soils and organic materials, quantity of fertilizer added and methods of piling, and was regulated with the decomposition of organic materials by micro-organisms.