Drainage Status Research Articles

Impacts of changing weather patterns on the dynamics of water pollutants in agricultural catchments: Insights from 11-year high temporal resolution data analysis

Widespread and long-term shifts in weather patterns are contributing to further degradation of surface water quality. This challenge caused by the increasing frequency of extreme weather events requires appropriate adaptation of current mitigation strategies. But to confirm the need to redesign such strategies, an understanding of the impacts of increasing weather extremes on pollutant losses in different catchment types is required. With this in view, this study investigated the impact of changing weather patterns on the inter-seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of nutrient losses in six agricultural catchments in Ireland over 11 years. The high temporal resolution data (10-min) from these intensively managed catchments represented different characteristics and management practices. Mann-Kendall Trend Analysis and Generalised Additive Models were used to study nutrient concentration trends, and to investigate the significance of water discharge, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficit, air temperature, and soil temperature on the losses of nutrients, respectively. The analysis of historical data revealed changes in the trends of daily average nitrate (NO3-N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) concentrations in association with significant increasing trends in air temperature, soil temperature, and precipitation across the same month over 11 years of monitoring. While discharge was significantly contributing to the concentrations of NO3-N, P, and SS across different catchments, air and soil temperature were significantly correlated to NO3-N losses, and precipitation was the major contributor to regulating P (total P and total reactive P) concentrations. In short, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture deficit, and precipitation were the main climatic drivers regulating the nutrient concentrations while the soil chemistry and drainage status were the non-climatically related drivers. The results revealed that the extent of the impact of climatic drivers depends on catchment characteristics. Therefore, expanding the application of this type of study would facilitate better understanding of current and future challenges to water management and provision of climate-resilient mitigation strategies for different catchment typologies.

Fine Roots in Hemiboreal Forest Stands and Clearcut Areas with Nutrient-Rich Organic Soils in Latvia: Morphological Traits, Production and Carbon Input

Within this study, we evaluated the fine root (trees and understory vegetation combined) morphological traits, fine root production (FRP), and carbon (C) input with fine root litter in forest stands (dominated by either coniferous or deciduous trees) and clearcut areas (previously dominated by coniferous trees) with nutrient-rich organic soils. The study was conducted in 26 sites in hemiboreal forest land in Latvia and summarizes the results obtained in a two-year study (2020–2022) using the root ingrowth method. Traits and production of fine roots varied significantly depending on forest development stage (stand or clearcut area), dominant tree species type (coniferous or deciduous), and soil drainage status (drained or naturally wet). According to the results of the second study year, mean FRP among groups of study sites varied from 0.58 ± 0.13 to 1.38 ± 0.28 t ha−1 yr−1, while C input with fine root litter ranged from 0.28 ± 0.06 to 0.68 ± 0.14 t C ha−1 yr−1. More than half (59 ± 4%) of the total FRP occurred in the upper 0–20 cm soil layer. FRP tended to correlate positively with soil C/N ratio and negatively with soil pH and soil nutrient concentration. Incubating ingrowth cores for at least two years is strongly recommended to accurately estimate annual FRP and C input. This helps to avoid potential underestimation that may occur when using results of only one incubation year (12 months after ingrowth core installation). This study provided new insights into the dynamics and traits of fine roots and will help to improve the accuracy of C flow estimation in hemiboreal forests with nutrient-rich organic soils in Latvia.

Assessing the effects of drainage and forest structure on presence and absence of fledglings of boreal grouse

Anthropogenic factors threaten biodiversity of natural habitats globally, including boreal forest habitats of culturally important game species, such as grouse. Forestry and intense draining of wetlands have resulted in landscape fragmentation of the peatlands and the forests in terms of their structure (a mosaic of differently managed small stands), and the loss and alteration of natural grouse habitats, which impacts on fitness parameters are still partly unexamined. We used grouse brood location data from the Finnish wildlife triangle censuses from 2017 to 2020 to study how forest structure and drainage affect breeding success of four grouse species. We calculated environmental characteristics (forest and landscape structure, peatlands and their drainage status) around individual brood observations with different buffer sizes and used them to explain brood size variation and the probability of complete failure (female with no brood). While the most important buffer zones differed by species, brood sizes were generally linked to habitats that offer shelter and food. Black grouse brood size increased when the proportions of deciduous trees and xeric heath forests increased. Hazel grouse broods were largest in spruce-dominated mires and herb-rich forests. Willow grouse brood size decreased with increasing proportion of poorer barren heath forest habitat. Capercaillie brood size decreased as a function of drainage ditch length. In Capercaillie and Black grouse, females without broods were overrepresented (zero-inflation), and the zero excess was related to habitats that differed from those of brooded females. These results suggest that forest management methods and peatland drainage can have a negative effect on offspring production of boreal grouse species. Restoration of natural peatlands and less invasive management such continuous cover forestry should enhance environmental conditions for grouse.

Effect of peritoneal drainage on the prognosis following appendectomy in pediatric patients with appendicitis: a retrospective study based on appendicitis grade.

This study aimed to assess the impact of peritoneal drainage and its type on prognosis, encompassing postoperative recovery and complications, in pediatric patients (≤ 16years old) following appendectomy based on the grade of appendicitis. In this retrospective study, we analyzed pediatric patients (≤ 16years old) with appendicitis who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in our center from January 2017 to January 2024 and classified them into grade I-V based on the grade of appendicitis, with V representing the most serious cases. The patients were grouped according to drainage status and type. The main clinical outcomes included postoperative rehabilitation indexes such as time to resume a soft diet, time to remove the drain, duration of postoperative antibiotic use and length of hospitalization (LOH), as well as postoperative complications including intra-abdominal abscess (IAA), ileus and wound infection (WI), and readmission within 30days after surgery. A total of 385 pediatric patients with appendicitis were included in the study and divided into No-drainage (ND) group (n = 74), Passive drainage (PD) group (n = 246) and Active drainage (AD) group (n = 65) according to drainage status and type. Compared to the other two groups, the ND group had a significantly shorter time to resume a soft diet, duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH, and these differences were statistically significant. Similar findings were observed in grade I patients too (P < 0.05). In all cases examined here, the AD group had a significantly shorter time for drain removal compared to the PD group (3.04 [1-12] vs 2.74 [1-15], P = 0.049); this difference was also evident among grade I patients (2.80 [1-6] vs 2.47 [1-9], P = 0.019). Furthermore, within the same grade, only in grade IV did the AD group exhibit a shorter duration of postoperative antibiotic use compared to the PD group (4.75 [4-5] vs 8.33 [5-15], P = 0.009). Additionally, the LOH in the AD group was longer than that in the PD group (8.00 [4-13] vs 4.75 [4-5], P = 0.025). Among all cases, the ND group exhibited significantly lower incidences of overall complications and WI compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the incidence of IAA in the ND group was significantly lower than that in the PD group (0% vs 5.3%, P = 0.008 < 0.0167). Furthermore, although there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of overall complications, IAA, ileus, and WI between the PD and AD groups during grade ≥ II analysis (P > 0.05), a higher readmission rate within 30days was observed in the PD group compared to the AD group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that a higher grade of appendicitis was associated with an increased risk of overall complications and IAA as well as a longer duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH. The appendicitis grade is a crucial indicator for predicting postoperative IAA and LOH. In patients with grade I appendicitis, peritoneal drainage, even if active drainage, is not recommended; For patients with grade ≥ II appendicitis, active drainage may be more effective than passive drainage in reducing the duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH.

Faktor Mobilisasi Dini, Obesitas dan Usia Tua Sebagai Prediktor Lama Rawat Inap Pasien Fraktur Femur Pasca Bedah

This study aims to explore the factors that influence the length of stay in post-surgical femur fracture patients, specifically the interaction between early mobilization, obesity, and old age as potential predictors of hospitalization. The research method used was a systematic review using the PRISMA search strategy. The databases used in this research are ProQuest, Sage Journal, Embrace, Science Direct, and Scopus. The results of the study show that factors that influence the length of stay of postoperative femur fracture patients from the results of the literature review are mobility, comorbidities, related fractures, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative blood transfusion, occurrence of pressure ulcers, higher BMI or obesity, choice of anesthesia, and drainage status. The average length of stay in the literature review is 5.64 days to 14.4 days. In conclusion, many factors influence LOS such as mobility, comorbidities, related fractures, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative blood transfusion, and the occurrence of wounds. pressure, higher BMI or obesity, choice of anesthesia, drainage status. The average length of stay in research journals is 5.64 days to 14.4 days. Keywords: Fracture, Femur, Early Mobilization, Obesity, Old Age.

Trends of Endoscopic Palliation for Advanced Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction

Malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHO), an aggressive type of perihilar biliary obstruction caused by cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, or other metastatic malignancies, has a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment for biliary malignancies. However, most patients with MHO cannot undergo surgery upon presentation because of their advanced inoperable state or poor performance resulting from old age or comorbid diseases. Therefore, palliative biliary drainage is required to improve symptomatic jaundice and quality of life. Preoperative biliary drainage is controversial in resectable cases of MHO. Preoperative biliary drainage should be considered according to specific selection criteria. Palliative drainage is currently the mainstay of symptomatic treatment. Compared with percutaneous access, primary endoscopic palliation using plastic or metal stents has recently shown higher technical feasibility and clinical success without increasing the frequency of adverse events, even in high-degree MHO. However, the use of stents still has numerous limitations, including challenges in determining the optimal type of stent, number of stents, deployment method, and additional local therapies. Therefore, this report presents the current optimal endoscopic drainage status for MHO based on recent guidelines and published literature.

A single-center retrospective study of percutaneous drainage clinical characteristics of grade B and C postoperative pancreatic fistula and determination of the optimal intervention time

Objective: To classified the fluid location of of grade B and C postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and propose processing flow. Methods: Data from 232 patients who underwent pancreatic surgery from January 2018 to December 2022 at Department of General Surgery & Hepato-billo-pancreatic,Beijing Hospital were collected respectively. Forty-six patients who suffered from grade B and C POPF underwent ultrasound-guided drainage. There were 32 males and 14 females, with an age of (60.2±13.7)years (range:18 to 85 years). The imaging data of postoperative CT were collected and the the fluid location was classified. Then analyzed the drainage status when patents were diagnosed as POPF. Machine learning was performed and a random forest model was applied to construct the relationship between intervention time and mortality. The optimal intervention time was calculated. The patients were then divided into early and late intervention groups and clinical data and outcomes were compared using the t test,Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test or Fisher's exact test between the two groups. Results: Based on the results of the random forest model, the optimal puncture time was within 5.38 days after the diagnosis of POPF. Based on the optimal time, 21 patients were subsumed into early intervention group and 25 patients were subsumed into late intervention group. The location of fluid collection was classified into four types: peripancreatic (32.7%,15/46), extra-pancreatic and epigastric (41.3%,19/46), extra-pancreatic and hypogastic (13.0%,6/46) and diffused (13.0%,6/46). The status of the drainage included normal in 10 patients (21.8%), displaced drain in 18 patients (39.1%) and drain removed or blocked in 18 patients (39.1%). The perioperative mortality rate was 19.0% (4/21) in the early intervention group and 8.0%(2/25) in the late. The late intervention group had significantly higher rates of positive drainage fluid cultures (88.0%(22/25) vs. 42.9%(10/21), χ2=10.584, P=0.001), secondary surgery (24.0%(6/25) vs. 0(0/21), P=0.025), and readmission within 90 days(32.0%(8/25) vs. 4.8%(1/21),χ2=5.381, P=0.020) than the early group, and a significantly longer postoperative hospital stay(M(IQR))(24(20)days vs. 39(53)days,Z=3.023,P=0.003). Conclusions: The location of the POPF fluid collection is classified into four types. Early radiological evaluation can detect abdominal effusion promptly,and early puncture and drainage will be beneficial in improving outcomes in these patents.

Paleoclimate quantitative reconstruction and characteristics of continental red beds: a case study of the lower fourth sub-member of Shahejie Formation in the Bonan Sag

Varied origins have the ability to construct the continental red beds, such as paleoclimate, provenance, drainage status, etc. Reconstructing paleoclimate is the key to investigate the origin. Thus, this paper outlines the normal distribution constrained method (NDCM) to reconstruct paleoclimate quantitatively and accurately during the lower fourth sub-member of Shahejie (Es4x) in the Bonan Sag, which is in low requirement of data and environmental conditions. Based on the NDCM, the paleoclimate is still in a long-term arid background as the potential evapotranspiration rates (PERs) are larger than 6 in the transgressive system tract (TST) and regressive system tract (RST) during the period of Es4x. The decreasing PERs that range from 6.28 to 6.04, decreasing atmospheric temperature range from 14.37 to 13.95 °C and increasing mean precipitation of the wettest month and mean precipitation of the driest month indicate the paleoclimate is breaking away from the hot and arid background from TST to RST. Meanwhile, the paleoclimate fluctuation develops decreasing frequency and increasing amplitude which can be inferred from the increasing standard deviation (std), Th/K and Th/U curves. The hot and arid background is still the main origin of red color during the Es4x. Moreover, the other origin may also develop since there is no clear law between red coloration and the developing location of sediments.

Deep cerebral venous system involvement in patients with cerebral sinus thrombosis. A proposal of neuroradiological score systems useful for clinical assessment.

To develop a neuroradiological score in patients with deep cerebral venous thrombosis (DCVT), capable of assessing extension of intracranial changes and venous occlusion at diagnosis; to assess the relationship between neuroradiological and clinical features at follow-up. In 14 patients with DCVT, we developed 2 score systems on non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced CT: Intracranial Imaging Score (IIS) and Venous Occlusion Imaging Score (VOIS). ISS considers parenchymal venous strokes, hemorrhage, mass effect, and hydrocephalus; VOIS evaluates unilateral or bilateral venous occlusion extension. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and vessel recanalization status were assessed at follow-up. At diagnosis, higher IIS was related to bilateral venous thrombosis involvement (p 0,02; r:0,60), but parenchymal strokes were not related to venous occlusion extension (unilateral or bilateral) (p > 0,05). Moreover, the symptoms' onset time did not correlate with the severity scores (p > 0,05). At follow-up, 8 out of 14 patients showed good clinical outcomes with complete recanalization and neurological improvement, 1 patient showed a poor neurological outcome, whereas 5 patients died within 1week. Positive correlations were found between IIS and mRS (p 0,003, r = 0,73), between IIS and vessels' recanalization status (p 0,002, r = 0,75), and between vessels' recanalization status and mRS (p < 0,001, r = 0,98). Neuroradiological scores may enhance diagnostic accuracy, and they may have a predictive significance. In patients with DCVT, although intracranial involvement was not influenced by symptoms' onset time or extension of venous occlusion, clinical outcome was related to both intracranial involvement and venous recanalization state. Collateral venous drainage status may counterbalance the thrombotic process improving prognosis.

RAINWATER RETENTION SITE ASSESSMENT FOR URBAN FLOOD RISK REDUCTION AND FLOOD DEFENCE IN MANDAUE CITY, PHILIPPINES

Abstract. This study utilized a geospatial approach to identify suitable sites for rainwater retention areas in Mandaue City, a highly urbanized city in Cebu, Philippines. Based on the integrated use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), ideal sites for rainwater retention were produced to divert surface water runoff from flooding the streets and obstructing traffic. Ideally, the chosen sites should have low infiltration capacity and be within open spaces. For the hydrological planning of the study, we considered the amount of surface runoff, elevation, soil characteristics, land use, and present drainage status of the study area. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from LiDAR technology is used to obtain the slope raster and generate small streams. Land cover and curve number (CN) of the area were used to compute the surface runoff. The soil textures were converted based on their infiltration rate and runoff potential. Finally, the weighted overlay tool in GIS created a layer identifying potential areas for rainwater retention sites. The findings indicate that 54.8% of the research area was ideal for water harvesting, with open land areas making up 2.3% of the best locations. In addition, a major portion of the appropriate locations lies in clay loam soils and within 0–25 meters in elevation. These results will hugely benefit policymakers and urban planners in helping create solutions to the city’s flooding problem and the looming water crisis.

Semi-Detail Soil Survey and Land Suitability Evaluation for Sugarcane Production at Tungan Ahmadu District, Koko-Besse LGA Kebbi State Nigeria

A semi-detailed soil survey and land suitability evaluation for sugarcane production was conducted at Tungan Ahmadu Koko-Besse LGA, of Kebbi State Nigeria to obtain comprehensive soil data for characterization and classification. The aim was to generate detailed information on the properties, genesis, land characteristics, and classification of soils for their suitability for sugarcane production. The study was carried out in a 4,000ha land area. An interval of 250x250m was used for augering and surface sampling of the soils at a scale of 1:25.000. In each soil mapping unit that was identified a soil profile pit was dug, described and soils sampled in each horizon from bottom-up, to minimize contamination by falling debris and was analyzed in the laboratory. Each soil profile pit was dug to a standard size (200 cm long, 100 cm wide, and a maximum depth of 200 cm or until an impenetrable layer or water table was encountered. Each pit was described regarding its full range of morphological characteristics according to International Standard these include soil depth, horizon thickness, the color of matrix and mottles, texture, structure, consistency, porosity, included materials, roots, and horizon boundary. In addition, records of vegetation/land use, slope, depth to the water table, and internal drainage status was obtained for each profile. Measured variables in the data set were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means and weighted average. Seven soil mapping units tagged TGA1, TGA2, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5, TGA6, and TGA7 were identified based on landforms and soil properties. The soils are slightly acidic (6.30) to moderately acidic (5.60) had low total nitrogen, organic carbon, and CEC hence low fertility. The soils in the study area are moderately deep, poorly drained, and generally loamy sand to sandy in texture. Based on the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification system, three soil units were identified as TGA1, TGA4, TGA5 and TGA6 (Haplustepts), TGA2 and TGA7 (Haplustalfs), and TGA3 (Terriorthents) which correlate according to the World Reference Base (WRB) as Luvisols, Arenosols, and Fluvisols respectively. Analyses on climate, topography, physical soil properties, wetness and fertility suitability at the research site returned results of TGA2, TGA3, TGA4, TGA5 and TGA6, moderately suitable (S2) while TGA1 and TGA7 are marginally suitable (S3) with limited factors of physical and chemical properties.

Soil Survey and Land Suitability Evaluation for Sugar Cane Production at Zagga District, Bagudo Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Semi-detail soil survey and land suitability evaluation for sugarcane production was carried out in Zagga, Bagudo LGA of Kebbi State Nigeria at scale of 1:25,000 on 8,000 ha of land. The objectives were to describe the morphological and chemical properties of the soils. The entire study area was classified in to five soil units named as ZG1, ZG2, ZG3, ZG4, and ZG5. Surface soil samples were examined and collected from 0-15cm, 15-30cm depth using soil auger at 200x200m interval. Five soil profile pits were dug, described and soils sampled from bottom up, to minimized contamination by falling debris. Each soil profile pit was described based on horizon thickness, depth, colour of matrix and mottles, consistency, included materials, roots, horizon boundary, vegetation/ land use, slope, depth to water table and drainage status. The soils are slightly acidic (6.30) to moderately acidic (5.60). The total nitrogen, organic carbon, available phosphorus, and basic cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) were low to moderately low according to guidelines for nutrient rating and interpretation for Nigerian soils. The soils were moderately drained. According to USDA soil taxonomy classification the soils of ZG 1 and ZG 2 were classified as Dystrustepts while ZG 3, ZG 4 and ZG 5 were classified as Haplustepts and correlated with World Reference Based System as Arenosols and Luvisols. ZG1 and ZG2 were named as moderately suitable (S2) while ZG3, ZG4 and ZG5 were marginally suitable (S3) according to the guidelines of land suitability evaluation for sugarcane production.

Characterization of prairie pothole inundation using AnnAGNPS under varying management and drainage scenarios

Farmed prairie potholes are small, isolated depressions frequently classified as semi-permanent wetlands that make up a significant portion of land area in the Des Moines Lobe (DML) of the larger Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). Historically, these depressions have been subjected to significant drainage to improve their agricultural capacity. However, many assessments of the economic return of continuing to farm these depressions suggest that continued attempts to produce conventional row crops is not profitable and has other ecological consequences beyond crop drownout. This study expands the existing discussion of land use and drainage alternatives in a watershed modeling context. This study utilized the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model to individually simulate the long-term hydrology of 6 prairie potholes using a matrix of land use and drainage modifications. Results suggest the presence of artificial drainage is the dominant factor in prairie pothole hydrology, while retirement and no-till practices can provide moderate reductions in flood inundation. Conservation tillage induces minimal change on flood metrics. Results show that average annual maximum inundated surface area is reduced by at most 50% across all simulations and the median annual days flooded could be reduced by 25 days, though this is less consistent when isolating high-precipitation years. Regardless of drainage status, in all scenarios there are, on average, more than two inundations events per year lasting 2–4 days. Longer events occur approximately once per year on average. Area inundation frequency curves suggest up to a 20% reduction in maximum pothole area inundated annually can be achieved at the 2-year return frequency. The availability of this data helps characterize the hydrology of farmed potholes more generally over a wide range of conditions, providing a reference for the prioritization of potholes for conservation or alternative management.

Drainage class and soil phosphorus availability shape microbial communities in Irish grasslands

Soil drainage and phosphorus (P) availability are considered indicators of management intensity in pasture-based agriculture supporting livestock. However, microbial adaptations to P-availability according to soil drainage class are rarely investigated. We hypothesized that well-drained grasslands with high P-availability will sustain a distinctive soil microbiota when compared to poorly-drained grasslands with low-P availability. The relationship between soil drainage, plant available P and grassland microbial communities was evaluated among well-drained sites with high- or low-P and poorly-drained sites with high- or low-P, using fingerprinting, next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR. Bacterial community structures were primarily affected by drainage as well as significantly separated between a combination of drainage and P availability i.e. low-P and poorly drained versus high-P and well drained. Abundance of the bacterial phylum Actinobacteria was significantly higher in well-drained high-P soils while Firmicutes were more abundant in well-drained low-P soils. Soil fungal communities responded to both drainage status and plant available P. Fungal phyla such as Basidiomycota responded strongly towards availability of P, while Glomeromycota were most abundant in poorly drained low-P soils. The diversity of the alkaline phosphatase gene phoD responded more clearly to drainage than availability of P. Of the other environmental factors, soil pH significantly affected the bacterial and fungal communities structure analyzed. This study suggests that while bacteria and fungi are affected by a combination of soil drainage and P availability in Irish grassland soils, drainage has a more profound influence on bacterial communities than P availability.

Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, and N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient – a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest

Abstract. Tropical forest soils are an important source and sink of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with tropical montane forests, in particular, having been poorly studied. The understanding of this ecosystem function is of vital importance for future climate change research. In this study, we explored soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in four tropical forest sites located on the western flanks of the Andes in northern Ecuador. The measurements were carried out during the dry season from August to September 2018 and along an altitudinal gradient from 400 to 3010 m a.s.l. (above sea level). During this short-term campaign, our measurements showed (1) an unusual but marked increase in CO2 emissions at high altitude, possibly linked to changes in soil pH and/or root biomass, (2) a consistent atmospheric CH4 sink over all altitudes with high temporal and spatial variability, and (3) a transition from a net N2O source to sink along the altitudinal gradient. Our results provide arguments and insights for future and more detailed studies on tropical montane forests. Furthermore, they stress the relevance of using altitudinal transects as a biogeochemical open-air laboratory with a steep in situ environmental gradient over a limited spatial distance. Although short-term studies of temporal variations can improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the production and consumption of soil GHGs, the inclusion of more rigorous sampling for forest management events, forest rotation cycles, soil type, hydrological conditions and drainage status, ground vegetation composition and cover, soil microclimate, and temporal (seasonality) and spatial (topographic positions) variability is needed in order to obtain more reliable estimates of the CO2, CH4, and N2O source/sink strength of tropical montane forests.

191. oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections as a Consequence of Intravenous Drug Use: A Retrospective Study to Demonstrate Noninferiority

BackgroundSkin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious complications of intravenous drug use (IVDU). Given its polymicrobial nature, studies focusing on SSTIs in the general population may not be generalizable this group. We completed a retrospective chart review to better characterize the safety and efficacy of oral versus intravenous (IV) antibiotics for the treatment SSTIs in IVDU.MethodsWe reviewed patients admitted with bacterial SSTIs and IVDU from January 01, 2012 to December 31, 2019 based on ICD-10 codes. SSTIs complicated by bacteremia, endocarditis, bone or joint involvement on index admission were excluded. Patients who received < 48 hours of IV antibiotics were considered oral therapy, otherwise they were considered IV therapy. Patient comorbidities, incision and drainage (I&D) status, substance use, microbiology and antimicrobial data were reviewed.ResultsOf 231 eligible patients, 84 received oral therapy. There was no statistical difference in patient characteristics between the two therapy groups. Streptococcus anginosus group were the most common organisms found (33%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31%). There was no statistical difference between rates of readmission (p=0.87), recurrent primary site infection (p=1.00), repeat debridement (p=0.08) or occurrence of deep-seated infections within 90 days of treatment completion. No morality was observed. The oral group had shorter length of stay (3 vs. 5 days, p < 0.001) and shorter total duration of antibiotics (10 vs. 13 days, p < 0.001). Overall, 90% of those with abscess underwent I&D, which did not differ between therapy groups. Time to I&D was shorter (0 vs. 1 day, p=0.005) in the oral group. Patients who did not receive and I&D were more likely to be readmitted within 90 days (p=0.025).ConclusionIn SSTIs related to IVDU, oral antibiotic therapy was noninferior to IV in terms of mortality, readmission, and deep-seated infection rates within 90 days of treatment completion and had a decreased length of stay and total treatment duration. A delay in I&D led to increased length of stay and lack of I&D increased readmission rate. Therefore, a prompt I&D may allow a safe and effective early transition to oral therapy in SSTIs related to IVDU.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Assessment of the Hydraulic Performance of the Drainage System in Dire Dawa Town

The constructed drainage structure was expected to carry the design discharge which generated from the catchment area and dispose safely to the outlet points. The study has mainly focused to assessing current status of drainage system and evaluates the hydraulic performance of the drainage system. The rational methods have been used to calculate proposed discharge and HY-8 software used for culvert analysis. The current drainage status of the towns was poor, the road performance was reduced to deliver, the service life of the road reduced, and the cost for maintaining the road increased, the compression between the proposed and existed carrying capacity of drainage structures showed that the exist drainage structures are hydraulically insufficient. HY 8 result shows the existed culvert was hydraulically insufficient and 50-63.5% of the proposed peak discharge overtopped and flows on the road. Keywords: Poor drainage, Road performance, Hydraulic Performance DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-11-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Identifying artificially drained pasture soils using machine learning and Earth observation imagery

In many areas of the globe, the installation of artificial drains on naturally poorly drained soils is a necessary part of farm management. Identifying the location of artificially drained areas is an important step in achieving environmentally sustainable agricultural production. However, in many regions, data on the presence or the distribution of artificial drainage systems are rare. We outline an approach to identify artificially drained soils using Earth observation (EO) satellite imagery and digital elevation data. The method exploits the contrasting phenology of grass during a peak growth stage to identify artificially drained and undrained soils. Two machine-learning techniques, support vector machine and random forest, were tested. Classification accuracy up to 91% was achieved using photointerpreted accuracy points using higher resolution satellite imagery. Additional investigations would be required to establish whether the drained conditions identified were a result of artificial drainage or from naturally well-drained soils occurring within larger soil units. Herein, the Republic of Ireland is used as a test case. Based on our findings, the area of artificially drained grassland within the study area could be revised upward, with 44% (or ∼345 , 000 ha) of pasture currently classed as “poorly drained” identified as “artificially drained.” At one location, a change in the modeled drainage condition at field level was demonstrated following drain installation. The presented method demonstrates the ability of EO satellites to quickly and accurately map field drainage status at farm management scales over a wide area. This has the potential to improve management decisions at local scales, but also has implications in terms of national policy development and regulation in areas such as water quality and climate change mitigation.

A century of National Forest Inventory in Norway \u2013 informing past, present, and future decisions

PastIn the early twentieth century, forestry was one of the most important sectors in Norway and an agitated discussion about the perceived decline of forest resources due to over-exploitation was ongoing. To base the discussion on facts, the young state of Norway established Landsskogtakseringen – the world’s first National Forest Inventory (NFI). Field work started in 1919 and was carried out by county. Trees were recorded on 10 m wide strips with 1–5 km interspaces. Site quality and land cover categories were recorded along each strip. Results for the first county were published in 1920, and by 1930 most forests below the coniferous tree line were inventoried. The 2nd to 5th inventories followed in the years 1937–1986. As of 1954, temporary sample plot clusters on a 3 km × 3 km grid were used as sampling units.PresentThe current NFI grid was implemented in the 6th NFI from 1986 to 1993, when permanent plots on a 3 km × 3 km grid were established below the coniferous tree line. As of the 7th inventory in 1994, the NFI is continuous, and 1/5 of the plots are measured annually. All trees with a diameter ≥ 5 cm are recorded on circular, 250 m2 plots. The NFI grid was expanded in 2005 to cover alpine regions with 3 km × 9 km and 9 km × 9 km grids. In 2012, the NFI grid within forest reserves was doubled along the cardinal directions. Clustered temporary plots are used periodically to facilitate county-level estimates. As of today, more than 120 variables are recorded in the NFI including bilberry cover, drainage status, deadwood, and forest health. Land-use changes are monitored and trees outside forests are recorded.FutureConsiderable research efforts towards the integration of remote sensing technologies enable the publication of the Norwegian Forest Resource Map since 2015, which is also used for small area estimation at the municipality level. On the analysis side, capacity and software for long term growth and yield prognosis are being developed. Furthermore, we foresee the inclusion of further variables for monitoring ecosystem services, and an increasing demand for mapped information. The relatively simple NFI design has proven to be a robust choice for satisfying steadily increasing information needs and concurrently providing consistent time series.

The influence of unsaturated zone drainage status on denitrification and the redox succession in shallow groundwater

Since nitrate is a major agricultural freshwater contaminant, denitrification is the environmentally most important step in the ecological succession of redox processes that can occur in groundwater. Understanding where and to what extent denitrification occurs would enable spatially differentiated land management and regulation. We investigated in a dairy farming catchment in the North Island of New Zealand the influence of the unsaturated zone's drainage status on the redox succession in shallow groundwater along a well transect spanning drainage conditions from well drained to very poorly drained. Groundwater samples were analysed for a variety of parameters including nitrate, tritium, dinitrogen, argon, methane and nitrous oxide.The redox classification based on measured redox-sensitive parameters broadly matched the a priori assessed drainage status of the overlying unsaturated zone. Only the groundwater underlying the well-drained soil was oxic and reflected the N losses from the intensive pastoral land use, with nitrate nitrogen concentrations up to 9.6 mg L−1. All other sites had mildly to strongly reduced groundwater and concomitantly decreasing or low nitrate concentrations, even at the water table.The tritium-derived mean residence time (MRT) estimates for the oxic groundwater (12 and 14 y) were within the range found in mildly reduced groundwater from the imperfectly drained sites (6–24 y), with the exception of one sample from below an aquitard (105 y). In contrast, the strongly reduced groundwater observed at the poorly and very poorly drained sites was relatively immobile (55 to >110 y).Denitrification was confirmed by the nitrate dual isotope signatures, and by the occurrence of excess dinitrogen, and likely occurred in both the unsaturated and saturated zones. A coherent sampling scheme throughout the unsaturated zone – saturated zone continuum should be used in future studies to allow ascertaining the exact location of denitrification activity in vertical profiles.