Drainage Water Flow Research Articles

Exploitation of drainage water heat: A novel solution experimented at the Brenner Base Tunnel

Deep tunnels in permeable fractured rock-masses and under high piezometric levels can drain notable volumes of warm water, which are collected under gravity in specific conduits towards the portals, where heat can be exploited. The utilization of this energy source is generally narrowed by the limited presence of end-users near the portals, while other promising heating and cooling needs can be found directly along the tunnel length. The work presents the design, construction and installation of a geothermal system prototype exploiting the drainage water heat directly inside the tunnel. The prototype was named Smart Flowing due to the peculiarity of its heat exchange process. The system was realized and installed inside the exploratory tunnel of the Brenner Base Tunnel, near the border between Italy and Austria. The Smart Flowing modules were built outside and later moved inside the tunnel, where they were placed and assembled concurrently to the advancement of the Tunnel Boring Machine. A design procedure was proposed and validated against a testing and monitoring campaign. The data from the experimental activity confirmed that the drainage water flow guarantees long-term stabilization of circulating water temperature and fast heat recovery afterwards, thus securing the considerable power and performance values of a water-water heat pump connected to the system. A sensitivity analysis allowed the reproduction of different working scenarios, in order to generalize the application of Smart Flowing beyond the specific installation context.

Assessment of Safety Requirements and Their Practices Among Teaching Laboratories of Health Institutes.

Laboratory work provides students with the ability to process skills, perform experiments and tests, and interpret experimental data. Instead of traditional teaching methods, there are good laboratory experiences to develop a conceptual understanding of science. A lack of laboratory safety requirements and practice can affect the health of students, staff, and the environment. Therefore, the current study provides updated safety requirements and practice information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety requirements and practices among teaching laboratories at the Health Institute 2021. An institutional-based descriptive study design was conducted on November 15-20, 2020, among staff members of the Bule Hora University Institute of Health. Seventeen randomly selected academic staffs and laboratory assistants from 2 departments participated in the study. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist. Finally, the data were coded and entered into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Data were then analyzed using simple quantitative descriptions such as frequency counts and percentages. The data are presented in a table. Of the safety requirements evaluated, only 33.3% (6) were available in the laboratory. Of the safety practices evaluated, 44.6% were used all the time, 37.7% were used occasionally, and 17.6% were never practiced in the laboratory by the respondents. Of his respondents, 58.8% had never been regularly inspected for laboratory safety, and 77% had never received training in laboratory safety. Observations show that teaching laboratories in health organizations lack safety manuals/first aid diaries or guidelines, laboratory building drainage systems, adequate ventilation, water flow, and appropriate laboratory sizes. This study reveals poor laboratory safety practices and safety requirements in teaching laboratories. These limitations may cause health problems, environmental pollution, contamination, and chemical spills. Stakeholders should improve safety requirements and create awareness among staff, students, and lab assistants.

Modeling phosphorus losses to subsurface drainage under tillage and compost management

While agriculture consumes 80–90 % of the world's annual phosphorus (P) production, only 20 % is utilized effectively by plants. Efforts to reduce agricultural P losses through various best management practices (BMPs) including no-till and organic fertilizer have helped substantially mitigate P pollution. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term P losses through tile drainage as affected by tillage and compost amendment using the newly-developed RZWQM2-P model. We found that the model accurately simulated field-measured annual drainage water flow, as well as annual particulate P (PP) and total P (TP) losses in tile drainage, although it underestimated dissolved reactive P (DRP) when compost was applied. Long-term simulation results showed that tile drainage flow was negatively correlated with tillage intensity (TI, between 0 and 1), and tile-drainage-borne P losses were negatively correlated with TI and manure/compost P mix efficiency (ME, between 0 and 1) with soil after tillage. Specifically, when TI increased from 0 (no-till) to 0.93 (moldboard plow), drainage flow, DRP, and PP losses decreased by 11.49 %, 48.12 %, and 30.29 %, respectively. Similarly, when ME increased from 0 (no-till) to 0.5 (Tandem Disk), DRP and PP losses through drainage flow reduced by 53.98 % and 30.95 %, respectively. ME was not directly associated with drainage flow volume in the model. Overall, the RZWQM2-P model can accurately simulate PP and TP losses on an annual basis, although DRP loss prediction still needs to be improved, and it can be used as a tool to evaluate tillage effects on P loss from tile-drained agricultural land under manure or compost application.

A review study of landslide analysis in Belimbing road, Pejagoan, Kebumen – Central Java, from hydrogeological aspects

Landslides have occurred on the Belimbing road, Pejagoan, Kebumen – Central Java which has affected 4 houses. The direction of landslide movement is N10°E, with rotational landslide type. The lithology of the landslide location is river deposits that have not been compacted (alluvium). Morphology is plain with steep bordering the Luk Ulo river. The slope bordering the river is 45 – 60° with a shape influenced by lateral erosion of the Luk Ulo river. The result of the analysis of the direction of groundwater flowing around the landslide location showed that there was one peak with the direction of flow towards the north towards Luk Ulo river. When it rains, the infiltrated rainwater will seep and increase of volume of the groundwater. Increasing volume of groundwater will flow in the direction of the flownets and increase the pressure in the direction of the flow of groundwater. The drainage (consisting of five water channels) is located south of the landslide point, namely channel 1 (T1), channel 2 (T2), channel 3 (T3), channel 4 (T4), and channel 5 (T5). There should be a change in the direction of drainage water flow. Changes in the direction of drainage flow can be attempted by closing T4 and only one discharge point, namely at T2.

A monthly distributed agro-hydrological model for irrigation district in arid region with shallow groundwater table

Agro-hydrological processes in arid irrigation districts mainly include precipitation, water diversion, irrigation, drainage, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil water and groundwater flow, which interact with each other and are controlled by complex natural and anthropogenic drivers. To better understand the agro-hydrological processes in arid irrigation districts with shallow groundwater table, we developed a novel monthly distributed agro-hydrological model for irrigation districts (DAHMID) based on the concepts of canal command area (CCA) and sub-drainage command area (SDCA). The DAHMID model is driven by meteorology, irrigation, and evapotranspiration (ET) estimated by remote sensing-based ET model, and considers soil water and groundwater balances in both irrigated and non-irrigated lands and interior drainage between them. The model was applied to Hetao Irrigation District (HID), the largest irrigation district in arid region of China with a total irrigated area of 0.68 million ha. The DAHMID model was calibrated with groundwater table depth measurements in 13 CCAs of HID from 2008 to 2010, and validated from 2012 to 2013. Results depicted that the root mean square errors (RMSEs), normalized RMSEs (NRMSEs), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients (NSEs), and coefficients of determination (r2) of groundwater table depth in both irrigated and non-irrigated lands for all CCAs were in the ranges of 0.19–0.34 m, 0.10–0.25, 0.30–0.82, and 0.68–0.91, respectively. The simulation results from 2008 to 2014 indicated that interior drainage from irrigated land to non-irrigated land is an important approach of drainage in HID, which is about 14.3% of total irrigation water diversion and 34.9% more than the drainage through ditches. The interior drainage process is basically similar to irrigation and ditch drainage processes, all reaching their peaks in May and October. ET is the major water consumption in HID, which is about 95% of total irrigation water diversion and precipitation in average. The net capillary rise of irrigated land is significantly less than that of non-irrigated land due to the impact of irrigation infiltration. The DAHMID model has less parameters and requires less inputs, and can be better applied to continuous simulation of agro-hydrological processes in irrigation districts in medium and long periods with satisfactory simulation accuracy.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ И СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СОРБЦИОННОГО МЕТОДА ОЧИСТКИ ДРЕНАЖНОГО СТОКА МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ

Technologies and methods of directed regulation of the quality composition of drainage runoff in the hydro-reclamation systems of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia may be different depending on the volume and chemical composition of the runoff and environmental requirements for water quality for reuse and safe disposal. One of the most promising ways to improve the quality of drainage water is sorption treatment of runoff, the effectiveness of which is determined by the design of the sorption-filter unit, the selection of sorption material for the filter based on the flow rate of drainage runoff and the degree of its contamination. The layout, placement and design features of sorption-filter cleaning units are presented, the efficiency indicators of the use of a number of sorbents for cleaning drainage runoff, the main impurities removed and the degree of purification are given. An engineering solution is proposed to increase the efficiency of sorption-filtering facilities by regulating the uniformity of the interaction of drainage water with the entire mass of the sorption-filtering load by equalizing the dynamic pressure of the drainage water flow on the filter material.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ И ДРЕНАЖНЫХ ВОД

The purpose of the research was to create an adequate mathematical apparatus to establish the interrelation between surface and drainage waters, since the need of interconnection between surface and drainage waters in the field of environmental safety, reclamation and hydrology arises regularly. At the same time, conducting field studies that determine this interrelation is a very costly and time-consuming event, therefore, the development of a mathematical apparatus that adequately describes the relationship between surface and drainage waters is an urgent task. Materials and methods. The developed mathematical apparatus is based on the compilation of the classical theory, namely: the Chezy, Darcy formulas, the water table, the water balance equation and the expression for the water surface slope. Results. As a result of the research, the drainage water runoff zone was divided into a finite number of elements, and the average velocity of the filtration flow interacting between the canal and drainage water was determined. Numerical verification of the modeling results was carried out on the basis of data obtained during field studies at the inter-farm canal section near the village Swamp Belevsky district Tula region. In the process of research, an algorithm and a program were developed for calculating the drainage water flow rate for the considered section of the inter-farm canal. Based on the simulation results, a hydrograph of drainage water flow rate was constructed in the inter-farm canal near the village Swamp, while the hydrograph of drainage water flow, built on the basis of modeling results, practically coincides with the hydrograph, built on the basis of data provided from the results of field studies. Conclusions. Approbation of the results of the developed mathematical apparatus and mathematical model showed the correlation between theoretical and experimental studies with a determination coefficient value of 90.22 %.

Nitrogen removal and greenhouse gas fluxes from integrated buffer zones treating agricultural drainage water

Integrated buffer zones (IBZ) are novel mitigation measures designed to decrease the loading of nitrogen (N) transported by subsurface drainage systems from agricultural fields to streams. In IBZ, drainage water flows into a pond with free water surface followed by an inundated, vegetated filterbed. This design provides an environment favorable for denitrification and thus a decrease in nitrate concentration is expected as water flow through the IBZ. However, due to the establishment of anaerobic conditions, there is a risk for increasing emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In this year-long study, we evaluated the N removal efficiency along with the risk of N2O and CH4 emissions from two pilot-scale IBZs (IBZ1 and 2). The two IBZs had very different yearly removal efficiencies, amounting to 29% and 71% of the total N load at IBZ1 and 2, respectively. This was probably due to differences in infiltration rates to the filterbed, which was 22% and 81% of the incoming water at IBZ1 and 2, respectively. The site (IBZ2) with the highest removal efficiency was a net N2O sink, while 0.9% of the removed nitrate was emitted as N2O at IBZ1. Both IBZs were net sources of CH4 but with different pathways of emission. In IBZ1 CH4 was mainly lost directly to the atmosphere, while waterborne losses dominated in IBZ2. In conclusion, the IBZs were effective in removing N three years after establishment, and although the IBZs acted as greenhouse gas sources, especially due to CH4, the emissions were comparable to those of natural wetlands and other drainage transport mitigation measures.

Filtration reliability and safety of earth-fill dam

The study of the reliability and safety of the constructed earth-fill dams and the comparison with their design and calculated data makes it possible to improve the structures and methods of the calculation substantiation of these structures. This work aims to study the filtration reliability and safety of the earth-fill dam of the Channel water reservoir of the Tuyamuyun hydroelectric complex (THC) on the Amu Darya River, which was put into exploitation in 1984. Field studies were carried out according to the traditional method using results of control and measuring equipment (CME) embedded in the body of the dam. The water levels of the upper and lower reaches, piezometers, and drainage water flow were measured. The maximum water levels upstream of 130.00 were observed in July-August and November 2017, and the minimum of 117.50 at the end of March. The water levels downstream depend on the value of the discharge through the hydrosystem. The maximum level downstream for 2017 was 112.55 m (01.06.2017) with a flow rate of 2000 m3/s. The minimum level downstream of 109.15 m was observed on November 29, 2017, when the discharge into the downstream through the hydroelectric complex was 260 m3/s. A tendency to an increase in the level of the bottom downstream was found. Filling and depletion graphs of the Channel water reservoir have been built, from which it is found that they reached 2.00 m/day, and 1.60 m/day, respectively. This is 4 and 1.6 times more than the standard 0.5 m/day and 1.0 m/day. Of the 53 piezometers, 34 are working conditions; the rest do not work, require flushing. Graphs of water level changes in piezometers show that they change with an average 15-20 day delay in the water level in the Channel water reservoir. In general, the natural depression curve is below the design one. The maximum filtration flow rate was 63.3 l/s at a water level in the upper pool of 129.00.

Methods for determining water flow from rice field to open drainage system

Accurate and correct hydraulic calculations are important in the projection of open drainage systems. Because of the hydraulic calculations, it is possible to determine the parameters while constructing it. For calculating the hydraulic, it is necessary to determine the amount of filtration water from the cultivated fields. Crops and irrigation norms differ in the irrigated areas. Of these, rice is the most demanded of water. This article describes how to use GIS to determine the drainage water flow discharge into the open drainage system in the area under cultivation. The research object was the Central Mirzachul open drainage system which was constructed on irrigated land in the south of the Syrdarya region, located in the Mirzachul area. Sentinel 2 satellite imagery was used to identify rice fields in the study area. Downloaded satellite images were analysed using the ArcMap application of ArcGIS, and several steps were taken to create and map a study area. Based on the results of the analysis, the surface and size of the rice fields are determined. Hydraulic calculations were provided based on the determined data. As a result of hydraulic calculations, it was determined that the collector drainage system with the length of 1200 m drops 4.1 m3/s water from the rice fields.

The effect of irrigation and drainage management on crop yield in the Egyptian Delta: Case of El-Baradi area

Loss of excess water through free subsurface drainage networks is a major cause of inefficiency in Egypt's irrigation system, where the drainage water flows continuously and quickly with nutrients from the soil profile. This research aims at evaluating the impact of controlled drainage and irrigation scheduling on applied irrigation water, soil salinity and crop yield. Actual field data have been collected for growing seasons 2015 and 2016 in El-Baradi area in the Nile Delta. DRIANMOD-S model was used to simulate irrigation and drainage management practices for wheat and maize crops over 9 years. The simulation showed that, controlled drainage system increases the average relative yield of maize crop 6% compared to conventional drainage system, with 14% reduction in irrigation water.Using evenly irrigation gifts with decreasing 14% of the applied irrigation water increased the relative yield of wheat crop by 2.0 and 9.4% in conventional and controlled drainage systems, respectively. While the average relative yield for maize crop increased by 8.6% for conventional drainage system and decreased by 10.2% in controlled drainage system, the loss in yield for both systems was attributed mainly to salinity stress.

Nutrient loss from floodplain soil with controlled subsurface drainage under forage production.

Expansion of subsurface drainage into forage production may have a deleterious effect on surface waters due to increased nitrogen and phosphorus loading. The impact of controlled subsurface drainage (CD) on nitrogen and phosphorus loss compared with free subsurface drainage (FD) in tile drainage water has been explored to a lesser extent from forage production systems. This study quantifies the effects of CD and FD on average seasonal concentrations and cumulative loads of the total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N), and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in subsurface drainage water from a poorly drained floodplain soil in a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] rotation with rotational cattle grazing. During all crop seasons of sorghum production (2010-2013), CD had 6.03-9.63mg L-1 less NO3 -N than FD. Mean DRP concentration was significantly higher for CD than for FD during all seasons except for sorghum in 2012-2013. Average cumulative discharge was 38 and 314 m3 ha-1 less for CD than for FD during sorghum and cereal rye growing seasons, respectively. Controlled drainage had 0.68-6.14kg ha-1 lower cumulative NO3 -N loads than FD. The DRP loads were dependent on discharge. During sorghum growing seasons, TSS and DRP loads were 79-90% lower in CD compared with FD. The ability to reduce drainage water flow from tiles and subsequent nitrogen and phosphorus loading with CD compared with FD in a floodplain soil indicates that CD can be effective best management practice for forage production systems.

Landslide Analysis Study and Cisewu Countermeasures in District, Garut Regency, West Java

Cisewu-Garut is one of the landslide-prone areas in Indonesia which occurs almost every year, particularly in the rainy season. The landslide in this study takes place in the slope where a BTS tower is located. The peripheral fence is hanging due to ground movement, while housings stay beneath the foot of the slope. This problem could harm its surroundings and needs immediate countermeasures to prevent any hazard. At the initial stage, a survey is conducted to investigate slope condition, soil state (including soil test), and drainage. Based on available soil data, the second stage is slope stability analysis by creating a model corresponding to real condition data using the element method to Plaxis2D software. As for the third stage, a landslide disaster prevention is established by strengthening the foot of slope using gabion and retaining walls. The gabion wall cage dimension would be 5m wide and 2.5m tall. Two retaining walls by the size of 2m high to 1m wide and 1m high to 0.6m wide are build. The result of slope stability analysis is an increase of safety factor by 1.729, which existing factor is 1.244. The countermeasures also involve drainage refinement and water flow diversion so that water will not penetrate to landslide zone.

СОРБЦИОННО-ФИЛЬТРУЮЩИЕ СООРУЖЕНИЯ В ТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ ОЧИСТКИ ДРЕНАЖНОГО СТОКА ГИДРОМЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article substantiates the need to use certain technological schemes of treatment and structures of treatment plants depending on the volume, dynamics of the chemical composition and degree of the drainage flowpollution, priority polluting components as well as the requirements and restrictions on the quality of the treated water to meetthe regulatory requirements for its intra-system reuse for irrigation, and to reduce the negative impact on natural reservoirs and rivers during water disposal. Based on the analysis of the information material and practical research results of leading industry institutes, latest developments of wastewater treatment plants, there are presented options for using certain designs of sorption-filtering units in technologies for improving the quality of drainage-waste water as a part of local treatment facilities of irrigation and drainage systems of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation and their main technical characteristics. Formulas are given for calculating basic technological parameters, as well as the composition of the sorption material providing a cleaning effect of 85 to 90-98% and a simplification of the cleaning method by using local natural raw material. There is proposed an engineering-design solution for increasing the efficiency of sorption-filtering treatment plants as part of irrigation and drainage systems by ensuring a uniform interaction of drainage water with the whole mass of sorption-filtering loading by equalizing the dynamic pressure of the drainage water flow on the filtering material.

Phosphate removal by iron oxide-coated diatomite: Laboratory test of a new method for cleaning drainage water

Transport of phosphate (P) in drainage water from P rich agricultural fields to freshwaters via drains may cause open water eutrophication. One way to reduce this transport is by installation of P sorbing filters at drain outlets. As drainage water flows and P concentrations can be highly fluctuating, suitable filters must have good hydraulic conductivity and high P sorbing efficiency, i.e. rapid sorption with high affinity and capacity. To fulfill these requirements, we tested a new concept for filter material design comprising porous and stable calcined diatomaceous earth particles (CDE, 2–4 mm) coated with thin layers of high affinity P sorbing amorphous iron oxide. According to NMR and MICP analyses the material had a bimodal pore size distribution with average diameters of around 1 μm and 100 μm. The coating formed a thin film on the CDE internal and external surfaces and markedly increased the P sorption efficiency. Thus, P in 0.1 and 0.5 mg P/L solutions was almost quantitatively sorbed within 1½ min at a solution:solid ratio of 100. SEM-EDX demonstrated that P quickly penetrated into the porous structure of the CDE granules and that all Fe in the coating was active in P bonding. This conceptual investigation demonstrates that porous CDE is a useful host into which Fe oxides can be precipitated resulting in an effective P sorbing material.

Hydraulic calculation of horizontal open drainages

In article analysed the factors influencing the hydraulic processes which arise in the open horizontal drainage systems. Open drainages plays important role in order to improve the ameliorative condition of the agricultural area, salt washing on the soil. It is emphasized that the deep drainage in our region has a good effect on the soil condition and salt removing. At present, efforts are being made to improve the productivity of the collectors to clean and built. As example the collector drainage systems in Syrdarya region are listed. It is observed that the motion mode of open drainage flows is physically identical. Due to the complexity of equations in the unstable motion mode, the drainage water flow scheme in the collectors reflects the hydraulic calculation of the movement. Researches were provided in open agricultural drainage system of Syrdarya region and analysis have been done in natural field conditions. It has been noted when slope of the drainage bed is equal to i<0,0005 intensity of deformation were very high, when slope was between 0,0005<i<0,0011 intensity of deformation of collector bed was equal to the minimum level. In this article provided hydraulic calculation for Syrdarya region drainage system for choosing dynamical stable shape of bed. Those hydraulic calculations and projections ensure collectors with long time period of exploitation condition. Calculation and analyses were done with taking account trapezoidal capacity of the stream in drainage system, and the results of studies on increasing the flow efficiency are reflected. Analysed that when slope will increase until 20% discharge capacity will increase because of high average flow velocity increased by 7-8 times and discussed difference of them. As a result of the hydraulic calculation, the slope of the drainage increased from i-0,00048 to i-0,0006, the fact that the flow capacity increased by 25% due to the increase because of flow velocity.

Tracing social capital: How stakeholder group interactions shape agricultural water quality restoration in the Florida Everglades

Agricultural nonpoint source pollution remains a pressing environmental problem despite decades of policy and environmental initiatives. Cooperative local actions are a crucial element of effective multilevel governance solutions to such problems, but securing farmer participation for water quality protection remains challenging. Social capital—relations of trust, reciprocity, and shared social norms within and between key stakeholder groups—has been found to enable cooperation for environmentally desirable outcomes. However, the downsides of social capital remain under-examined in multilevel governance, where cooperation within one stakeholder group (bonding social capital) may undermine cooperation with other stakeholders (bridging social capital). Given this important gap, researchers need to examine how bonding and bridging social capital may be formed, maintained, or undermined through stakeholder interactions, and the corresponding environmental consequences.In this paper, we address these gaps through a case study of south Florida’s sugar-producing region, whose drainage water flows south into the Florida Everglades. In contrast to persistent water quality impairment elsewhere, Everglades water quality has improved steadily over the past 20 years. These improvements have taken place under a complex set of governance arrangements that established a mandatory long-term numeric water quality target but which relies on shared compliance among farms. These dynamics encouraged interactions among three key groups of stakeholders—farmers, agricultural extension agents, and state regulators—to implement management changes. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, we find that bonding social capital among farmers encourages them to improve their management through a sense of shared responsibility, while also potentially limiting restoration by maintaining perceptions that the regulations are unfair. Bridging social capital helps to legitimize new management efforts, while court-mandated water quality targets incentivize farmers to draw on multiple forms of social capital. We also discuss the relevance of this case for governing agricultural nonpoint source pollution in similar settings elsewhere.

Properties of Soils of Abandoned Coal Mine Industrial Areas (Primorsky Krai, Russia)

Lipovtsy coal field mine №4 processed north-western reserves of Lipovtsy field in Primorski Krai (Russia). In 1997, the mine was declared unprofitable and was abandoned by natural flooding with no arrangement of mine water discharge and in 2005 it was fully flooded. The main sources of pollution in the studied area are spoil heaps (mine wastes), underspoil filtering waters and mine waters which are being discharged on the surface after finishing of “hydraulic funnel” artificial support. The study of technogenic landscape of abandoned mine industrial area showed that its morphologic form is dominated by spoil heaps. Soils located near mine waste body differ from benchmark soils by chemical properties and size distribution. The influence of active hydrochemical mine and drainage water flows is the reason of the above-mentioned variation in soil properties. Results showed that, there exist a high correlation ratios between chemical composition of mine waters and water extracts from soil: Between the alkalinity of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.73), between mine water iron content and pH of soil water extract (r = −0.56), between the solid residue of mine waters and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = 0.72), between the mine waters calcium content and electrical conductivity of soil water extracts (r = −0.75), between the alkalinity of mine waters and silicon dioxide content of soil water extracts (r = 0.61), between the mineralization of mine waters and chrome content of soil water extracts (r = 0.73).

Designing catchment area for water resources management in ITS campus

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Campus, with the area of 167.4 Ha, is located within Surabaya coastal region in the eastern part of Java Island. It has initial characteristic with wetlands and swamps ecosystem. As a science and technological university, with the main acitivities in teaching, experimental laboratory works, and student activities, ITS is, currently, using ± 49% of its total vast area as building blocks for supporting academic facilities. Being a campus in a coastal zone, the commonly main problems are high porous soil, brackish surface water, high level of ground water, an obstructed drainage tendency because of delicate slant, and low catchment capability. This paper provides an action program on how ITS manage water resources within campus area in order to suppress environmental damage. Many steps had been taken into account for water catchment role, for instance: maintaining the catchment area on the main ITS master plan, planning catchment pond, surface water stabilization by preventing ground water usage, interrupting drainage water flow as being directly discharged into the city drainage system, rain water harvesting, and also designing floating floor for buildings.

Analysis of mine waste by geocheimical and geophysical methods (a case study of the mine tailing dump of the Salair ore-processing plant)

Integrated study of the Dyukov Log dump of sulfide-containing mine tailings of the Salair ore-processing plant (SOP) was performed using geophysical and geochemical methods. Geochemical data and results of electromagnetic-frequency sounding and electrical-resistivity tomography were used to establish the geoelectric zoning of the tailings and the relations between the electrical parameters of the environment and the chemical composition of the tailings and pore water. The proposed approach will make it possible in the future to evaluate the amount of tailings. The drainage water flow paths were determined, and the penetration of highly saline industrial solutions into groundwater was proved.