Drawing Board Stage Research Articles

Gas Transit Development in Europe and Beyond: In an Era of Geopolitical Influence and Climate Change Pressures

With the background of the political and geopolitical factors that determine where energy players can operate plus the complications that the pandemic has brought to operations and the change in energy demand, the article considers how to tackle gas transit development. In addition, it looks the development in light of the impact of the climate change challenge that conventional energy companies and investors are faced with and the resulting diversification needs. Lender reluctance to finance ‘dirty’ energy projects is changing the dynamics for investment. Gas is still promoted by significant industry players and lenders but as governments move towards their clean energy goals, access to funding for any non-renewable projects is looking to become more limited. Many industry players are still of the view that a renewable track cannot be built without a parallel track of gas supply to add to the energy mix. And indeed, the European Green Deal published in December 2019 introduces new ideas for the usage of existing gas infrastructure and there are still largescale cross-border natural gas pipelines under development and construction. The article addresses the steps that are needed to get a pipeline project from drawing board stage to implementation and operations. This is considered from a legal perspective, including looking at the ways in which to raise finance – through debt, equity and other funding sources. A focus of the article is the European Union Funding available to energy projects and how the policy is shaping the energy landscape. The upcoming regulatory changes relating to European Union financing instruments such as the Trans-European Networks for Energy Regulation (the “TEN-E”) which steers investment away from oil and gas pipelines and will offer financing opportunities for other types of smart grids and hydrogen and CO2 pipelines. It has been indicated that oil pipelines and electricity highways are to be removed as infrastructure categories and thematic areas and will no longer be suitable to be financed by the Connecting Europe Facility (“CEF”). Gas transit geopolitical climate change EU-funding

Sensitivity analysis of a two-plate coupled system in the statistical energy analysis (SEA) framework

The main objective of this paper is to perform design sensitivity analysis of two right angle coupled plates, connected by various joint connections, to determine an optimum coupling loss factor (CLF) using optimization in the statistical energy analysis (SEA) framework. The theoretical analysis of obtaining such optimum CLFs can be used during the design stage of a dynamic system to specify the right type of joint. First- and second-order sensitivity analysis using theoretical equations of CLFs of two right angle plates in the SEA framework, coupled to form welded, riveted, and bolted connections, is presented in the audible frequency range. These sensitivities were determined using both analytic (direct differentiation) and finite difference methods; the sensitivities computed by the analytic method agree well with the finite difference method, indicating that the direct differentiation method can be directly used to predict variation in the CLF and the corresponding response of coupled plates joined by various joint connections. The sensitivity analysis also gives a feasible region in terms of frequency range for the determination of optimum values of CLF by selecting the right type of joint at the design stage based on its stiffness. The study presented in this paper will be very useful at the drawing board stage of designing vibro-acoustic systems to reduce vibration or noise of such systems by giving a definite direction for the modification of design parameters, thus eliminating expensive experimentation; it will be helpful in arriving at the optimum values of CLF that would eventually reduce the vibro-acoustic response of dynamic systems with a large number of subsystems connected by welded, riveted, and bolted joints.

The techniques of quality operations computational and experimental researches of the launch vehicles in the drawing-board stage

The aim of the researchis the quality operations of the design process at the stage of research works on the development of active on-Board system of the launch vehicles spent stages descent with liquid propellant rocket engines by simulating the gasification process of undeveloped residues of fuel in the tanks. The design techniques of the gasification process of liquid rocket propellant components residues in the tank to the expense of finding and fixing errors in the algorithm calculation to increase the accuracy of calculation results is proposed. Experimental modelling of the model liquid evaporation in a limited reservoir of the experimental stand, allowing due to the false measurements rejection based on given criteria and detected faults to enhance the results reliability of the experimental studies; to reduce the experiments cost.

Statistical energy analysis parameter estimation for different structural junctions of rectangular plates

In industries, the use of appropriate junctions between components is of paramount interest. Coupling loss factor is one of the important parameters in statistical energy analysis for vibroacoustic analysis of complicated structures in drawing board stage. The values of coupling loss factor were calculated and compared for different junctions. The screwed and bolted junctions were examined for thin rectangular plates of same size. The energy level difference method was used to find coupling loss factors because of its simplicity. These experimentally found coupling loss factors were later compared with analytical solutions. It is noticed that the analytical results are in good agreement with experimental results. It is also observed that coupling loss factor for bolted junction are relatively high than that for screwed junction.

Maintenance of radiation protection at a drawing-board stage of the “Shelter” Object transformation into environmentally safe system

Special aspects of radiation protection maintenance at a drawing board stage of the "Shelter" Object transforma tion into environmentally safe system are shaped in the article. Information is provided on the basis of analysis of design plans and specifications both with project paperwork from activities at the ShO in 2002 2015 on accordance to requirements of the Ukrainian health legislation in the field of radiation hygiene regulations. Specific features of radiation factors at the ShO were identified accounting their emergency origination. Relevancy of assessment of a range of activity types and technologies impact on radiation situation in the operation environment was reviewed and substantiated. General characteristics of radiation exposure and resulting doses in personnel under the activi ty execution are provided followed by the requirements to estimates of anticipated radiation doses. Features and peculiarities of application of the Ukrainian health legislation in a field of radiation hygienic regulations are reviewed in a view of meeting the requirements of NRBU 97, NRBU 97/D 2000, OSPU 2005, SPORO 85, SP AES 88 and other health legislative regulatory documents under conditions of work at the ShO. By the virtue of analysis of radi ation hygienic factors at the ShO the special aspects of choice of individual and collective radiological protection arrangements for personnel were identified, namely the individual protective gear and respiratory protection equip ment, shielding, decontamination, dust suppression, ventilation, sanitary pass control, sanitary barriers, scope and types of radiological control, setting the design levels of radiological environment parameters, criteria for the most safe options (technologies) of work execution.

Sensitivity analysis of vibro-acoustic systems in statistical energy analysis framework

The main objective of this paper is to present first and second-order sensitivity analysis of vibro-acoustic systems in the statistical energy analysis (SEA) frame work. Equations for computing these sensitivities for a general SEA model are obtained from two different approaches: (1) direct method and (2) adjoint method. The above equations are applied to a simple model of three plates, joined in the form of a ‘Z’, to minimize the total energy of one of the plates. It has been verified that these approaches lead to the same results and the difference between them is only with respect to the computational efficiency. The design sensitivity results calculated from the proposed analytical methods are compared with those obtained from the finite difference method, which show good agreement. The results of this paper can be useful to optimization of vibro-acoustic systems at the drawing board stage in the SEA framework.

Design for the elderly: user-based evaluation studies involving elderly users with special needs

Although a considerable amount is known about the ageing process, very little is known about the consumer needs of elderly people with special needs. On the whole a large proportion make do with ‘ordinary’ products to the best of their ability. The Special Needs Research Unit's extensive experience of evaluating such products highlights the fact the access to domestic appliances can be enhanced if attention is paid to basic human factors issues at the drawing-board stage. For manufacturers it is potentially the most effective means of enlarging their markets. A user-based evaluation strategy is described centring on two well-known products. It is suggested that paying attention to specific features in the early stages of design would result in better products for all.

The development of ergonomics data for health-building design guidance.

Abstract Changes in policy and resources result in health-care systems which are constantly evolving. The evolution is reflected in physical and functional changes in health-building designs. Building design guidance must be capable of accommodating these changes without losing its validity or usefulness. This paper discusses the development of an ergonomics (i.e. user oriented) data bank, linked to a checklist of component parts (i.e. items of furniture and equipment), whose effective and efficient use and interrelationship determines the form and planning of an effective and efficient health building. The developed data system is seen as an effective tool for quality control, which can be applied at the drawing-board stage in health-building design, and which has previously not been available.

Special characteristics and potential for dynamic function studies with PET.

The possibility of utilizing the PET approach to the investigation of dynamic physiologic processes has not been limited so far by radiation exposure to the patient but rather considerations by the technical limitations of PET imaging devices. In the past few years, several PET designs have been optimized specifically for fast dynamic studies. The most recent of these designs incorporates cesium fluoride detectors to achieve high counting rate capabilities. At this time, the value of fast dynamic studies with PET can be only theorized but expectations for this modality rest on solid physiologic hypotheses. The incorporation of time-of-flight information into the PET reconstruction process promises to further enhance the capabilities of fast PET devices by the improvement of temporal resolution through signalto-noise ratio increase. PET devices incorporating time-of-flight information are beyond the drawing board stage and are now under construction.

Machinery noise considerations at the design stage

Noise legislation in industry is forcing machinery designers to consider more carefully the noise emission from their machines. It is explained how consideration of the physics of noise sources at the drawing board stage can produce quieter machinery

Special characteristics and potential for dynamic function studies with PET

The possibility of utilizing the PET approach to the investigation of dynamic physiologic processes has not been limited so far by radiation exposure to the patient but rather considerations by the technical limitations of PET imaging devices. In the past few years, several PET designs have been optimized specifically for fast dynamic studies. The most recent of these designs incorporates cesium fluoride detectors to achieve high counting rate capabilities. At this time, the value of fast dynamic studies with PET can be only theorized but expectations for the modality rest on solid physiologic hypotheses. The incorporation of time-of-flight information into the PET reconstruction process promises to further enhance the capabilities of fast PET devices by the improvement of temporal resolution through signal-to-noise ratio increase. PET devices incorporating time-of-flight information are beyond the drawing board stage and are now under construction.

EXAMINATION OF SOME OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GREASE

Until comparatively recently, consistency, worked and unworked penetration of a grease were useful indications of its performance ability. Present day requirements of machine tools, and the sophisticated grease formulations available, make these indications of little real value to machine designers. As machine design advances it is increasingly important that lubricants are given attention at the drawing board stage and not left until the test runs. Lubricants must be dimensionally included in design procedures. Whilst lubricants can be so included, it is not so easy for grease, at least not so easy if using the rules still in use to identify its characteristics. This article suggests a method for identifying the important physical characteristics of grease in units more appropriate to those used in modern machine design.

FIRMS BLIND TO RESEARCH POWER

Today, technology is preeminent. But in a ‘quick and the dead’ world, Britain seems unable to turn ideas into profits. Richard Brooks examines the increasing complexities from the drawing board stage to the often‐neglected marketing end.

Computer programme for dynamically loaded journal bearings

In a bearing system the oil film converts the energy into heat, supports the load and separates the relatively moving surfaces. It has been customary to design bearings by varying the factors which are known to directly affect the formation of the film, without any means of assessing the effect quantitatively. Bearings are best proved satisfactory by service testing but designers require an early indication of performance, preferably at the drawing board stage. An engine bearing poses a special problem to the bearing designer because the load varies not only in magnitude but also in direction. The journal moves very rapidly within the bearing clearance space relative to the bearing surface, so that an oil film is generated not only by the rotary motion of the journal but also by the approach of the journal towards the bearing surface from a point probably diametrically opposite. There is thus a tangential and radial component to account for in calculating the physical characteristics of the oil film at all times in the load cycle. The radial component giving rise to a ‘squeeze’ effect is important as it is believed to contribute significantly to the generation of an increased film thickness which allows higher specific loads to be supported in reciprocating machinery than in purely rotating plant.

The Strategy of the TSR-2

In preface to Royal United Service Institutions monograph on complex history of ill-fated tsr-2 British tactical strike reconnaissance aircraft, I wrote: This study was inspired by melancholy spectacle of a great nation forced to cancel an important military aircraft. The aircraft was considered by Air staff to be a necessary piece of hardware even though financial necessity eventually compelled its cancellation. Tsr-2 was conceived at a time when 'Geneva Spirit* had given way to heightened international hostility under impact of Khrushchev's world-wide political offensive. The project was finally axed when Britain's imperial commitment was undergoing its final rites in South-east Asia. Throughout this period away from public gaze, with a mysterious life all of its own, project seemingly flourished. Like monasteries of preReformation England project attracted speculation about riotous spending and scandalous conduct.1 The significance of tsr-2 can be seen clearly in both military and technological spheres, but it was one of accidents of history that its rise and demise should reflect and perhaps accentuate -a more basic change in Britain's position than had occurred at any time since sixteenth century. When tsr-2 was at drawing board stage of development, in that rather curious embryonic way that military aircraft emerge from aspirations of airmen and technological hopes of designers, Britain ran half of Africa, dominated Red Sea Gulf area, and had undisputed claim to maintain the peace in Indian Ocean, British Africa, and large tracts of Southeast Asia. By time tsr-2 was scrapped in 1965 Britain's imperial decline had become an irreversible fact although, of course,

Non-Steady State Thermal Performance of Electrical Machines

Because the ratings of electrical machines continue to increase, there is a growing need to be able to predict their thermal performance under the transient conditions caused by overloading or stop-start operation. The design of electrical machines is often too complex to make an analytic solution feasible, but a general numerical method has been developed to predict component temperatures at the drawing-board stage. The problem to be solved is represented by a thermal resistance-capacitance network, the resulting set of simultaneous equations being solved by a digital computer employing a step-by-step procedure. The number of network nodal points at which the temperature can be calculated is at present restricted by computer storage space to 150, therefore the fully three-dimensional problems which can be solved are of limited complexity. However, the majority of electrical machines can be simplified by assuming axial symmetry, which permits a large variety of problems to fall within the capabilities of this technique.

Interface Problems in Space Experimentation

Space experimentation is expanding rapidly. Unmanned satellites are being equipped with precision instruments of greater power, and manned space stations accommodating large crews are in the drawing-board stage. The interface problems between these sophisticated instruments and between man, the spacecraft, and the supporting ground stations are multidimensional. This paper analyzes the scientific/technical areas of space experimentation, and continues with a review of the subsystems and support systems required to supply and operate the large variety of instruments. Areas of major integration efforts are singled out and the requirements for further developments and improvements are listed. A bibliography of 95 references is enclosed to assist in the identification of more detailed reports on all vital aspects of space experimentation.

The Design of Structures to Resist Jet Noise Fatigue

The design of structures to resist jet noise fatigue demands a knowledge of a wide range of subjects from pure acoustics at one end to metal physics at the other. At the present time the various aspects of the problem are not sufficiently well known quantitatively for a purely theoretical design study to be made. Nevertheless a knowledge of the behaviour of typical forms of construction in noise environments can be used with a limited amount of theoretical work to indicate the most efficient types of structure. This approach to the problem is adopted in this lecture as it seems to be the most promising one available at the moment. It must be emphasised, however, that although some progress has been made in discovering the behaviour of a structure subjected to noise it is not possible to estimate the life of any component at the drawing board stage. Some prototype strain measurements and proof testing are therefore essential if one is to prove the integrity of the design.

Notes

An airliner lands at Vnukovo Airport. A few minutes later its passengers are already in Moscow. They have traveled to town by express coach on an electric monorail road. Such a road is already in the drawing-board stage. Its first line will connect Vnukovo Airport with the terminal of the Frunze Radius of the Moscow Subway. In the not too distant future similar noiseless high-speed coaches will transport passengers by monorail to suburban recreation centers around Moscow.

Practical Application of Direct Discomfort Glare Research in the New Australian Artificial Lighting Code

Practical lighting design has hitherto been seriously handicapped by the meagre amount of quantitative data on discomfort glare in most current lighting codes and handbooks. Much valuable fundamental information about glare is available, but before this knowledge can be transferred from the laboratory notebook to the lighting design handbook it must be converted into a form simple enough for the practising lighting engineer to use at the drawingboard stage of design, and it is with the solution of this and related problems that the present paper is primarily concerned. It is shown that by taking a realistic view of the accuracy required when specifying permissible luminance limits for general lighting luminaires, it is possible to devise a tabular method of specifying such limits which is exceedingly quick and simple to apply, yet subtle enough to take reasonable account of the known facts about glare. This new table of recommended luminance limits (for diffusing luminaires and bare fluorescent lamps used for evenly distributed general lighting in work places) has been incorporated in the new artificial lighting code (A.S. No. CA.30) recently published by the Standards Association of Australia.