Dry Plant Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Fadogia cienkowskii Leaves

This study assessed the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Fadogia cienkowskii leaves and ascertained their antioxidant qualities In vitro, taking into account the plant's extensive usage in traditional medicine. Standard procedures were followed in the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical examination as well as the In vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts. The methanolic extracts of F. cienkowskii leaves produced a yield of 4%. The main phytochemical components found in the plant were phenolics (tannins and flavonoids), saponins, protein, and carbohydrates. The amount of total phenols in the dried plant extract was 2.085± 0.35 μg garlic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg, tannins in the extract was 0.755±0.17 μg GAE/mg, flavonoid contents in the extract was 3.646± 0.45 μg GAE/mg, and flavonols in the extract was 0.868± 0.20μg quercetin equivalent/mg. At a dosage of 10,000μg/ml, the extract demonstrated a noteworthy dose-dependent ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, effectively blocking 96.56 ± 0.46 % of DPPH, in contrast to ascorbic acid, which inhibited 89.10 ± 3.73 % at the same concentration. At a concentration of 2500μg/ml of extract, the extract demonstrated the highest level of superoxide anion (O2) inhibitory action, at 71.91±0.66% of the radical, in comparison to quercetin, which exhibited 68.23 ± 0.41% at 250μg/ml. The extract's ability to scavenge Nitric Oxide (NO) was concentration-dependent, with 250µg/ml of it being more effective than α-tocopherol. These results consequently imply that the leaf extract of F. cienkowskii likely mediates its medicinal potentials through the efficient scavenging of free radicals. Therefore, the plant can be used to create safe and natural antioxidant compounds because it has the potential to scavenge free radicals and contains sufficient concentrations of phytochemicals.

Exploring gallic acid-rich leaf extract: Formulation and characterization of antioxidant blends

Antioxidant supplements derived from plants can aid in protecting cells from oxidative stress, which has been connected to various chronic illnesses. The formulation of antioxidant tablets faces challenges due to the unfavorable physicochemical and mechanical properties of dry plant extracts. The utilization of wet plant extracts and sugars in antioxidant tablet development can offer improved solubility, stability, and palatability, enhancing the overall efficacy and acceptability of the formulation. In this work, gallic acid-rich Ficus auriculata leaf extract was utilized as the active component in the development of antioxidant formulations. Formulations were prepared using starch, a biopolymer, and sugars as the major excipients and characterized. The formulations containing a higher concentration of hygroscopic components were sticky and unsuitable for tableting, while free-flowing formulations were formed into tablets. The disintegration times of all the tablets were less than 15 min, satisfying Indian Pharmacopoeia norms. The antioxidant activity of the formulations increased with an increase in the extract. The formulations demonstrated good stability in acidic and alkaline environments. Findings from the present study showed that antioxidant tablets with desirable properties can be prepared using plant extract and readily available excipients.

Antioxidant Capacity of Honey Enriched by Wildflowers

The study objective was a comparative analysis of rapeseed and multifloral honey enriched by flowers of six plant species: lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L.), high mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), cowslip primrose (Primula veris L.), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.), lawn daisy (Bellis perennis L.), and black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The honey was enriched with dry flowers and plant extracts at a level of 1%, 2%, and 4% (w/w). Antioxidant capacity was measured via two different methods: DPPH and ABTS assay. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using colorimetric methods. The highest radical scavenging capacity determined by the DPPH assay was observed in rapeseed honey with a 4% dried cowslip primrose (Primula veris L.) flower addition, which was more than 50 times higher than the activity for pure rapeseed honey. Almost 100% of the radical scavenging capacity was found for rapeseed and multifloral honeys with cowslip primrose (Primula veris L.), especially for the 4% dried flower addition, more than six times that of the control samples measured using the ABTS test. Multifloral honeys enriched with black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and cowslip primrose (Primula veris L.), with a 2% and 4% plant material addition, both as an extract and as dried flowers, were characterised by the highest total phenolic content. The highest enrichment effectiveness was observed for dried flowers of lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis L.), black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and high mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), where the flavonoid content increased more than nine times compared to the honey samples without additions. The content of biologically active substances in honey enriched with flowers gives hope for new applications of the health-promoting substances contained in wild plants.

Antifungal protection of beech wood using plant extracts

In this research, the antifungal efficacy of dry plant extracts of Chinese cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia L.), Rtanjski tea herb (Satureja montana L.) obtained by water extraction and extract of Thyme herb (Thymus serpyllum L.) obtained by ethanol-water extraction was investigated against the fungi Coniophora puteana and Serpula lacrymans, which cause brown rot, and the fungus Trametes versicolor, which causes white rot of hardwood and conifers. Five different concentrations of plant extracts were tested, and water was used as a solvent. Samples of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca (Maly) Czeczott.) were treated by the immersion method with solutions of plant extracts and exposed for 60 days to the action of the test fungi. The smallest mass loss (%) of beech wood when affected by each of the test fungi was in samples treated with Thymus serpyllum extract at a concentration of 25%, followed by Satureja montana at the same concentration. Cinnamomum cassia bark extract did not show significant antifungal activity against the test fungi at any concentration. The obtained results can affirm the use of dry plant extracts as ecologically acceptable agents in the preventive protection of non-resistant wood species against rotting fungi.

Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Herbal Practitioners to Treat Cancer in Malawi

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh, Psorospermum febrifugum Spach, Inula glomerata Oliv. and Hiern, Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. and Monotes africanus A.DC., claimed to treat cancer by Malawian traditional herbal practitioners. Ground and dried plant extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total alkaloid content (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using standard assays. The TPC, TFC, and TAC ranged from 539 ± 2.70 to 4602 ± 32 mg GAE/g DW, 6.18 ± 0.03 to 64.04 ± 0.16 mg QE/g DW and 19.25 ± 0.07 to 76.05 ± 0.36 mg CE/g DW, respectively, and the variations were significant, p < 0.05. FRAP values ranged from 82.15 ± 0.7 to 687.28 ± 0.71 mg TEAC/g DW and decreased in the following order: P. thoningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh > P. febrifugum Spach > M. africanus A.DC > Z. chalybeum Engl > I. glomerata Oliv. and Hiern. The scavenging activity (SA50) of the extracts ranged from 0.09 ± 0.01 to 1.57 ± 0.01 μg/mL of extract with P. thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh showing the lowest value. Based on the levels of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity, the plants in this study could be considered for use as medicinal agents and sources of natural bioactive compounds and antioxidants.

Development of the composition and technology of dry drinks based on whey

Dairy and other food industries use whey in the production of various food products. The analysis of the composition of the ingredients used shows that dry demineralized whey is widely used for the production of specialized food products, which is explained by its high organoleptic characteristics, guaranteed quality and safety indicators. The paper considers the possibility of using dry demineralized whey when creating dry drinks for baby food. The results of organoleptic and physico-chemical studies prove the feasibility of using dry juices and plant extracts when creating the composition and formulations of specialized products. The technology of these drinks involves the stage of dry mixing of the components used. It should be noted that poor-quality mixing of micro- and macrocomponents that are heterogeneous in structure and dry matter is the cause of a decrease in the quality of the finished product. To assess the effectiveness of mixing, studies of the ingredients used in the formulation were carried out in terms of indicators: mass fraction of moisture and particle size. Mixing efficiency was evaluated by determining the key component (vitamin C) in the sample and the duration of mixing. Mixing was considered effective if the vitamin C content in each of the five samples was 12.2–14.9 mg. The results of studies of the mixing process show that the effectiveness depends on the set of prescription ingredients and the dispersion of each of them. The results obtained are applicable for the tested conditions of the experiment: a fixed frequency of rotation of the mixer container, the accepted scheme for loading ingredients, the completeness of the useful volume of the container, recipe variation.

Study of the Effect of Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis on the Gastrointestinal Tract Normoflora and Helicobacter pylori.

The antimicrobial properties of baicalin against H. pylori and several probiotic cultures were evaluated. Baicalin was isolated from a dry plant extract obtained by extraction with water at 70 °C. For isolation, extraction was carried out with n-butanol and purification on a chromatographic column. The antimicrobial potential was assessed by evaluating changes in the optical density of the bacterial suspension during cultivation; additionally, the disk diffusion method was used. During the study, the baicalin concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) and the pH of the medium in the range of 1.5-8.0 were tested. The test objects were: suspensions of H. pylori, Lactobacillus casei, L. brevis, Bifidobacterium longum, and B. teenis. It was found that the greater the concentration of the substance in the solution, the greater the delay in the growth of the strain zone. Thus, the highest antimicrobial activity against H. pylori was observed at pH 1.5-2.0 and a baicalin concentration of 1.00 mg/mL. In relation to probiotic strains, a stimulating effect of baicalin (1.00 mg/mL) on the growth of L. casei biomass at pH 1.5-2.0 was observed. The results open up the prospects for the use of baicalin and probiotics for the treatment of diseases caused by H. pylori.

Allelopathic effects of the invasive plant Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata L.) aqueous extract on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is an alien invasive weed with aggressive growth habits, environmental stress tolerance, and the ability to synthesize allelochemicals. However, in many parts of the world, this plant is still recommended for use in composting, phytoremediation, and as an ornamental ground cover in gardens. The present study investigated the allelopathic effect of S. trilobata on the seed germination, growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. To analyze the allelopathic effects of S. trilobata on P. vulgaris seed germination, hundred seeds of P. vulgaris were exposed to different concentrations of the aqueous extracts of fresh and dry S. trilobata (2.5×102, 5.0×102 and 7.5×102 g/L) in Petri dishes for five days. The impact of S. trilobata aqueous extract on the growth and yield of P. vulgaris was also studied with seedlings planted in a compost soil mixture. Results of the study suggested negative impacts of S. trilobata extracts on P. vulgaris seed germination, growth and yield. P. vulgaris seed germination was significantly lower in the treatments than in the control (p<0.05). Further, P. vulgaris plants treated with fresh plant extracts at 5.0×102 and 7.5×102 g/L concentrations had significantly lower shoot height, growth rate, leaf area, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root length, pod length and yield (p<0.05) than controls. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that S. trilobata aqueous extracts have a dose-dependent allelopathic effect on P. vulgaris seed germination, growth, and yield and among the dry and fresh plant extracts, fresh plant aqueous extracts have a more significant allelopathic impact. As S. trilobata contains water-soluble allelochemical, it should not be used in biofertilizer production, phytoremediation, or as live mulch.

Formulation And In-Vitro Evaluation of Herbal Tablet Containing Withania Coagulans Extract

Ayurvedic phytomedicines are an hour requirement and more probable than allopathic medicines, which are not only pricey about "lead" but also linked to several negative side effects. The fruits of Withania coagulans exhibit notable anti-diabetic action, according to the ethnopharmacological usage and a literature assessment. A formulation incorporating the plant material was created after a thorough analysis of the powdered ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans fruits, making it more palatable and appropriate for diabetics. Pharmaceutical dosage formulations with a special dry plant extract and other components like talc, starch, and microcrystalline cellulose have been shown to have statistically significant anti-diabetic action. All of the values were within permissible limits, according to the findings of preformulation studies. The formulation's notable hardness and friability revealed that the tablets were mechanically stable. The formulation's disintegration took more than a minute. Significant results from an in-vitro anti-diabetic examination of a tablet formulation are evidence that the traditional Indian medical systems assertions regarding the effectiveness of this plant in the treatment of diabetes are true. The last inference made from the facts stated above is that since natural medicines do not have the substantial side effects associated with synthetic drugs, it may be appropriate to reconsider using these cost-effective, non-toxic, and plant-safe alternatives. The results of the preformulation studies showed that all of the values were within acceptable ranges.

Profound Assessment of Phytochemical, Botanical and Antioxidant Characteristics Including Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Stem Bark of Cordia obliqua L.

Cordia obliqua is known as Bumber. Its fruits and leaves are popularly used because of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity as well as botanical features of stem bark of Cordia obliqua. Chemical components were preliminary screened in various fractions based on the polarities including; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of using standard procedures. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS antioxidant procedure, using ascorbic acid as standard. Results confirmed that stem bark of Cordia obliqua chemically is characterized by the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in various fractions and the absence of cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Microscopically, the plant is characterized by presence of big Ca oxalate clusters, various types of xylem vessels and big amount of cork cells. TPC was ranged from 13.6±1.4 and 220.5±3.4 mg GAE/g dry plant extract and TFC was ranged from 0.029±0.12and 15.46±0.33 mg QE/g dry plant extract. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions; results of antioxidant using ABTS assay showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 valued 11.84±1.2 μg/ ml for butanol fraction and 14.81±1.1 μg/ml for ethyl acetate fraction. Taken together, the research work demonstrated the potential natural antioxidant value of the waste product stem bark of Cordia obliqua. The study endorses forthcoming work to isolate and identify the chemical constituents in stem bark of Cordia obliqua.

Quantitative Estimation of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidants and in vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Polyherbal Extract

Published on: October 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(4):382-386Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.77 Authors:Navjot Kaur1,2,*, Shailesh Sharma31IKGPTU, Jalandhar, Punjab, INDIA.2Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar, Rail, Punjab, INDIA.3ASBSJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The herbal antidiabetic drugs are safe but effective alternate to conventional oral antidiabetic therapy. The single phytoconstituents of single plants are inadequate to produce the required efficacy therefore polyherbal can be tested for the desired results. The objective of the present study was the assessment of total phenolic, flavonoids, tannins content, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Azadirachta indica leaves, Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes, Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood, and Withania coagulans berries and fruit coat. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of all four drugs were prepared and mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1:1 to make the polyherbal extract. It was checked for the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. The High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) analysis for phenolic compounds as well as the beta carotenoids was done. The in vitro antioxidant activity as well as in vitro antidiabetic activity were calculated. Results: Quantitative estimations showed that maximum phenolic content was in Azadirachta indica and Pterocarpus marsupium, the flavonoid in Withania coagulans, and tannins content in Pterocarpus marsupium. The HPLC analysis showed the marked presence of beta carotenoids along with other phenolic compounds. The radical scavenging activity of Pterocarpus marsupium and the polyherbal extract was comparable to the standard Gallic acid. The total antioxidant capacity of polyherbal extract was found to be 15.22±.051 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry plant extract (DPE). The polyherbal extract showed an IC50 value of 58.81 μg/ml in case of α- amylase inhibition and 64.81 μg/ml in case of α- glucosidase inhibition. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity, as well as antidiabetic activity, may be attributed to the phenolic, tannins, flavonoid content as well as beta carotene found in the polyherbal extract.Keywords: Azadirachta indica leaves, Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood, Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes, and Withania coagulans berries and fruit coat, Antioxidant, In vitro antidiabetic.

ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND TOXICITY STUDIES OF AERIAL PARTS OF Ludwigia adscendens L.

The objective of this study was to figure out and scientifically establish the possible antioxidant, antibacterial, and toxic potentials of the plant Ludwigia adscendens through various established in vitro and in vivo test models. Dried and pulverized aerial part of this plant was extracted in cold with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol and these crude extracts were subjected as such against some test to evaluate their antioxidant, toxicity and antibacterial properties. The crude methanolic extract showed more potent activity than other extracts in 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay methods with IC 50 values of 11.5 µg/mL and 28.7 µg/mL respectively. The reducing power of all the fractions were found to be concentration dependent. The methanol extract also showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) and were 105.6 mg gallic acid equivalent per g (GAE/g), 24.2 mg GAE/g, and 74.1 mg quercetin equivalent per g (QE/g) of dried plant extract, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against all selected bacterial strains except Staphylococcus aureus at two different concentrations of 250 µg/disc and 500 µg/disc. In toxicity study, using brine shrimp nauplii the LD50 value of methanol extract was found to be 25.1 µg/mL. This study demonstrates the traditionally used plant L. adscendens as a possible source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial drugs.

Evaluation of the insecticidal potential of two medicinal plants and an entomopathogenic fungi against Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a pest of stored foods

Stored products are among the most important foods in human nutrition. However; these products are under the pressure of many harmful organisms.One of these pests is Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In this study, effects of two essential oils (Mentha rotundifolia and Satureja calamintha) and an enthomopathogenenic fungi on Tribolium confusum has been tried under the laboratory conditions, contact and repellent effects of essential oils and contact effect of dry plant extract were determined.As a result, essential oil, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μl / ml doses of Mentha rotundifolia showed 100% effect after 24 hours, while Satureja calamintha reached 100% effect after 96 hours.15 μl / ml dose of M. rotundifolia and 20 μl / ml dose of S. calamintha reached 100% detrimental effect after two hours. Powder doses of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g of these plants, which were applied, caused the death of all the male and female individuals after 24 hours. In addition, the effects of 1x107 conidia / mL dose of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana after 24, 48 and 72 hours were 87.5%, 97.5% and 100%, respectively. It was seen that both essential oils and B. bassiana were successfully in suppressing the depot pest Tribolium confusum.

The Antispasmodic Effect of Warionia saharae Essential Oil in Experimental Models and its Mechanism of Action.

With several medicinal and aromatic species, the Asteraceae family is one of the largest angiosperm families. The genus Warionia is represented in this family by only one species, Warionia saharae. In Moroccan traditional medicine, this species is widely used to treat gastrointestinal problems. Essential oil of this plant (EoWs) was studied for possible myorelaxant and antispasmodic activities to rationalize some of the traditional uses. In this investigation, hydrodistillation was used to obtain the essential oil from the aerial part of the dry plant extract (EoWs), which was then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds identified in the EoWs are nerolidyl acetate (21.44%), β-Eudesmol (19.47%), linalool (16.48%), 1-terpinene-4-ol (10.93%), and cineole (5.34%). EoWs is relatively safe in the case of acute intake up to 2 g/kg body weight of albino mice. The effect of EoWs on intestinal relaxation was investigated using rabbit and rat jejunal smooth muscle. We have noticed that EoWs produce a myorelaxation on basal rabbit jejunum's contractions in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 30 μg/mL. This myorelaxation was not dependent on adrenergic receptors. When the rat jejunums were pre-contracted with 25 mM KCl or 10 μM Carbachol (CCh), EoWs had an antispasmodic action with an IC50 values of 15.76 ± 0.37 and 12.04 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. Preliminary results showed that it is probable that our plant might act directly through the NO and guanylate cyclase signaling pathway and on muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors. The results reveal that the Essential oil of W. saharae appears to have an impact on intestinal relaxation in vitro conditions. This finding lends credence to the traditional usage of this plant to treat intestinal disorders.

In vitro pharmacological attributes and metabolite’s fingerprinting of Conocarpus lancifolius

Search for safe antioxidants and novel nutraceuticals urged to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholine esterase and anti-lipoxygenase activity of various leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius. Extraction was optimized from freeze dried plant extracts quenched with liquid nitrogen using water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Maximum extract yield, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were obtained in case of ethanolic extraction. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging in terms of IC50 value of 55.26 µg/mL was observed for ethanolic leaf extract. The acetylcholine esterase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (IC50) were also observed for ethanolic extract. These findings for ethanolic extract were statistically significant when compared with other extracts (ρ<0.05). The haemolytic % values indicated that all extracts were associated with very low or negligible toxicity. The epicatechin, isorhamnetin, rutin, scopoleptin, skimmianine, quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, cornoside, creatinine, choline, pyruvic acid, α-hydroxybutyric acid, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were identified as major functional metabolites in ethanolic leaf extract of C. lancifolius by 1H-NMR. The identified metabolites were probably responsible for the pharmacological properties of C. lancifolius. The findings may be utilized as pharmacological leads for drug development and food fortification.

Assessment of Anti-oxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Mangrove Plant, Derris trifoliata ( Leguminosae)

The current study was conducted to verify the traditional medicinal use and to carry out the in-vitro antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Derris trifoliata (aerial part). The percentage yield of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were found 2.5% w/w. Freshly prepared extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. All extracts revealed the presence of several important phytochemicals which might be responsible for its medicinal properties. In vitro Electron transfer (ET) reaction-based assays of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts have been investigated using various model systems viz., DPPH, total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid content, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power assay. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction-based assays have been conducted using Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay methods. Ethanol extract was found to possess highest DPPH (IC50=16.824 µg/ml), total phenolic content (44.51 GAE/g of dried plant extract), reducing power assay (0.387±0.0006), FRAF assay (IC50=133.51 µg/ml), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (IC50=144.888 µg/ml) and nitric oxide scavenging activities (IC50=152.655 µg/ml). Whereas ethyl acetate extract was found to possess the highest total tannin content (42.56 GAE/g of dried plant extract) and total flavonoid content (78.08 QE/g of dried plant extract). In vitro antioxidant study was also performed in terms of chelation power on ferrous ions. The highest chelation power was found for ethyl acetate extract (IC50=62.489 µg/ml). The above study suggests that Derris trifoliata may be a vital source of nutraceuticals.

Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Microstructural Properties and Bioaccessibility of Dark Chocolate with Plant Extracts.

In this study, dark chocolates (DCh) containing zinc lactate (ZnL) were enriched with extracts from elderberries (EFrE), elderflowers (EFlE), and chokeberries (ChFrE) to improve their functional properties. Both dried plant extracts and chocolates were analyzed for antioxidant capacity (AC) using four different analytical methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) assay. An increase in antioxidant properties of fortified chocolates was found, and the bioaccessibility of their antioxidants was evaluated. The highest AC and TPC were found in ChFrE and chocolate with chokeberries (DCh + ChFrE) before and after simulated in vitro digestion. Bioaccessibility studies indicated that during the simulated digestion the AC of all chocolates reduced significantly, whereas insignificant differences in TPC results were observed between chemical and physiological extracts. Moreover, the influence of plant extracts on physicochemical parameters such as moisture content (MC), fat content (FC), and viscosity of chocolates was estimated. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to analyze surface properties and differences in the chemical composition of chocolates without and with additives.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by fresh and dry alhagi plant

Plant material used to synthesize metal nanoparticles, which considered a green technology. In this respect, using fresh and dry Alhagi plant, a non-toxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles have been devised. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), transmission electron microscopy, FTIR analysis, TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles found to be crystalline in nature with a single phase, according to XRD examination and the average crystallite size calculated using the Scherer's formula was about 20.3 and 22.6 for ZnO by fresh and dry plant respectively. For the sample obtained by fresh Alhagi plant extract shown clear Plasmon resonance, while dry Alhagi plant extract ZnO Nps shown tiny Plasmon resonance. The band gaps of ZnO NPs using fresh plant extract were 3.12 and 3.5 eV, while the band gaps of ZnO prepared from dry plant extract ZnO Nps were 3.15 eV. By FTIR analysis Chemical bond formations of zinc oxide confirmed. TEM analysis of ZnO NPs prepared by fresh plant and dry plant, it found the size in range from 25 to 100 nm and 35 to 100 nm respectively. The SEM images of the NPs have different shape and size in range nanoscale. AFM of ZnO NPs showing mounds-like structure and the grains are homogenous and aligned vertically.

Phenolic profiles and biological properties of traditional Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extracts used for diabetes

• Traditional infusion and decoction Guadeloupe’s methods were used in this study. • Caffeoylhexaric acid has been detected, for the first time, in P. amarus species. • All extracts show strong antioxidant activity and glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition. • Dried plant extracts exhibit strong rise of glucose uptake similar to insulin. For the first time, a complete study, including the fresh and dried aerial parts of Phyllanthus amarus was performed using Guadeloupe's population traditional extraction methods. In this study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of P. amarus infusion and decoction in water with short boiling time, were evaluated using glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in H4IIE hepatic cells inhibition and stimulation of glucose uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, as well as using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. A compound, caffeoyl hexaric acid, was tentatively identified for the first time in P. amarus extracts, using UHPLC-HRMS. Only dried aerial parts extracts exhibited strong stimulation of glucose uptake similar to that of insulin with an increase of 23%. The infusion of fresh material appeared to be the best way for aerial parts maximal anti-hyperglycemic activity with 55.8 ± 2.61% of glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Cirsium englerianum (Asteraceae), an Endemic Plant to Ethiopia

Background and objectives: Cirsium englerianum (Asteraceae) is an endemic medicinal plant to Ethiopia. It is used to treat skin infection, snake bite and cough. The aim of the present study was to evalute the bioactivity of root extracts of C. englerianum. Methods: Phythochemical screening tests were employed by standard protocols to identifiy the phythochemicals. Column chromatographic separation was used to isolate the compounds and the spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR and ESMS) were used to elucidtae structures of the compounds. Disc diffusion technique was uesd to evalute antibacterial activity. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and phosphomolybdenun assays. The total flavonoids content was determined by aluminium chloride method. Results: Phytochemical screening tests revealed presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids in the acetone root extract. Column chromatographic separation of chloroform/methanol (1:1) extract offered stigmasterol (1), and stigmasteryl stearate (2). The acetone extract was potentially effective against the tested bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) at all concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). In vitro antioxidant activity attributed that the acetone extract showed DPPH scavenging (IC50 =154.44±74 µg/mL) and total antioxidant activity (8.24±0.9 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract). The total flavonoid content was observed in the range from 5.88 ±0.21 to 8.24±0.9 milligrams of catechin equivalents per gram of dry plant extract. Conclusion: Stigmasterol and stigmasteryl stearate were reported for the first time from this plant. The results proved that acetone extract exhibited potential antibacterial and antioxidant activity which correlated with inhibition zone diameter, and free radical scavenging activity.