Dramatic Economic Development Research Articles

Doctoral education in Korea: The call for reinvention in a knowledge-based society

ABSTRACT Korea’s doctoral education system, which began over 70 years ago on the ruins of the Korean War, has experienced rapid growth until recently. Now, it must continue to progress towards a stage of qualitative maturity that shows world-class levels in education and research achievements. Along with dramatic economic and social development in Korea over the past few decades, it seems that the meaning and value of a doctoral degree and the characteristics and composition of students who pursue it have also undergone major changes. Therefore, Korea needs to reinvent its postgraduate education system in response to recent social and economic changes in Korea and around the world. To this end, this article reviews the historical background and main features of the current doctoral education system and suggests some policy implications for meaningful changes.

Heavy Metals in Soils From Intense Industrial Areas in South China: Spatial Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment

Heavy metal pollution from various industrial activities has raised global concern. The present study collected 71 surface and 67 subsurface soils from the area with intensive industrial activities in South China. The typical heavy metals, including Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cr concentrations, were detected for studying their spatial distribution patterns. Sources apportionment and risks were analyzed using geographical information system and combined approach, including principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and geo-accumulation index. The concentrations of Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn (except Cr) were higher than relevant background levels while exhibiting different pollution degrees in surface and subsurface soils. The PMF results showed that agriculture, industry, transportation, and nature were the four primary contributing sources of heavy metals in soils from the study area. In general, anthropogenic activities were the dominant factors, significantly influencing heavy metal distributions in surface and subsurface soils. Health risks of heavy metals in soil to the population via soil inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion indicated the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were at an unacceptable level. Each exposure route contribution is higher for adults than for children, whereas there is a relatively high risk of cancer for adults than for children. Therefore, increasing attention shall be needed for monitoring the heavy metal pollution in soils in the areas with dramatic economic development, e.g., South China.

Review on Urban Heat Island in China: Methods, Its Impact on Buildings Energy Demand and Mitigation Strategies

High population density, dense high-rise buildings, and impervious pavements increase the vulnerability of cities, which aggravate the urban climate environment characterized by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cities in China provide unique information on the UHI phenomenon because they have experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development, which have had a great influence on the climate in recent decades. This paper provides a review of recent research on the methods and impacts of UHI on building energy consumption, and the practical techniques that can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of UHI in China. The impact of UHI on building energy consumption depends largely on the local microclimate, the urban area features where the building is located, and the type and characteristics of the building. In the urban areas dominated by air conditioning, UHI could result in an approximately 10–16% increase in cooling energy consumption. Besides, the potential negative effects of UHI can be prevented from China in many ways, such as urban greening, cool material, water bodies, urban ventilation, etc. These strategies could have a substantial impact on the overall urban thermal environment if they can be used in the project design stage of urban planning and implemented on a large scale. Therefore, this study is useful to deepen the understanding of the physical mechanisms of UHI and provide practical approaches to fight the UHI for the urban planners, public health officials, and city decision-makers in China.

Astigmatism in school students of eastern China: prevalence, type, severity and associated risk factors

BackgroundChina has been undergoing dramatic economic development, accompanied by increased education load on the young children. This study is to investigate the prevalence, type, severity, and associated risk factors of astigmatism in school students in eastern China.MethodIn this cross-sectional school-based study, students underwent refraction using NIDEK non-cycloplegic autorefractor. Astigmatism was defined as cylinder 1.5 diopter (D) or greater, and high astigmatism was defined as cylinder 3.0 D or greaterMultivariate regression models were used to determine factors associated with astigmatism.ResultsAmong 4801 children (55% male) with mean age (±standard deviation) 12.3 (±3.8) years, 680 (14.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 13.2–15.2%) had astigmatism (85% were with-the-rule) and 103 (2.2, 95% CI: 1.8–2.6%) had high astigmatism. The prevalence rate of astigmatism was 7–8% in grades 4 or below, 15–16% in grades 6–8, 20% in grade 9, and 20–25% in grade 10 or above. In multivariate analyses, higher grade and male gender were associated with higher prevalence of astigmatism (all p < 0.0001) and high astigmatism (p = 0.04 for grade, p = 0.001 for gender). When multivariate models were further adjusted by spherical equivalent, only gender remained statistically associated with astigmatism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, p < 0.0001) and high astigmatism (OR = 2.21, p = 0.0004), myopic and hyperopic refractive error were significantly associated with higher risk of astigmatism and high astigmatism (all p < 0.0001).ConclusionAstigmatism is common in Chinese school-age children and increases with grade. Majority of astigmatism is with-the-rule. Male gender and myopic or hyperopic refractive error are significantly associated with higher prevalence and severity of astigmatism.

A load-carrier perspective examination on the change of ecological environment carrying capacity during urbanization process in China

Urbanization has prompted a dramatic social and economic development during the past decades in China. As a long-term national strategy, urbanization can only be implemented effectively with sufficient and sustainable ecological environment resources. By appreciating that the ecological environment carrying capacity (EECC) is a yardstick for guiding the practice of sustainable urban development, it is therefore pressing to examine the change of EECC adequately, so that the sustainable urbanization can be addressed appropriately. This paper develops a new method from load-carrier perspective to explore the change of EECC performance in the rapid urbanizing China. The EECC performance on water, land, atmosphere and overall perspectives were measured for 30 provinces in China based on the established method. The results show that most provinces in China are experiencing an improving EECC performance during the urbanization process, particularly with an obvious progress in land dimension. In referring to the spatial difference of overall EECC performance, the gap between 30 provinces has been narrowing during surveyed years. However, few provinces including Chongqing, Shandong and Jiangxi have undergone a degradation in overall EECC performance. The EECC performance in atmosphere dimension is still considered as a challenge faced by most provinces, evidenced by high level of PM2.5 concentration. These research findings provide valuable references not only for Chinese governments to formulate effective policy instruments and strategy measures for improving ecological environmental carrying status, but also for researchers to further study in the ecological environment carrying capacity in the context of other countries.

Evaluation of urban ecological well-being performance in China: A case study of 30 provincial capital cities

With large-scale urbanization and dramatic economic development, the deterioration of urban ecological pollution and excessive consumption of resources in Chinese cities have turned into serious challenges. Due to the lack of resources and environment protection, natural assets are become increasingly scarce. In order to achieve sustainable urbanization, it is important to improve the well-being of urban residents within the restricted ecological resources. Ecological well-being performance (EWP) reflects the trends in well-being level and ecological consumption. In order to evaluate urban EWP, an index system is established in the perspective of input-output. After that, a case study of 30 provincial capital cities in China from 2011 to 2016 is presented, in which the Super-slack-based measure model (Super-SBM) is utilized. The results show that (1) the average EWP value of 30 provincial capital cities was low with the value of 0.89, but it has an overall improvement during 2011–2016; (2) the average EWP of Haikou was the highest, followed by Changsha and Beijing, while the bottom three EWP performers were Xining, Yinchuan and Urumqi; (3) spatially, capital cities in east and central regional provinces of China ranked first and second, while the capital cities in the northeast and west regions were ranked third and fourth according to the EWPs, respectively. In order to improve the EWP for 30 provincial capital cities, policy suggestions are proposed to make urban well-being improvement more ecologically efficient. The results from this study will provide valuable guidance to urban managers for designing and taking effective steps, allowing the Chinese cities to progress towards sustainable urban development.

China’s Sustainability Challenges

The paper investigates how the leaders of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have re-interpreted the three kinds of “equity” generally considered implicit in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely inter-generational, intra-generational, and inter-gender equity, to fit the country’s context. To what extent is China’s recent “return to Confucius” paving the way to the use of the law as an instrument of “social moralization”? What impact is this trend having on the achievement of sustainable development within Chinese society? The following sections will answer these questions, showing if, how, and with what consequences, Chinese traditional values have recently undergone a “creative renovation”, in order to support, on the one hand, PRC government’s commitment to reach SDGs and to back, on the other, its attempt to resew Chinese social fabric, worn out by the dramatic economic development experienced by the country in the last decades.

How is the environmental efficiency in the process of dramatic economic development in the Chinese cities?

In the past decades, unprecedented dramatic economic development in the Chinese cities has also brought serious environmental problems. In line with this, the Chinese government has been investing great efforts and resources in addressing environmental problems. However, little previous studies have been conducted in examining whether this development is efficient from a win-win perspective balance between economic growth and environmental protection. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the environmental efficiency (EE) in the process of dramatic economic development in the Chinese cities. The Super-slack-based measure (Super-SBM) model is adopted to analyze the EE performance. Data used for analysis are collected from 283 sample cities in China. The research results indicate that the overall EE performance across the Chinese cities is relatively low, and the differences in EE performance among the 283 cities are significant. The top three EE performers are Shenzhen, Sanya and Erdos, and Baiyin, Xinzhou and Liupanshui are the bottom three performers. The results also suggest that the EE performance in the Eastern area, where most first-tier cities are located in, is significantly higher than that in the Central and Western areas (aggregated with fourth and fifth tier-cities). From the dynamic perspective, the results show that China has achieved significant improvement in environmental efficiency across the surveyed period of 2003–2016. The research findings provide valuable references not only for the Chinese policy-makers and practitioners to adopt measures for promoting a win-win balance between environmental protection and economic development in the Chinese context, but also for further studies on environmental efficiency in the international context.

Spatial Club Convergence of Regional Economic Growth in Inland China

Spatial club convergence is a group of regions which are adjacent to each other in space and have similar initial conditions and structural features while converging towards the same steady state in the economic development. Based on the Solow model, this paper builds a theoretical model to prove the mechanism of spatial club convergence. The spatial club convergence process is explored in inland China, using the case of the Zhongyuan urban agglomeration during the years of 1993–2009. This region has been experiencing a dramatic economic development and serves as an ideal test bed of the theory of spatial club convergence. The results show that in the two periods of 1993–1999, and 1993–2009, there was spatial club convergence in the 56 regions of Zhongyuan urban agglomeration of China. The respective convergence rates were 2.0% and 1.0%. Hence, both theoretical deduction and empirical studies verify the hypothesis of spatial club convergence.

The turning points of carbon Kuznets curve: Evidences from panel and time-series data of 164 countries

With the dramatic economic development, global warming caused by carbon emission has become increasingly serious, and carbon emission reduction therefore comes to be the principle in most countries. Turning point (TP), which represents carbon emission turns from increasing to decreasing tendency with the economic growth, has become a major focus of political and academic concern. However, previous studies on TP were contextualized only in individual countries or regions but barely from a global perspective, which are insufficient for solving the carbon emission as a global issue. Therefore, this study aims to provide a global picture of the carbon emissions by identifying the TPs of 164 countries and five panel groups (i.e. global, high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income levels) in the world and the patterns of them. The results show that 123 individual countries and all the five panel groups accept the carbon Kuznets curve (CKC) hypothesis. Then, the TPs of them are identified. In particular, three close correlations are identified throughout the study: (1) the proportion of the CKC hypothesis and income level, i.e., the higher income level, the larger proportion of countries meeting the CKC hypothesis; (2) the TPs and income level, i.e., the higher income level, the higher TP; and (3) the turning years and income level, i.e., the higher income level, the shorter turning years. The identified TPs in this study provide valuable references for not only individual countries but also countries at different income levels to tailor their strategies and policies to finally achieve global carbon emission reduction.

Characterizing urban expansion of Korla City and its spatial-temporal patterns using remote sensing and GIS methods

Cities provide spatial contexts for populations and economic activities. Determining the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion is of particular significance for regional sustainable development. To achieve a better understanding of the spatial-temporal patterns of urban expansion of Korla City, we explore the urban expansion characteristics of Korla City over the period 1995–2015 by employing Landsat TM/ETM+ images of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Urban land use types were classified using the supervised classification method in ENVI 4.5. Urban expansion indices, such as expansion area, expansion proportion, expansion speed, expansion intensity, compactness, and fractal dimension, were calculated. The spatial-temporal patterns and evolution process of the urban expansion (e.g., urban gravity center and its direction of movement) were then quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that, over the past 25 years, the area and proportion of urban land increased substantially with an average annual growth rate of 15.18%. Farmland and unused land were lost greatly due to the urban expansion. This result might be attributable to the rapid population growth and the dramatic economic development in this area. The city extended to the southeast, and the urban gravity center shifted to the southeast as well by about 2118 m. The degree of urban compactness tended to decrease and the fractal dimension index tended to increase, indicating that the spatial pattern of Korla City was becoming loose, complex, and unstable. This study could provide a scientific reference for the studies on urban expansion of oasis cities in arid land.

Impact of urban clusters on spatial pattern of extreme high temperature events over Yangtze River Delta

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration, the most prosperous region in China with hot and humid summers under the control of the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development in recent decades. The combined effects of rapidly urbanization and global warming have resulted in increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme high temperature events (EHTEs), which poses significant challengesfor risk management over dense urban populations and intensive economic activities areas. Here we present evidences of significant impacts of the massive urbanization process on the EHTEs based on long-term meteorological observations and satellite data, by applying daily percentile, Chow test, linear tendency and spatial similarity analysis methods. The result shows that massive urbanization occurred in the period of 2003–2013 at unprecedented speed and scale, in which the urban agglomeration expanded at the speed of 1206.48 km2 per year. As a result, the core of urban heat island effects has enlarged about 18154.0 km2 from 2003 to 2013 over Nanjing, Yangzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Ningbo, leading to a significant change of spatial pattern of the EHTEs over the Shanghai metropolitan area (SHMA). The extent of SHMA has been exceeding the minimum distance with spatial gradient more than 1°C of the EHTEs climatology, inducing strongest anomalies about 2.6–2.8°Cin intensity and 30–40 d in duration compared with EHTEs climatology. Furthermore, significant correlation between the EHTEs anomalies in intensity and duration and urban areas in station-Voronoi, with the largest coefficients of about 0.65–0.68 in extreme cases of 2007, 2010 and 2013, shows that growing size of the city can amplify EHTEs. There is a significant positive correlation between the EHTE intensity/duration and urban area. This suggests that the growing size of the cities tends to amplify and extend the length of EHTEs. Through a linear regression analysis, we noted that the strongest impacts appeared in those cities with area of about 492.8–932.6 km2. Although the WPSH anchors the EHTE inter-annual fluctuation, massive urbanization has played an important role in modulating the EHTE spatial pattern over the YRD region. From a pure dynamical point view, the WPSH circulation system is the fundamental driving force of the extreme high temperature events in the eastern China. However, owing to the superimposed effect of global warming and heated island, the EHTEs became more frequent and stronger and lasted longer over the YRD urban agglomeration in the past decades. Under the similar condition of the WPSH, the EHTE days in 2003–2013 were 1.5 times as large as those in 1959–1978. There is a significant positive linear trend in EHTE days and maximum temperatures from 1979 to 2014. The change of spatial pattern of EHTEs is to a large extent caused by rapid urbanization over the YRD region. Thus future extreme high temperature risk assessment should focus not only on the strength and duration changes but also on the spatial pattern change. It is anticipated that the current trend of EHTE frequency and strength will be magnified with continuing global warming and urban agglomeration. Changes in strength, duration and spatial pattern of the EHTEs will no doubt induce more complex, adverse effects on environment, human health and economics. The diagnosis tool above may be easily implemented to assess the climate effect of the urbanization over other major metropolitan regions in China.

The Emergence of Informal Institutions among Internal Migrants in Urban China

China's dramatic economic development and urbanisation have led to an increase in its number of internal migrants. As of 2013, this group accounted for more than 20 per cent of the country's population, and approximately 70 per cent of people in this group are working in the informal economy. This paper pays special attention to migrant-traders in the informal sector and the strategies they use in Shanghai. Migrants are doubly marginalised by the hukou ([Formula: see text]) and danwei ([Formula: see text]) systems in the megacity and have only limited access to social welfare. It is argued that the informal strategies of these marginalised actors develop in related patterns of social relationships and institutional constraints. Such strategies create new forms of informal institutions that are justified and gain legitimacy when countering unequal and hierarchical formal institutions and social arrangements. This paper empirically explores how informal institutions can act in parallel with or diverge from formal institutions, and how they might influence formal institutions in the long term.

Spatial and temporal patterns of air quality in the three economic zones of China

ABSTRACTThe air pollution problem in China continues to become more severe with dramatic economic development. The focus of this study was to create a map representing the spatial–temporal pattern of the air quality in the three major economic zones in China, including the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Economic Zone, the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, and the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone in 2014. A calendar view was used to visualize the daily condition of air quality and primary pollutant in each city in 2014, and geographic references were added to each visualization according to their spatial relationships. The map provides an efficient way to investigate and understand the current status of air quality and spatial–temporal patterns of air quality.

Green Economy Development in Vietnam and the Involvement of Enterprises

Vietnam has become increasingly integrated into the global economy since its accession to the WTO in 2007, which is not only beneficial, but also detrimental. Membership was almost immediately followed by the 2008 global financial crisis which, along with Europe’s escalating public debt, dramatically slowed Vietnam’s, at that time, rapidly developing economy. To mitigate the persisting effects of that economic shock and facilitate growth sufficient to the needs of its citizens, Vietnam is obligated to reevaluate the sustainability of its “brown economy” and develop strategies toward the adoption of a “green economy” growth model. Vietnam is fortunately located in a region that has been experiencing dramatic economic development and with its neighboring countries, many advantageous social and legal conditions for the development of a green economy. Yet, Vietnam’s economy persists in being driven by a brown growth model which is characterized by reliance on raw materials production, the consumption of unsustainable quantities of fossil fuels and natural resources and burgeoning environmental pollution. This paper provides a nation-level analysis of green technology development in Vietnam by using the data from the National Office of Intellectual Property to analyze the extent to which green technology constitutes technology use in Vietnam. Vietnamese enterprises were interviewed to gain insight and data regarding the development and renovation of green technology. Given this situation, an assumption is made that initial growth in greening the economy is primarily driven by enterprises. Greening economy can start from technology renovation and it was hypothesized that such renovation would have been due to both knowledge-based labor and outside support. It was also hypothesized that green economy can be pushed under the outside pressure on Vietnamese enterprises. This paper was designed to test these hypotheses.

The Effect of Urban Heat Island on Climate Warming in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development since 1978 and the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA) has been one of the three largest urban agglomerations in China. We present evidence of a significant urban heat island (UHI) effect on climate warming based on an analysis of the impacts of the urbanization rate, urban population, and land use changes on the warming rate of the daily average, minimal (nighttime) and maximal (daytime) air temperature in the YRDUA using 41 meteorological stations observation data. The effect of the UHI on climate warming shows a large spatial variability. The average warming rates of average air temperature of huge cities, megalopolises, large cities, medium-sized cities, and small cities are 0.483, 0.314 ± 0.030, 0.282 ± 0.042, 0.225 ± 0.044 and 0.179 ± 0.046 °C/decade during the period of 1957–2013, respectively. The average warming rates of huge cities and megalopolises are significantly higher than those of medium-sized cities and small cities, indicating that the UHI has a significant effect on climate warming (t-test, p < 0.05). Significantly positive correlations are found between the urbanization rate, population, built-up area and warming rate of average air temperature (p < 0.001). The average warming rate of average air temperature attributable to urbanization is 0.124 ± 0.074 °C/decade in the YRDUA. Urbanization has a measurable effect on the observed climate warming in the YRD aggravating the global climate warming.

Consumatori cinesi e cibo: tra tradizione millenaria e influenze culturali occidentali

China is one of the most dynamic economies of the planet. The dramatic economic development in recent decades has greatly influenced the structure and habits of Chinese society. This although still characterized by strong disparities between the poorer classes and the wealthy, shows a growing middle class and an increasingly high-income segment. These segments of society are, as expected, evolving from a cultural point of view beginning to incorporate into the ancient Chinese tradition elements of other cultures, most notably the Western one. As was the case for other new economies, especially the rich part of the population is showing an increasing inclination towards all aspects of Western culture. This opening is also affecting the food consumption habits, transforming the dynamic and vibrant Chinese market into a major destination for European food products. The following research by submitting a questionnaire to 500 Chinese consumers residents in metropolitan areas had a dual objective. The first involved the analysis of the propensity of consumers to enter into the ancient Chinese culinary culture food products from other countries. The second was represented by the attempt to segment consumers, depending on the degree of cultural openness towards non- Chinese food, using both socio-demographic and psychographic variables.

Shifting Purpose

This article analyzes Canada's foreign aid relations with Asia, including the range of motivations and reasons why the Canadian government, at this historical juncture, should rethink how and why it gives scarce public resources to promote, among other things, the wellbeing of people in Asian countries and strategic ties with Asia. This includes addressing not just purposes in Canada's aid relations with Asia but other - namely diplomatic and commercial - purposes. The basic argument is that Canada has a tradition of successfully leveraging its foreign aid relations with Asian countries for a comprehensive set of foreign policy objectives, but that more recently Ottawa has been slow to respond to Asia's dramatic evolution and to key shifts in the global order more broadly.1 Canada's aid strategy has not been adjusted adequately to allow for the effective recalibration of Canada's foreign relations with the rising powers of that region.While it has become fashionable in the international donor community to speak of the issue-area as developmental assistance or cooperation, it is suggested that development - the pursuit of economic and social progress in low-income countries - is only one of the purposes of foreign aid. Foreign aid is understood here as a policy tool, which can be used to achieve a number of purposes. The purpose of aid is evident not only in the goals that are set by donor governments, but in the actions that are taken on amounts given, country allocation, and use. Carol Lancaster has recently outlined that foreign aid is used for four main purposes: diplomatic, developmental, humanitarian relief, and commercial.2 Whereas the second and third purposes are the least controversial, the first and fourth are more so. However in the real world of development, all four purposes are in play, and governments usually have mixed purposes for providing foreign aid. Canada is no exception.The article concludes with policy recommendations on how Canada can adjust strategically to the rise of China and India as rising powers and as emerging donors by reenvisioning economic diplomacy as one dimension of aid policy.REASONS FOR CONCERNThe shiiting global orderCanada's foreign aid relations with Asia take place within the country's broader foreign policy framework. Asia's dramatic economic and social development over the past three decades presents Canada with a number of foreign policy challenges. One is the question of the continuing relevance of Canada as an international partner in Asia. Another is whether the rise of China and India will change the international system and the architecture of international organizations that Canada has helped build since the end of the Second World War. Asia's economic rise raises concerns about whether Canada has a clear sense of purpose or well-identified priorities in pursuing its relations with the world's most dynamic region. If current predictions are correct and Asia continues along its overall upward growth path, rationality would suggest that Canadians would want to be well positioned vis-a-vis the future hub of the world economy and a region that is home to four of the world's emerging or great powers - China, Japan, India, and Russia. If Canada wishes to once again punch above its diplomatic weight and effectively promote Canadian interests and values abroad, one would think that serious consideration should be given to how best to engage the Asian region in the future. In brief, Asia's sustained rise is the driver of the shifting global order.Ottawa has put an enormous amount of government attention and resources into aiding the war on terror in Afghanistan and containing the spread of religious extremism in neighbouring countries in the subregion. However, there has been a major strategic gap in terms of Canada's broader geopolitical and geo-economic interests in Asia. The rise of India and China - economically, politically, and diplomatically - only highlights the inadequacies of Canada's foreign aid relations with two of the world's main emerging powers. …

Toward Successful Overseas Training for Chinese Public Officials

Following the dramatic economic reform and development of the past 30 years, China is experiencing increasingly complicated political and social problems that call for the government to enhance its administrative capacity and working efficiency. Different levels of the Chinese government, ranging from national to local, have sent teams of public officials to developed countries for training, in order to build a modern and professional civil servant team. This paper demonstrates how to build and maintain a successful overseas training program by analyzing a case study of a group of 10 Chinese municipal officials who were trained for six months in their United States sister city. The case study finds that several important elements, such as strong academic support, a professional government internship, and active community involvement are crucial for the success of this type of training program.

Economic development and the market place for education

English To some extent, all schools operate in a market place; but the interaction with the market place may be particularly evident in the international schools sector, since many such schools are operated by foundations or private companies which charge fees. This article focuses on the distinctive market place of Shanghai, China, which has undergone dramatic economic development and has attracted an increasingly international population. The article focuses on both international schools and local schools that are open to the international community. It analyses when and how these schools emerged, and contrasts them with each other in terms of ownership, the types of students they target, and the curriculum offered. French On peut affirmer que, dans une certaine mesure, tous les établissements scolaires évoluent sur des marchés. Les rapports qu'ils entretiennent avec le marché peuvent être particulièrement visibles dans le cas des écoles internationales, car bon nombre de ces écoles sont dirigées par des fondations ou des entreprises privées qui font payer des droits d'inscription. Cet article porte sur le marché de Shanghai, en Chine, un marché à part qui connaît un développement économique spectaculaire et qui attire une population de plus en plus internationale. L'article s'intéresse à la fois aux écoles internationales et aux écoles locales accueillant la communauté internationale. Il analyse le contexte de l'émergence de ces écoles et les compare en termes de direction, types d'élèves ciblés et programmes d'études proposés. Spanish En cierta medida, todos los colegios operan en el mercado. Sin embargo, la interacción con el mercado puede resultar especialmente obvia en el sector de la educación internacional, ya que muchos colegios están dirigidos por fundaciones o compañías privadas que aplican tasas. En este documento se estudia el caso especial del mercado de Shanghai (China) que, tras el extraordinario desarrollo económico que ha experimentado, ha comenzado a atraer a una población cada vez más internacional. El documento se centra en los colegios internacionales y locales abiertos a la comunidad internacional; se analiza cómo y cuándo surgieron estos dos tipos de colegios, y se comparan entre sí en función del régimen de propiedad, la composición del alumnado y el currículo que ofrecen.