Dried Fruit Extract Research Articles

Anticancer Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) Dried Fruits on Breast Adenocarcinoma: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality rate in Cameroonian women is incredibly high, thus there is need for more effective therapy. Xylopia aethiopica dry fruits are traditionally used for both nutritional and medicinal purposes, including the management of diverse ailments such as cancer. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo anti-mammary cancer potential of X. aethiopica. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of X. aethiopica dry fruits was assessed at different concentrations against MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 cells using the MTT assay. Additionally, clone formation, apoptosis/necrosis, cell adhesion, cell migration, and chemotaxis were examined. Furthermore, the chemo-preventive potential of X. aethiopica dry fruit extract (XAE) was evaluated on breast tumors induced by DMBA in 42 female rats of age 45-55 days (~80 g). The normal (NOR) and negative (DMBA) control groups were daily treated with the vehicle, while the positive (Tamox) and test (XAE) groups were administered tamoxifen (3.3 mg/kg) and X. aethiopica extract (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg BW), respectively for 20 weeks. Parameters such as tumor volume and burden, tumor incidence, CA 15-3 serum level, inflammatory status, antioxidant and histopathology were evaluated. X. aethiopica significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ER+ (MCF-7) and ER- (MDA-MB 231) breast adenocarcinoma cell growth from 12.5 to 100 μg/mL after 72 h. At the 100 μg/mL concentration, clone formation, cell proliferation, and migration were notably decreased in MDA-MB 231 cells after 48 h, while there was an observed rise in cell adhesion to the collagen extracellular matrix. Additionally, there was a rise in apoptotic cell count (p < 0.01) and caspase-3 activity (p < 0.05) observed in MDA-MB 231 cells following exposure to XAE at 100 μg/mL. XAE, across all tested doses, demonstrated significant reductions in tumor incidence, burden, and volume, akin to tamoxifen, compared to untreated rats (DMBA). Furthermore, there was an elevation in antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-6) observed at all tested doses. Overall, X. aethiopica dry fruit displays anticancer potential through caspase-3-dependent apoptosis pathways, alongside antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of the Piper longum Dried Fruit Extract on the Experimental Animal Model

Predominately, in the Indian tradition, the species Piper longum could play a significant role in the management of several severe disorders such as asthma, tuberculosis, rheumatism, and epilepsy. Mostly, the plant root would be responsible for treating insomnia, rheumatism, and epilepsy, as well as plant leaves for a prevailing stimulant for both the digestive and the respiratory systems. The alcoholic extract of P. longum fruits showed antiamoebic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory potential in experimental animals. In addition to these benefits, the current study concluded that the examination of the ethanolic extract of P. longum fruits as an anti-hyperglycemic in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal model (Wistar rats). A diabetic condition could be induced in an animal model by dissolving STZ in a 0.1 M citrate buffer of pH 4.5. It was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight in the animal test model. All the test animals were fed with a 5% dextrose solution to control overnight hypoglycemic conditions. Subsequently, 48 hours of hyperglycemic test animals were selected for the study. The observed anti-hyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of P. longum dried fruits should correspond to that of the reference standard, i.e., glibenclamide. The study reveals that the ethanolic extract of P. longum fruits has a promising potential as an anti-hyperglycemic in the STZ-induced diabetic animal test model. So, it is presumed that the ethanolic extract of P. longum could be a promising alternative for severe diabetes complications such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, etc., in the near future

Chemical Profile and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Rosa canina L. Dried Fruit Commercially Available in Serbia.

The aim of this work was to give as much information as possible on Rosa canina dried fruit that is commercially available in Serbia. In order to provide the chemical composition, the UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was employed for both polar and non-polar extracts of samples obtained with a solvent mixture consisting of hexane, acetone, and ethanol in a volume ratio of 2:1:1, respectively, and 0.05% (w/v) butylated hydroxytoluene. In addition, the total content levels of lycopene, β-carotene, total polyphenols, and flavonoids were determined by means of UV-vis spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activity was tested by applying four different methods: ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC. Overall, nine compounds were identified. The results of chemical composition analysis were used as the basis for the interpretation of the calculated results for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The obtained results for R. canina dried fruit extract are as follows: β-carotene-7.25 [mg/100 g fruit weight]; lycopene-2.34 (mg/100 g FW); total polyphenol content (TPC)-2980 [mg GAE/kg FW]; total flavonoid content (TFC)-1454 [mg CE/kg FW]; antioxidant activity-ABTS 12.3 [μmol/100 g FW], DPPH 6.84, FRAP 52.04, and CUPRAC 15,425; and antimicrobial activity-Staphylococcus aureus MIC/MMC 4/0 [mg∙mL-1], Enterococcus faecalis 4/0, Bacillus cereus 4/0, Escherichia coli 4/0, Salmonella enteritidis 4/4, Enteroabacter aerogenes 4/0, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2/0, and Candida albicans 2/0.

Protective Effect of Prosopis Farcta Fruit Aqueous Extract Against Oxidative Stress Caused By Ethanol in Albino Rats

Prosopis farcta was previously used in folk medicine as a dry fruit to relieve pain before its active biological components that contribute to this were known. This study assessed the effectiveness of a dry fruit extract of P. farcta by measuring the indicators of inflammation in albino rats after they were dosed with ethanol. As such, looking at the antioxidant potential of P. farcta fruit aqueous extract (PFFAE) in resistance to ethanol's harm in rats given ethanol showed a notable increase in serum C reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), CRP/ALB ratio (CAR), and WBC count. At the same time, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and albumin were markedly reduced. PFFAE diminished ethanol-induced amounts of CRP, MDA, and CAR in plasma; additionally, it strengthened the ethanol-induced decline in GPx activity, and albumin had no apparent effect on the ESR level. Consequently, the current findings demonstrate that PFFAE counteracts the toxicity of ethanol and has a protective impact against the ethanol effect.

Investigation on structural, optical and anti-bacterial properties of organic additives iron oxide prepared by chemical route method

Technology and Nanoscience have a remarkable impact on environmental challenges. Scientists are moving away from harmful chemical approach and toward eco-friendly, accessible, efficient, and affordable green chemical methods for synthesizing nanoparticles. This article provides a feasible way to make iron oxide using an Avicennia marina dry fruit, seeds, leaves and green fruit extract. Structural, optical and morphological properties of the manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles have been evaluated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD,) Ultra violet visible spectroscopy (UV–Visible), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope spectroscopy (SEM) and antibacterial activity. The formation of FeO NPs and their crystallinity has been confirmed by XRD, average particle size of FeO NP of dry fruit, seeds, leaves and green fruit are 7.1335 nm, 9.295 nm, 9.680 nm and 10.128 nm respectively. FT-IR spectrum shows the surface functionalization and vibrational phases of the bonds in FeO NPs. Band gap energies decreasing as crystallite size increases, according to UV visible results band gap energies of dry fruit, seeds, leaves and green fruit are 3.16 eV, 2.57 eV, 2.99 eV and 2.52 eV respectively. The antibacterial properties of the produced nanoparticles against Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria, Erwinia spp, Escherichia coli bacteria has been investigated. Iron oxide nano particles has been utilized for antibacterial activity because of their less toxicity, high stability and biocompatibilities. The result shows the produced FeO NPs were minimize on bacterial colony.

Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Terminalia chebula Dried Fruit Extract: Characterization and Antibacterial Action.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have emerged as potential antibacterial agents. In this study, we aimed to synthesize CuONPs using Terminalia chebula(T. chebula)dried fruit extract and evaluate their antibacterial activity against specific wound pathogens. Our primary objective was to comprehensively characterize driedT. chebula fruit (TCF)-CuONPs and assess their antibacterial efficacy. CuONPs were synthesized through a green synthesis approach employing T. chebula dried fruit extract. Structural and compositional characterization involved UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial activity of CuONPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli through various assays, including agar well diffusion, time-kill curve, protein leakage analysis, and antibiofilm assays. Characterization revealed a distinct absorption peak at 440 nm in UV-visible spectroscopy, spherical morphology under SEM, and the presence of copper in EDX analysis. TEM revealed nanoparticle dimensions of approximately 10-12 nm. In antibacterial assays, TCF-CuONPs displayed significant efficacy, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibiting heightened susceptibility. This study successfully synthesized eco-friendly copper oxide nanoparticles using T. chebuladried fruit extract and thoroughly characterized their structural and compositional attributes. CuONPs exhibited substantial antibacterial potency against specific wound pathogens, indicating their potential in wound management applications. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable antibacterial solutions with implications for healthcare and environmental sustainability. Further research can delve into the mechanisms and broader applications of CuONPs based on the specific experimental outcomes.

Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hyphaene thebaica Fruit Extract and Their Photocatalytic Application

Cobalt oxide, a multifunctional, anti-ferromagnetic p-type semiconductor with an optical bandgap of ~2.00 eV, exhibits remarkable catalytic, chemical, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. In our study, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) were prepared by the green synthesis method using dried fruit extracts of Hyphaene thebaica (doum palm) as a cost-effective reducing and stabilizing agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicts stable hollow spherical entities which, consist of interconnected Co3O4 NPs, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates the presence of Co and O. The obtained product was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) that showed a sharp peak at (220), (311), (222), (400), (511) indicating the high crystallinity of the product. The Raman peaks indicate the Co3O4 spinel structure with an average shift of Δν~9 cm−1 (191~470~510~608~675 cm−1). In the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum, the major bands at 3128 cm−1, 1624 cm−1, 1399 cm−1, 667 cm−1, and 577 cm−1 can be attributed to the carbonyl functional groups, amides, and Co3O4 NPs, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized NPs was evaluated by degrading methylene blue dye under visible light. Approximately 93% degradation was accomplished in the reaction time of 175 min at a catalyst loading of 1 g/L under neutral pH. This study has shown that Co3O4 is a promising material for photocatalytic degradation.

Pistacia vera Extract Potentiates the Effect of Melatonin on Human Melatonin MT1 and MT2 Receptors with Functional Selectivity.

Melatonin is a tryptophan derivative synthesized in plants and animals. In humans, melatonin acts on melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Synthetic melatonin receptor agonists are prescribed for insomnia and depressive and circadian-related disorders. Here, we tested 25 commercial plant extracts, reported to have beneficial properties in sleep disorders and anxiety, using cellular assays (2─[125I]iodomelatonin binding, cAMP inhibition, ERK1/2 activation and β-arrestin2 recruitment) in mock-transfected and HEK293 cells expressing MT1 or MT2. Various melatonin receptor-dependent and -independent effects were observed. Extract 18 (Ex18) from Pistacia vera dried fruits stood out with very potent effects in melatonin receptor expressing cells. The high content of endogenous melatonin in Ex18 (5.28 ± 0.46 mg/g extract) is consistent with this observation. Ex18 contains an additional active principle that potentiates the effect of melatonin on Gi protein-dependent pathways but not on β-arrestin2 recruitment. Further active principles potentiating exogenous melatonin were detected in several extracts. In conclusion, we identified plant extracts with various effects in GPCR-based binding and signalling assays and identified high melatonin levels and a melatonin-potentiating activity in Pistacia vera dried fruit extracts that might be of therapeutic potential.

Modulatory role of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) extract against diabetic complications on the gonads of female rats and their offspring

It is well known that diabetes is associated with impairment of ovarian and testicular structure and function. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is identified as one of the oldest herbal plants valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This work is mainly designed to evaluate the possible modulatory role of dry coriander fruit extract against gonadal impairments associated with diabetes in female rats and their pups. Twenty-four pregnant rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): group I served as control, group II was administered daily with coriander fruit extract (250 mg/kg b.wt), group III was injected interaperitoneally with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (80 mg/kg b.wt), and group IV was injected with single dose of STZ and post administered coriander extract. The experiment was conducted from the 4th day of gestation till the end of weaning. At the end of the experiment, the mothers’ rats and their offspring were weighed, sacrificed, the ovaries from mothers as well as ovaries and testes from offspring were immediately excised, and processed for histological, immunohistochemical and evaluation of apoptosis and transforming growth factorβ (TGF-β). Also, blood samples were collected and analyzed to estimate the levels of sex hormones as well as antioxidants.In STZ induced diabetes in mother's rats and their offspring, the ovarian sections revealed severe histopathological signs included several atretic follicles, dilated and congested blood capillaries. Additionally, the testicular sections of offspring appeared with destructive seminiferous tubules. Immunohistochemically, the ovarian sections displayed weak to negative expression for calretinin marker however the testicular sections showed strong expression for Bax protein (apoptotic marker) and weak to negative expression for Ki67 protein (proliferative marker). Also, the mean % values of positively expressed cells for TGF-β and annexin-v markers (late and early apoptosis indicator) were significantly elevated in the ovarian and testicular tissues of STZ-induced group of mother's rats and their pups if compared with control. Further results revealed that the levels of insulin, FSH, LH, estrogen, SOD and CAT were significantly decreased if compared with control however the levels of MDA and NO were significantly elevated. Administration of coriander fruit extract to diabetic rats successfully alleviated most of the altered histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and apoptotic changes induced by diabetes. Coriandrum sativum fruit extract has a powerful ameliorative role against STZ-induced diabetic gonadal dysfunctions in female rats and their offspring.

Acaricidal and Repellent Activity ofZanthoxylum myriacanthum(Rutaceae) Fruit Extracts AgainstTetranychus urticaeandTetranychus truncatus(Acari: Tetranychidae)

AbstractThis work investigated acaricidal and repellent activities of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f. (Rutaceae) extracts against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae). Acaricidal activities were tested by spraying the extracts on adult females and eggs, and repellent activity was assessed in paired-choice tests with filter paper treated with the extracts by using adult female mites. Adult mortality 24 h after application of a 12% (w/v) concentration of the hexane extract was 73.3% for T. urticae and T. truncatus, whereas application of the methylene chloride extract caused 85.8% mortality of T. urticae and 85% mortality of T. truncatus. Lower concentrations (6–12%) of the methanol extract yielded low efficacy against T. urticae but exhibited high efficacy against T. truncatus (73.8–95.8%). In general, egg hatch was reduced &amp;lt;50% by 5 d following application of the extracts. Only the 6–12% concentration of the hexane extract caused higher levels of T. truncatus egg mortality ranging 55.4–68.7%. All extracts repelled adult mites over 64% from 5 to 72 h after exposure. However, the percentage of repellency showed no statistical differences in all treatments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified that the major chemical compounds in the hexane extract were DL-limonene (29.75%) and sabinene (9.76%), whereas limonene (40.70%) and sabinene (16.60%) were the principal constituents of the methylene chloride extract. Our results demonstrate that Z. myriacanthum dried fruit extracts have potential for controlling T. urticae and T. truncatus and might be developed as acaricides for integrated pest management programs.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles via Capsicum annum fruit extract: Characterization, antiangiogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is gaining attention of researchers because of their varieties of biomedical applications. This study reported the novel, eco-friendly synthesis of AuNPs using dried fruit extract of Capsicum annum (C. annum). Biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (Ca-AuNPs) showed UV absorption peak at 540 nm and were found to be stable for up to three months. The nanoparticles were further characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape with size range of 20–30 nm and zeta potential study confirmed the surface charge of -26.5 mV. The Ca-AuNPs were tested for anti-angiogenic activity using Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay that implied a significant anti-angiogenic efficiency of Ca-AuNPs at 100 µg/mL concentration. The antioxidant activity of Ca-AuNPs studied by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was found to be significant with 86.0% radical scavenging activity. These nanoparticles also revealed anti-inflammatory activity at concentration range 100–1200 µg/mL with IC-50 value619.4 µg/mL. The present study includes synthesis of Ca-AuNPs by using phytoconstituents of plant material as reducing agents to efficiently exploit the biomedical applications of the nanoparticles.

Valorisation of the Inhibitory Potential of Fresh and Dried Fruit Extracts of Prunus spinosa L. towards Carbohydrate Hydrolysing Enzymes, Protein Glycation, Multiple Oxidants and Oxidative Stress-Induced Changes in Human Plasma Constituents.

Prunus spinosa fruits (sloes), both fresh and dried, are underexplored dietary components and ethno-phytotherapeutic remedies applied to treat chronic oxidative-stress-related diseases, including diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate drying-related changes in the antidiabetic potential of sloe extracts and some bioactivity mechanisms, which might be connected with their traditional application. The polyphenol-enriched extracts, prepared by fractionated extraction and phytochemically standardised, i.a., by LC-MS/MS, were tested in vitro using a set of biological and chemical models. The experiments revealed the significant extracts’ ability to counteract the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and inhibit the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, i.e., α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Moreover, they were proved to effectively scavenge multiple oxidants of physiological importance (O2•−, HO•, H2O2, NO•, HOCl), increase the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of human plasma (NEAC) under oxidative stress conditions induced by peroxynitrite, and protect plasma proteins and lipids against peroxidation and nitration at in vivo-relevant levels (1–50 µg/mL, equivalent to 0.03–6.32 µg polyphenols/mL). In most cases, the activity of fresh fruit extracts surpassed that of dried-based products. The correlation studies and tests on model compounds proved polyphenols as dominant contributors to the observed effects. Furthermore, the co-occurring representatives of various polyphenolic classes were found to contribute to the biological activity of sloes through additive and synergistic effects. Considering the extraction yield and activity parameters, especially the superior outcomes compared to anti-diabetic drugs aminoguanidine and acarbose in the anti-glycation and α-glucosidase inhibition tests, the methanol–water (75:25, v/v) extract of fresh fruits and its phenolic-enriched fractions revealed the most advantageous potential for functional application.

Cornus mas ve Rosa canina Meyvelerinin Antioksidan Kapasitesi ve Bazı Fitokimyasal Özellikleri

Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) and Rosa canina (Rosaceae) are plant species growing in Turkey naturally. The fruits of both plants are rich in anthocyanins, phenolics and vitamins and used for production of traditional foods such as syrup, juices, jam and marmalade. The antimicrobial activity and some bioactive contents of extracts obtained from fresh and dried fruits of C. mas and R. canina were investigated in this study. Also, as a result of GC-MS analysis of fresh and dried fruit extracts of C. mas and R. canina, varying numbers of fatty asits were determined. The major fatty asits in the extracts of both species were determined as varying proportions of palmitic, oleic and linoleic asit. Bioactive substance contents and antimicrobial activities were varied according to the extraction method. The methanolic extraction (dried fruits) so was more productive than that of water (fresh fruits). Antimicrobial activities of the plant samples were tested by well diffusion assay using 8 bacteria and one yeast. According to the results, both of the plant samples showed an inhibition on whole test microorganisms in varying range but B. subtilis and MRSA.

Study of Plant Cannabis Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acid Media

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel using extracts of Cannabis in different acid media was investigated by mass loss and thermometric methods. The experiments were carried out at 299±0.2 K in presence of different concentrations of dry fruit, leaves and stem extracts. The results reveal that the alcoholic extracts of Cannabis is a better corrosion inhibitor than that of toxic chemicals. The fruit extract is more potent than leaves and stem extracts to inhibit the corrosion rate.

D-optimal mixture design optimized solid formulation containing fruits extracts of Momordica charantia and Abelmoschus esculentus.

Fruit extracts of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Malvaceae) have shown promising antidiabetic activities in clinical trials. However, they remain underutilized due to insufficient standardization and lack of formulation containing their mixture. This study’s overall purpose was to develop and optimize a capsule dosage form containing dried fruit extracts of M. charantia and A. esculentus. The design of the experiment involved two steps; first, response surface methodology (RSM) with a five-level two-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to determine the optimal dose of a mixture of extracts for adequate glycemic control. The extract of M. charantia and A. esculentus were the independent variables while fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was the dependent factor. In the second step, a D-optimal mixture design was applied to study the interaction effect of the optimal dose and selected excipients on granules flowability and capsules’ disintegration time. Moreover, a second-order quadratic model determined the interrelationship of excipients and the desired capsules’ quality attributes. The validity of the predicted models was confirmed. The findings indicated that a combined dose of 175 A. esculentus and 281 M. charantia (mg/kg) significantly reduced the FPG level compared to vehicle at day 14 (mean difference -2.7 ± 0.21, p < 0.001). This dose was used to make a 600 mg capsule (DM083) with 76% drug loading. The DM083 had 40.4 ± 0.62 mg GAE/gDW total polyphenols, 12 peaks HPLC fingerprint, and 26.6 ± 4.75 min average disintegration time. Together, these findings showed that a mixture of M. charantia and A. esculentus fruit extracts could be formulated in a stable capsule dosage form with acceptable quality standards. Further biological studies such as toxicity assays and long-term efficacy studies of the developed capsules could be carried out before large-scale commercial production.

Development and optimization of novel processing methods of fruit extracts of medicinal crop Cornus officinalis

Developing novel processing approaches is an effective way to improve the industrial utilization and production of crops. Dogwood (Cornus officinalis Sizb. et Zucc.) is an industrial crop in the Cornaceae family, which has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine with good medicinal values. Nevertheless, little is reported on the processing technology of C. officinalis products. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive study on the development and optimization of novel processing methods of C. officinalis fruits. The processing approach of fermentation was first used to obtain fruit extracts of C. officinalis. The fresh fruits and dried fruits were used as raw materials of fermentation. Three different parameters including sugar content, SO2 addition and yeast inoculation were chosen as variables to determine the best fermentation condition using response surface methodology (RSM). The contents of total organic acids, total iridoid glycosides, and seven medicinal active ingredients were estimated to reveal the accumulation change of bioactive products during processing. The results showed that the main-fermentation time of fresh fruits is 12–16 days, and the after-fermentation time is 30–35 days, while the main-fermentation time of dried fruits is 16–20 days, and the after-fermentation time is 30–35 days. Compared with dry-fruit extracts, fresh-fruit extracts have better quality with higher contents of medicinal active ingredients. Collectively, these results provide valuable references for the processing of C. officinalis products. Moreover, the novel processing approaches of fermentation proposed in this study will shed light on further development of other medicinal crops.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Piper longum fruit extract inhibit HIF-1α/VEGF mediated angiogenesis in prostate cancer cells

In the present study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (PL-AgNPs) were synthesized by using Piper longum (PL) dried fruit extract and investigated the effect of PL-AgNPs on angiogenesis and signal transduction pathway of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on human prostate cancer cells. The prepared PL-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Potential cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects of PL-AgNPs were evaluated on PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The anti-angiogenic effect was investigated via a cell migration assay. Protein and mRNA levels of key angiogenesis related molecules such as VEGF and HIF-1α were evaluated via ELISA and qRT-PCR assays. UV-vis spectroscopy showed an absorbance peak at 450 nm confirming the PL-AgNPs synthesis. Various characterization techniques revealed that the average size of synthesized PL-AgNPs was below 100 nm. The cytotoxic effect was elevated in a concentration-dependent manner (p˂0.05). The biosynthesized PL-AgNPs inhibited cell migration and reduced the levels of both protein and mRNA levels of VEGF and HIF-1α in prostate cancer cells (p˂0.05). Results revealed that the PL extract with AgNO3 nanoparticles may be a potential candidate for developing novel anticancer and antiangiogenic compounds for prostate cancer.

Mechanism for the formation of magnetite iron oxide nanostructures by Ficus carica dried fruit extract using green synthesis method

The green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles is a convenient, inexpensive, rapid, and ecofriendly method compared to traditional synthesis methods. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with appropriate nanosized exhibit many interesting properties that can be exploited in a variety of biomedical applications. In this regard, we have synthesized magnetite iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanostructures from ferric chloride solution in aqueous extracts of Ficus carica dried fruit. Nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis). The XRD study revealed the magnetite structure. FE-SEM results showed various nanoshapes (nanoparticles, nanowires and nanoellipsoids) at different volumetric ratios (1:0.5, 1:0.75, and 1:1) of ferric chloride and extract solution, respectively. At higher concentration of solute, the process of agglomeration started, and the amorphous film is formed. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed the absorption peaks at 220 nm and 302 nm. Chemical composition analysis confirmed the presence of magnetite. Mechanism for the formation of various nanostructures was discussed on the basis of classical nucleation theory. The smaller critical nuclei favor the formation of spherical magnetite nanoparticles at lower concentration. By increasing the concentration, size of the critical nuclei increases resulting in the formation of amorphous film.

Potential study of Dillenia serrata Thunb. fruit extract from Bali Botanical Garden’s collection

Dillenia serrata Thunb.is a member of the Dillenia clan which is endemic to Sulawesi. D. serrata fruit is a seasonal fruit and can be used as a cooking ingredient as a sour taste, raw material for several food products such as candied fruit and syrup, and has the potential to be processed into chips and jam. Traditionally, the leaves and bark of D. serrata are also used by the local community as a sprue medicine, fever, wound medicine, treating swelling or inflammation and treating vomiting of blood. It is believed that there are still many untapped benefits from this plant. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of D. serrata fruit extract as an antimicrobial that causes disease in humans, and to determine its effectiveness as an antioxidant. The antioxidant test was carried out using the DPPH method while the antimicrobial test was carried out by the agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The ripe Dillenia fruit was extracted using methanol, the extract was then diluted in various concentrations for the DPPH test. The results showed that the D. serrata extract had the ability as an antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts was higher than that of dried fruit extracts. D. serrata extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Potential study of Dillenia serrata Thunb. fruit extract from Bali Botanical Garden’s collection

Dillenia serrata Thunb.is a member of the Dillenia clan which is endemic to Sulawesi. D. serrata fruit is a seasonal fruit and can be used as a cooking ingredient as a sour taste, raw material for several food products such as candied fruit and syrup, and has the potential to be processed into chips and jam. Traditionally, the leaves and bark of D. serrata are also used by the local community as a sprue medicine, fever, wound medicine, treating swelling or inflammation and treating vomiting of blood. It is believed that there are still many untapped benefits from this plant. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of D. serrata fruit extract as an antimicrobial that causes disease in humans, and to determine its effectiveness as an antioxidant. The antioxidant test was carried out using the DPPH method while the antimicrobial test was carried out by the agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The ripe Dillenia fruit was extracted using methanol, the extract was then diluted in various concentrations for the DPPH test The results showed that the D. serrata extract had the ability as an antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of fresh fruit extracts was higher than that of dried fruit extracts. D. serrata extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.