Drain Removal Research Articles

Intravenous versus oral tranexamic acid in elderly transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion patients: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundTranexamic acid (TXA) can effectively reduce intraoperative blood loss and transfusion rates. However, in spinal surgery, the number of surgical levels can significantly influence intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, particularly among the elderly, contributing to the persistently high rate of transfusion during the perioperative period. To verify the safety and efficacy of different application methods of TXA in elderly patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), a prospective cohort study was conducted. MethodsA total of 958 patients undergoing TLIF were randomly assigned to receive 2 g of oral TXA two hours before surgery or 15 mg/kg of intravenous TXA 30 min before surgery, or to a control group. The samples were further divided into three categories based on the number of fused segments (one-level fusion, two-level fusion, and three-level fusion). The primary outcomes were the total blood loss and transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative blood loss, postoperative blood loss, drainage volume, time until drain removal, perioperative transfusion volume, length of stay, thrombotic events, and other adverse events. Results336 patients received intravenous TXA and 314 patients were received oral TXA. Patient demographic factors were similar between groups. In the one-level fusion surgery cohort, comparisons across the three groups revealed no statistically significant disparities in total blood loss, transfusion rates, or drainage volumes (P > 0.05). In both two-level and three-level fusion surgeries, patients administered with TXA experienced a notably reduced perioperative bleeding compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Interestingly, a significant disparity was observed in the drainage volumes between the intravenous and oral administration groups (P = 0.026), specifically within the context of two and three-level fusion procedures. ConclusionIn elderly patients undergoing TLIF surgery, both intravenous and oral administrations of TXA are safe and effective. Oral TXA, being more economical and non-invasive compared to intravenous injection, holds promise for clinical use.

Data‐driven prediction of prolonged air leak after video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer: Development and validation of machine‐learning‐based models using real‐world data through the ePath system

AbstractIntroductionThe reliability of data‐driven predictions in real‐world scenarios remains uncertain. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine‐learning‐based model for predicting clinical outcomes using real‐world data from an electronic clinical pathway (ePath) system.MethodsAll available data were collected from patients with lung cancer who underwent video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery at two independent hospitals utilizing the ePath system. The primary clinical outcome of interest was prolonged air leak (PAL), defined as drainage removal more than 2 days post‐surgery. Data‐driven prediction models were developed in a cohort of 314 patients from a university hospital applying sparse linear regression models (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, ridge, and elastic net) and decision tree ensemble models (random forest and extreme gradient boosting). Model performance was then validated in a cohort of 154 patients from a tertiary hospital using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration plots.ResultsTo mitigate bias, variables with missing data related to PAL or those with high rates of missing data were excluded from the dataset. Fivefold cross‐validation indicated improved AUROCs when utilizing key variables, even post‐imputation of missing data. Dichotomizing continuous variables enhanced performance, particularly when fewer variables were employed in the decision tree ensemble models. Consequently, regression models incorporating seven key variables in complete case analysis demonstrated superior discriminatory ability for both internal (AUROCs: 0.77–0.84) and external cohorts (AUROCs: 0.75–0.84). These models exhibited satisfactory calibration in both cohorts.ConclusionsThe data‐driven prediction model implementing the ePath system exhibited adequate performance in predicting PAL post‐video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery, optimizing variables and considering population characteristics in a real‐world setting.

Delayed gastric emptying risk stratification in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after pancreatoduodenectomy: An international validation cohort study.

Currently, there is still a lack of an accurate predictive model for delayed gastric emptying (DGE) following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of this study was to develop a concise model that could effectively predict the risk of DGE. This retrospective cohort study included a training cohort of 1251 consecutive PDAC patients who underwent PD from the US multicenter ACS-NSQIP database. Additionally, a validation cohort of 934 consecutive PDAC patients who underwent PD was included from the National Cancer Center in China. A total of 46 perioperative indicators were incorporated in the analysis. The DGE risk stratification (DGERS) model was then developed and validated using Lasso-logistic regression. After screening using Lasso-logistic regression, we identified four independent predictors that were significantly correlated with DGE: days to pancreatic drain removal (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08; p<0.001), pancreatic fistula (HR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.65-4.12; p<0.001), sepsis/septic shock (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.52-3.91; p<0.001), and reoperation (HR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.27-7.57; p<0.001). Based on these factors, we developed a nomogram to predict postoperative DGE. The model demonstrated excellent calibration and optimal performance in the validation cohorts (AUC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67-0.73). In the validation cohort, the DGERS exhibited significant risk stratification ability, with AUC values of 0.7, 0.61, and 0.74 for the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. This study identified four factors that independently increased the occurrence of DGE in patients with PDAC after PD, including days to pancreatic drain removal, pancreatic fistula, sepsis/septic shock, and reoperation. Based on these findings, we developed a personalized and straightforward DGERS that enables dynamic and precise prediction of DGE risk, allowing for effective stratification of individuals based on their risk profiles.

Prophylactic intra-abdominal drainage during pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Prophylactic abdominal drainage during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a common treatment strategy for pancreatic fistula. However, its benefits and safety have been the subject of debate. The objective of this meta-analysis and system review is to assess the effects of prophylactic drainage, various types of drainage (active and passive), and the timing of drainage removal (early and late) on the postoperative outcomes of PD. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases as of April 28, 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing prophylactic abdominal drainage, different drainage patterns, and the timing of drainage removal after PD were included, and the postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to aggregate dichotomous outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed- and random-effects models. Results: Nine RCTs, including a total of 1638 patients, were incorporated in our study. The meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences in postoperative outcomes between the closed-suction drain (CSD) group and the passive drain to gravity (PDG) group. Compared to the late drain removal (LDR) group, the early drain removal (EDR) group had a significant reduction in the incidence of Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.20 to 0.79; P=0.009), morbidity (OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.20 to 0.84; P=0.01) and intra-abdominal infection (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.22 to 0.75; P=0.004). For the group of present of drainage and the group of absent of drainage, the patient inclusion criteria of the included studies were too heterogeneous, making meta-analysis inappropriate. Conclusion: The existing evidence is insufficient to negate the necessity of prophylactic drainage after PD. The meta-analysis did not show superiority of any specific approaches of drainage tube. But this review did indicate that patients benefit from EDR in terms of CR-POPF, morbidity and intra-abdominal infection. EDR was recommended for low/intermediate risk patients.

Decision-making concordance in thoracic drain management: is necessary previous experience?

IntroductionProper management of thoracic drainages is essential in the recovery of patients after lung resection. This study evaluates the concordance in decision-making for drain removal depending on the type of drainage system used and the previous experience of the personnel. Material and methodsProspective, comparative, and stratified randomization study on interobserver variability between senior specialist doctors and inexperienced healthcare personnel in the removal of thoracic drains in patients undergoing lung resection connected to conventional systems (CS) or digital systems (DS) with continuous recording. The withdrawal criteria were established before the study, and decisions were recorded during three postoperative days. Results75 patients were included, 38 CS and 37 DS, with no statistically significant differences in sex distribution, age, intervention performed, presence of pleuropulmonary adhesions, drain time, or post-extraction complications between the groups. The overall concordance in drain removal decisions was moderate (kappa = 0.452), with notable variations in concordance depending on the drainage system used: CS (kappa = 0.188) with an overall agreement rate of 61.7% compared to DS (kappa = 0.716) with an overall agreement rate of 86.4%. Digital systems showed substantial concordance regardless of the operator's experience, with kappa values indicating high concordance on all postoperative days. ConclusionsThe use of digital systems for managing thoracic drains significantly improves concordance in clinical decision-making regardless of the experience level. These findings suggest that adopting digital systems not only optimizes patient safety but also reduces the dependence on highly specialized healthcare professionals.

Endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound for embedded or migratory digestive foreign body.

Embedded or migratory ingested foreign bodies (FBs) may be a disaster when not found intraluminally and can be seriously life-threatening. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has advantages of transmural, close range and real-time imaging. Under its guidance, minimally invasive endoscopic removal of FBs and abscess drainage become available and safe to avoid unnecessary surgery. However, relatively few diagnostic applications of EUS have been reported. Endoscopic removal and abscess drainage with or without EUS-guidance were even scarce. We found 21 cases of migratory FBs reported in which EUS was used to diagnose and/or treat including our case. We further summarized clinical characteristics and EUS manifestations of embedded or migratory FBs for future differentiation, and treatment strategies by endoscopy and EUS. EUS is a valuable tool in recognizing and differentiating embedded or migratory FBs. EUS-guided endoscopic removal is a minimally invasive, safe and innovative solution. EUS with novel device also assists in sufficient and secure drainage for FBs related abscess collections. A multidisciplinary team consult is sometimes mandatory for complicated cases. This would break a conceptual barrier in therapeutic endoscopy.

Implementation of modified enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) following surgery for abdominal trauma; Assessment of feasibility and outcomes: A randomized controlled trial (RCT)

BackgroundEnhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) is a set of multiple perioperative care component not a rigid protocol with improved outcomes for elective surgeries. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and outcomes in trauma patients undergoing laparotomy. Study designProspective single-centre randomized controlled trial(RCT). Patients undergoing emergency laparotomy following trauma were randomized into ERAS(early removal of catheters, early mobilization and initiation of diet, use of opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia) and conventional care groups 24 ​h post-surgery. Outcome measures included length of hospitalization(LOH), recovery of bowel function, duration of removal of catheters and 30-day complications(Clavien-Dindo). ResultsFifty patients were randomized into ERAS(n ​= ​25) and conventional care(n ​= ​25) groups. Ninety-two percent of patients were young males, 58 ​% had blunt trauma to the abdomen and the most common indication of surgery was hollow viscus injury(88 ​%). ERAS group had a reduced median LOH(days) (6 versus 8, p ​= ​0.007), early recovery of bowel function(p ​= ​0.010) and shorter times for nasogastric tube(p ​= ​0.001), urinary catheter(p ​= ​0.007) and drain(p ​= ​0.006) removal. The complications were comparable in both groups except for deep surgical site infection[significantly lower in ERAS group(p ​= ​0.009)]. ConclusionERAS is safe and significantly reduces LOH in select trauma patients undergoing laparotomy.

Role of Spinal Surgery Drainage Techniques in Postoperative Outcomes: Insights From a Comprehensive Literature Review.

Postoperative management often demands the introduction of several strategies in an attempt to minimize complication rates. One of the routine strategies includes the use of spinal drains, which have been questioned for their efficacy in improving postoperative outcomes. However, its role in postoperative outcomes is still debated. In general, this elucidation of an extensive literature review supports the synthesis of current evidence regarding the role of spinal drains in infection rates, hematoma formation, and overall patient recovery. A comprehensive search of PubMed from 2000 to 2024 was performed, focusing on studies investigating the use of spinal drains in spinal surgeries and their associated postoperative outcomes. It followed the guidelines outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The inclusion criteria were studies related to spinal surgeries, excluding case reports, reviews, and editorials, and limited to articles published in English. Quality assessment was performed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. A total of 19 studies were included, with different designs and varied sample sizes. The sample size was from 25 to 2,446 patients. Findings on infection rates were mixed; while one group of studies showed no significant differences in patients with and without drains, another group showed a reduced rate of reoperation for surgical site infections in patients with drains. In general, hematoma formation rates were reported to be the same across groups, while a few studies indicated that drains were more effective in managing wound exudates compared to no drains. Recovery outcomes indicated that patients who had a wound drain were more likely to stay in the hospital longer, although an improvement was noticed with time-driven wound drain removal, which resulted in shorter hospital stays and earlier ambulation. The use of spinal drains in postoperative spinal surgery presents both benefits and drawbacks. Spinal drains can assist in the management of wound exudates, and earlier detection of infection complications increases hospital stays and complications. Indeed, whether to use spinal drains or not should be an individual decision, weighing the potential benefits and risks. Future studies need to be done in order to establish clear guidelines for the use of drainage systems in various spinal surgical cases.

Routine conventional leak test is not required for robotic major pulmonary resections.

We retrospectively evaluated whether or not conventional air leak testing is necessary in robotic major pulmonary resections. After excluding patients who received 2 or more days of postoperative drainage for chylothorax or excessive pleural effusion, 578 patients who underwent major pulmonary resection using minimally invasive approaches between February 2019 and November 2023 at our institution were included in this study. All patients were divided into two groups including thoracoscopic (n = 471) and robotic (n = 107) approaches. Conventional air leak testing was performed in all patients in the thoracoscopic approach but not in the robotic approach. After propensity score matching of patient backgrounds between the two groups, perioperative outcomes were compared (n = 100 each). The primary endpoint was the rate of drain removal on postoperative day (POD) 2 or later. In addition, factors associated with drain removal on POD 2 or later in the robotic group were identified. The rate of drain removal at POD 2 or later was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.011). Multivariable analysis to identify factors associated with drain removal at POD2 or later in the robotic approach showed that sealant application (p = 0.002) and lobectomy (vs. segmentectomy, p = 0.034) were significantly associated. In conclusion, even in the absence of air leak testing, a robotic approach for major lung resections can result in a drain removal rate on the day of surgery or POD1 that is comparable to a conventional thoracoscopic approach. However, it may be useful in selected patients requiring sealant placement or undergoing lobectomy.

ThP4.13 - To drain or not to drain?! Selective Abdominal Drainage Reduces Morbidity and Re-interventions in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Bile Duct Exploration

Abstract Aims To evaluate the indications and benefits of sub-hepatic drainage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) and bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Methods Utilisation of drains in a prospective database of LC and LCBDE was reviewed. The occurrence of postcholecystectomy bile leakage (PCBL) and abdominal collections was analysed. Results 52.5 % of 6140 patients had drains. PCBL occurred in 43 (1.3%). 20 leaks had choledochotomy LCBDE; 16 before drain removal (10 settling spontaneously, 3 requiring ERCP, 3 relaparoscopy). All 4 occurring after drain removal required percutaneous drains (PCD) or ERCPs. 12 leaks had transcystic explorations; 10 before drain removal (8 settling spontaneously, 1 ERCP, 1 PCD) and 2 after drain removal (1 settled, 1 needed ERCP). 11 PCBLs had LC only; 9 still had drains (6 settled, 1 PCD, 1 ERCP, 1 relaparoscopy) and 2 after drain removal needing relaparoscopy and ERCP. Drains allowed early detection and spontaneous resolution in 24 patients (55.8%) and early detection and intervention prevented serious morbidity in 11 (25.6%). 7 of 8 PCBLs after drain removal required reintervention. 2915 (47.5%) had no drains. 6 had PCBL (0.2%); 5 needing multiple reinterventions; 3 PCD, 2 ERCPs and 3 relaparoscopies. Drains caused complications in six patients (0.18%); one retracted into the abdomen needing relaparoscopy, two drain site infections and 3 had significant pain disappearing when drains were removed. Collections other than PCBL occurred in 19 patients; 8 with drains and 11 after drain removal. They were treated conservatively (9), by PCD (8) or relaparoscopy (2). Conclusions Careful selective abdominal drainage after advanced biliary surgery allows early detection of collections, minimising morbidity and reintervention.

Examining the Ecosystem-Scale GHG Exchange Following the Acrotelm Harvesting Method (ACM) in Eastern Quebec

Traditional horticultural peat production involves the removal of vegetation and drainage of peatlands, resulting in significant ecological disturbances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Acrotelm Harvesting Method (ACM) was developed as a more sustainable alternative, designed to reduce these impacts by allowing peat extraction without large-scale ecosystem alterations. However, the ACM still necessitates the passage of machinery over the peat, potentially disturbing surface vegetation and altering the carbon dynamics. My project, based at a field site near Baie-Comeau, QC, represents the first comprehensive assessment of the ACM’s impact on net ecosystem exchanges of main GHGs. I focused on evaluating the ecosystem-scale effects by analyzing data collected from paired eddy covariance towers installed at both the control (unharvested) and harvested sites. These towers provide temporally continuous, spatially integrated flux measurements. Preliminary findings indicate that the site subjected to ACM exhibits altered surface topography, leading to overall wetter conditions, compaction of hummocks, and vegetation damage. These changes have resulted in reduced carbon dioxide uptake and increased methane emissions at the harvested site. Through the analysis and interpretation of this data, my research contributes to a better understanding of the ACM’s environmental impact and its potential as a sustainable peatland management strategy. This research was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Ian Strachan in the Atmospheric Environmental Research (AER) lab.

A single-centre retrospective study of the utility of routine chest X-ray post intrathoracic drain removal in cardiothoracic surgical patients.

Routine chest X-ray (CXR) post intrathoracic drain removal in cardiac surgical patients is common practice to identify the presence of a pneumothorax following drain removal. Such pneumothoraces occur infrequently and rarely require intervention. We investigated the utility of routine CXR post drain removal and hypothesised that the practice is unnecessary and a possible area for significant cost saving. We conducted a single-centre, retrospective study of 390 patients who underwent cardiac surgery over a one-year period. Routine CXR post drain removal was reviewed for the presence of a pneumothorax. Rates of intervention post routine CXR were analysed to assess for clinical benefit obtained from this practice. Potential cost savings were calculated by the cost of a mobile CXR and by considering the radiographer's time. There were 15 pneumothoraces detected on routine CXR post drain removal. All pneumothoraces detected on routine post drain removal CXR were defined as small. No patients had a clinically significant pneumothorax requiring re-insertion of a chest drain. The potential cost saved by omitting routine CXR post drain removal was estimated to be approximately A$7750 per year. This study did not detect any clinically significant pneumothoraces requiring intervention. It also suggests that routine CXR post drain removal does not provide any clinical benefit and indicates that current practice should be reviewed.

552. COMPARING ROBOTIC ESOPHAGECTOMY TO VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: RESULTS FROM THE REVATE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Abstract Background The treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) includes dissecting lymph nodes along the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), which is oncologically important but is technical demanding. Vocal cord palsy as a result from RLN injury, carries significant morbidities. This randomized clinical trial (RCT) compared the efficacy and safety of robotic esophagectomy (RE) and video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy (VATE) for performing RLN lymph node dissection (LND) Methods We conducted a multicenter RCT(NCT03713749) from November 2018 to March 2022, enrolling patients with ESCC who required McKeown esophagectomy. The primary endpoint was to determine the success rate of left RLN LND. Success was defined as the removal of lymph nodes confirmed by pathology, without causing permanent nerve palsy (duration &amp;gt; 6 months). Secondary endpoints encompassed perioperative and oncological outcomes. Results The per-protocol analysis included data from 203 patients (RE group: n=103; VATE group: n=100). The primary endpoint was achieved in 88.3% of the RE group and 69% of the VATE group (p&amp;lt;0.001). Additionally, the RE group had a higher mediastinal lymph node harvest (16 [12−22] versus 14 [10−20], p=0.04), shorter thoracic operating time (110 [89−137] min versus 124[103.5−154] min, p=0.004), and earlier drainage removal (4 [3−7] days versus 6 [4−9] days, p=0.007) compared to the VATE group. The two study arms exhibited comparable complication rates with no recorded in-hospital deaths in either group. Conclusion This multicenter trial demonstrates the effectiveness of RE in enhancing the feasibility and safety of RLN LND in ESCC. Additionally, RE leads to an improved mediastinal lymphadenectomy, shorter operating times, and earlier removal of drainage.

A case report of a bleeding case after removal of chest drain after lung surgery.

Postoperative bleeding after lobectomy is relatively rare. By analyzing and discussing the case history and management of hemorrhagic shock caused by chest tube removal after lobectomy, we can achieve the purpose of preventing postoperative bleeding after thoracic surgery and reducing postoperative complications, which can help avoid the risk of second surgery, shorten the patient's hospital stay, reduce the cost of medical care, and improve the patient's quality of life. A case of bleeding from tube removal after lobectomy. The bleeding from chest drain removal on the 3rd day after thoracoscopic lobectomy resulted in hemorrhagic shock, which was stopped by thoracoscopic exploration again under active antishock, and there was no recurrence of bleeding after the operation, and the patient was discharged from the hospital after chest drain removal. Enhanced computed tomography of the chest revealed a space-occupying lesion in the middle lobe of the right lung. Thoracoscopy was performed again on the condition of active anti-shock. On the third day after thoracoscopic lobectomy, the patient underwent removal of the chest drain and subsequently experienced hemorrhagic shock. Given the necessity of maintaining anti-shock measures, the patient was subjected to a second thoracoscopic exploration with the objective of halting the hemorrhage. Following this procedure, the patient did not present with any further episodes of bleeding. Subsequently, a new chest drain was placed, and once the drainage flow had diminished to an acceptable level, the chest drain was removed. The patient subsequently made a full recovery and was discharged from the hospital. Even if the safely inserted drain tube is removed, the thoracic surgeon must be aware of possible vascular bleeding.

Checking vesicourethral anastomosis for urinary extravasation during radical prostatectomy: is it still necessary in the robotic era? A prospective, randomized case-control study

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the role of intraoperative control of the watertightness of vesicourethral anastomosis extravasation control (VUAEC) in predicting vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) healing and early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP).Methods100 patients who underwent RARP between October 2020 and May 2023 were consecutively included in the study. Preoperatively, the patients were randomized to undergo VUAEC (Group-A) or not (Group-B). Patients in Group-A were evaluated in 2 subgroups: those with no extravasation observed during VUAEC (Group-A1; n = 31 (62%)) and those with extravasation (Group-A2; n = 19 (38%)). On the 8th post-operative day, a gravity cystogram (GC) was performed on all patients to assess VUA healing.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of clinical features, drain removal time, length of hospital stay, extravasation on GC, catheter removal time and postoperative complications (p > 0.05, for each). There was also no statistically significant difference between the subgroups in terms of drain removal time, length of hospital stays, catheter removal time (p > 0.05, for each). In Group-A2, urinary extravasation on GC was found in a greater percentage, but the difference remained statistically insignificant (p = 0.082).ConclusionsPerforming intraoperative VUAEC did not have a significant role in the prediction of VUA healing and early postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing RARP. The current study did not identify a substantial clinical benefit of routine intraoperative VUAEC.

Source Control and Antibiotics in Intra-Abdominal Infections.

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) account for a major cause of morbidity and mortality, representing the second most common sepsis-related death with a hospital mortality of 23-38%. Prompt identification of sepsis source, appropriate resuscitation, and early treatment with the shortest delay possible are the cornerstones of management of IAIs and are associated with a more favorable clinical outcome. The aim of source control is to reduce microbial load by removing the infection source and it is achievable by using a wide range of procedures, such as definitive surgical removal of anatomic infectious foci, percutaneous drainage and toilette of infected collections, decompression, and debridement of infected and necrotic tissue or device removal, providing for the restoration of anatomy and function. Damage control surgery may be an option in selected septic patients. Intra-abdominal infections can be classified as uncomplicated or complicated causing localized or diffuse peritonitis. Early clinical evaluation is mandatory in order to optimize diagnostic testing and establish a therapeutic plan. Prognostic scores could serve as helpful tools in medical settings for evaluating both the seriousness and future outlook of a condition. The patient's conditions and the potential progression of the disease determine when to initiate source control. Patients can be classified into three groups based on disease severity, the origin of infection, and the patient's overall physical health, as well as any existing comorbidities. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become a global health threat caused by inappropriate antibiotic regimens, inadequate control measures, and infection prevention. The sepsis prevention and infection control protocols combined with optimizing antibiotic administration are crucial to improve outcome and should be encouraged in surgical departments. Antibiotic and antifungal regimens in patients with IAIs should be based on the resistance epidemiology, clinical conditions, and risk for multidrug resistance (MDR) and Candida spp. infections. Several challenges still exist regarding the effectiveness, timing, and patient stratification, as well as the procedures for source control. Antibiotic choice, optimal dosing, and duration of therapy are essential to achieve the best treatment. Promoting standard of care in the management of IAIs improves clinical outcomes worldwide. Further trials and stronger evidence are required to achieve optimal management with the least morbidity in the clinical care of critically ill patients with intra-abdominal sepsis.

Effect of peritoneal drainage on the prognosis following appendectomy in pediatric patients with appendicitis: a retrospective study based on appendicitis grade.

This study aimed to assess the impact of peritoneal drainage and its type on prognosis, encompassing postoperative recovery and complications, in pediatric patients (≤ 16years old) following appendectomy based on the grade of appendicitis. In this retrospective study, we analyzed pediatric patients (≤ 16years old) with appendicitis who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in our center from January 2017 to January 2024 and classified them into grade I-V based on the grade of appendicitis, with V representing the most serious cases. The patients were grouped according to drainage status and type. The main clinical outcomes included postoperative rehabilitation indexes such as time to resume a soft diet, time to remove the drain, duration of postoperative antibiotic use and length of hospitalization (LOH), as well as postoperative complications including intra-abdominal abscess (IAA), ileus and wound infection (WI), and readmission within 30days after surgery. A total of 385 pediatric patients with appendicitis were included in the study and divided into No-drainage (ND) group (n = 74), Passive drainage (PD) group (n = 246) and Active drainage (AD) group (n = 65) according to drainage status and type. Compared to the other two groups, the ND group had a significantly shorter time to resume a soft diet, duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH, and these differences were statistically significant. Similar findings were observed in grade I patients too (P < 0.05). In all cases examined here, the AD group had a significantly shorter time for drain removal compared to the PD group (3.04 [1-12] vs 2.74 [1-15], P = 0.049); this difference was also evident among grade I patients (2.80 [1-6] vs 2.47 [1-9], P = 0.019). Furthermore, within the same grade, only in grade IV did the AD group exhibit a shorter duration of postoperative antibiotic use compared to the PD group (4.75 [4-5] vs 8.33 [5-15], P = 0.009). Additionally, the LOH in the AD group was longer than that in the PD group (8.00 [4-13] vs 4.75 [4-5], P = 0.025). Among all cases, the ND group exhibited significantly lower incidences of overall complications and WI compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the incidence of IAA in the ND group was significantly lower than that in the PD group (0% vs 5.3%, P = 0.008 < 0.0167). Furthermore, although there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of overall complications, IAA, ileus, and WI between the PD and AD groups during grade ≥ II analysis (P > 0.05), a higher readmission rate within 30days was observed in the PD group compared to the AD group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that a higher grade of appendicitis was associated with an increased risk of overall complications and IAA as well as a longer duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH. The appendicitis grade is a crucial indicator for predicting postoperative IAA and LOH. In patients with grade I appendicitis, peritoneal drainage, even if active drainage, is not recommended; For patients with grade ≥ II appendicitis, active drainage may be more effective than passive drainage in reducing the duration of postoperative antibiotic use and LOH.

Suction drain usage has no benefit following revision total hip and knee arthroplasty.

The use of drains after primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has shown little benefit. Few studies have investigated drain usage after revision TJA. The purpose of this study was to determine whether utilizing suction drains is beneficial for patients undergoing revision arthroplasty. We performed a comprehensive literature review utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria of this review were all original articles written in English investigating the efficacy and safety of closed suction drainage in revision TKA or THA, reporting at least one of the following outcome measures: (1) estimated blood loss (EBL), (2) perioperative hemoglobin change, (3) needs for transfusion, (4) postoperative infection, and (5) wound complications. Articles were excluded if they are not available in English or they included case reports, systematic reviews, comments, editorials, surveys, or animal studies prior to July 22, 2023. A total of six studies met inclusion criteria. In total, 655 patients had a drain while 1765 patients did not have a drain after revision total hip or knee arthroplasty. Primary outcomes included for meta-analysis included estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative hemoglobin, need for transfusion. Other data extracted includes postoperative infections, and wound complications. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, 655 patients had drains, while 1765 patients did not after revision total hip or knee arthroplasty. The average age of the patients was 66.1+/- 3.4 years, and the average BMI was 30.3 +/-0.8. There was no difference in postoperative infections (p = 0.14), wound complications (p = 0.621) or need for transfusion (p = 0.521) between the two groups. There was also no difference in EBL (Hedges' g CI[-3.52, 2.77]) or postoperative Hb (Hedges' g CI[-1.65, 2.41]) between patients with and without drains. Our results do not show any benefit from drain placement after revision total hip or knee arthroplasty. With the increased cost, time and need for drain removal, this is likely an unnecessary intervention. Level III, systematic review and meta-analysis.

The use of incisional negative pressure wound therapy on high-risk breast cancer mastectomy patients

BackgroundThe main complications seen in patients who have undergone modified radical mastectomy (MRM) are seroma, surgical site infection, hematoma, wound dehiscence, flap necrosis, and nerve damage. While these complications lead to some problems the most feared effect in the early period is that they cause a delay in adjuvant treatment. Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (iNPWT) decreases wound dehiscence by reducing oedema and tension, especially in the incision line. This study aim to compare recovery times and wound site complications between patients treated with conventional wound dressings and patients treated with iNPWT after MRM. MethodsA retrospective screening was made of the data of 50 patients who underwent MRM because of breast cancer in the General Surgery Clinic of XXX Hospital between 2018 and 2022, and were at high-risk of wound site complications. Two groups were formed as 30 patients applied with iNPWT and 20 patients applied with conventional dressings. ResultsThe mean age of the 50 female patients was 53.58 years (range, 30–80 years). The most frequently seen complications were seroma (20 patients) and partial flap ischaemia (14 patients). The mean number of iNPWT applications was 1.30 (range, 1–2), and the mean number of days of application was 4.47 (range, 2–9). Postoperative seroma was observed in 8 patients in the iNPWT group and in 12 patients in the conventional dressings group (p = 0.018). Flap ischaemia and the probability of dehiscence was determined at a statistically significantly higher rate in the patients in the conventional dressings groups (p = 0.005, p = 0.021). ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated that the use of iNPWT significantly reduced the amount of postoperative drainage, thereby contributing to early drain removal. Furthermore, iNPWT significantly reduced postoperative seroma, flap ischaemia, and flap dehiscence compared to conventional dressings.

Treatment of Leakage Following Sleeve Gastrectomy by Laparo-Endoscopic Gastrostomy (LEG).

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is widely recognized as the leading bariatric procedure worldwide. However, leakage, its major complication, remains a significant concern. This study focuses on the challenges of managing leakage, especially when conventional endoscopic treatments are ineffective. Although a novel one-step approach as reported by Pulimuttil James Zachariah from Wei-Jei Lee's team has demonstrated promise, further investigations and reports on its efficacy are currently insufficient. Between January 2021 and November 2023, we analyzed five patients treated at our center for SG leakage. Patient data include demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, and outcomes. The study details Laparo-Endoscopic Gastrostomy procedures performed post-SG leakage diagnosis, highlighting differences between acute and chronic instances. The study effectively implemented Zachariah's one-step approach, achieving favorable results in all five cases. Patient characteristics, presentation, postoperative progression, and additional treatments were documented. The outcome supports Zachariah's assertion that the one-step approach is a simple, safe, and cost-effective approach for SG leakage, avoiding digestive tract reconstruction. Despite potential limitations, including challenges in closing large defects and extended healing times, the procedure's effectiveness in decompression, drainage, and nutritional support significantly contributes to its elevated healing rate. The study emphasizes the importance of timely abdominal drain removal based on clinical conditions, challenging traditional practices for better clinical outcomes.