Draught Cattle Research Articles

Feeding the Philistine city. An isotopic investigation of animal resources at Ashkelon in the Iron I

The Iron I period (1200–1000 BCE) at the archaeological site of Ashkelon, Israel ushers in the beginnings of Philistine control of the city. Varied taxonomy in the animal bone remains in the context of domestic dwellings at Ashkelon reveals shifting patterns of consumption over time (Hesse and Fulton, 2020;Master and Aja, 2020). One hypothesis suggests that the use of cattle as traction/draught animals as part of an intensive agricultural system led to increased cattle bone remains in the Iron I, and these animals were likely pastured in fields directly related to the city (Hesse and Fulton, 2020). This hypothesis is tested by applying geographical and environmental interpretations to the isotopic composition of tooth enamel (carbon, oxygen and strontium) from domestic animals including cattle, donkeys, sheep and goats (caprines), and pigs. The hypothesis of draught cattle is not supported. While cattle were intensively managed, they were grazed in diverse locations across the landscape not centered around the city of Ashkelon. This specialized production strategy would have necessitated important cooperative social and economic relationships between urban consumers and inland farmers and herders who provided animals to the city.

Analysis of the Management of Cereal Crop Residues on Farms to Optimise Cattle Feed in the Western Cotton Growing Zone of Burkina Faso

Crop residues are insufficiently valorised by farmers in western Burkina Faso, while cattle face a shortage of forage. The aim of this study was to analyse the management of cereal crop residues in cotton-cereal farming to optimise their use as feed for draught cattle. A sample of 72 cotton farmers was selected from nine villages in the study area by the stratification method and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The quantities of cereal crop residue biomass collected by farmers were assessed directly in the field. The results showed that maize and sorghum stalks were predominantly used in cattle feed (86.1 and 90.3%), composting (50 and 44.4%), and mulching (26.9 and 25%), respectively. The average quantities of cereal crop residues stored were 0.83, 0.16, and 1.19 tonnes of dry matter (tDM) for crop farmers, livestock breeders, and agro-pastoralists, respectively, with respective fodder balances of -3.99, -29.05, and -16.99 Tropical Cattle Units (TCU) for the use of cattle, or -0.88, -0.38, and -1.81 TCU for the use of draught cattle during the lean season. Concentrated feed use was 0.20, 0.05, and 0.21 kg/cattle/day; respectively. The main factors influencing the quantities of cereal residues stored on the farms were the size of the cultivated areas and the farmers’ capacity for transportation. Provision of transport equipment and storage infrastructure would therefore appear to be a solution that could improve the level of fodder residue storage, particularly for draught oxen.

Multivariate analysis of morphometric traits of Malaimadu cattle-autochthonous draft cattle of south India.

Malaimadu cattle is a less explored indigenous cattle germplasm reared in the Western Ghats area of Tamil Nadu, south India. This study aimed to analyze the morphological structure of the Malaimadu cattle using a multivariate approach that explains and best represents body conformation. Sixteen body measurements were obtained from 156 adult female cattle from their native breeding tract. The Nearest Neighbor Method of Hierarchical Cluster analysis was used to group the morphometric traits into clusters. Pearson's coefficients of correlation (r) were estimated to determine the phenotypic correlations between different body measurements. Traits were analyzed using varimax rotated principal component analysis (PCA) with Kaiser normalization. Cluster analysis categorizes morphometric traits into two distinct clusters with the first cluster formed by traits related to horns and face, while the second cluster denotes general body conformation. Out of 120 phenotypic correlations, 55 were significant of which 51 were positive correlations. The estimated correlation coefficient ranges between - 0.50 (body length and face width) to 0.85 (chest girth and body weight). PCA extracted six components representing 70.19% of the total variance, while the first principal component comprises chest girth (CG), body weight (BW), height at wither (HW), and Paunch girth (PG) alone accounts for 23.70% thereby describing the general size and shape of the animal. The multivariate approach has proven to be effective in differentiating Malaimadu cattle from other indigenous breeds of south India with clear morphometric differences that help in identifying the pure phenotype for future propagation and also for devising breeding strategies.

Characteristics of Motu cattle, a draft cattle breed of Odisha, India

Characteristics of Motu cattle, a draft cattle breed of Odisha, India

Selection signatures of Qinchuan cattle based on whole-genome sequences

Qinchuan cattle has gradually improved in body shape and growth rate in the long-term breeding process from the draft cattle to beef cattle. As the head of the five local yellow cattle in China, the Qinchuan cattle has been designated as a specialized beef cattle breed. We investigated the selection signatures using whole genome sequencing data in Qinchuan cattle. Based on Fst, we detected hundreds of candidate genes under selection across Qinchuan, Red Angus, and Japanese Black cattle. Through protein-protein interaction analysis and functional annotation of candidate genes, the results revealed that KMT2E, LTBP1 and NIPBL were related to brain size, body characteristics, and limb development, respectively, suggesting that these potential genes may affect the growth and development traits in Qinchuan cattle. ARIH2, DACT1 and DNM2, et al. are related to meat quality. Meanwhile, TBXA2R can be used as a gene associated with reproductive function, and USH2A affect coat color. This provided a glimpse into the formation of breeds and molecular genetic breeding. Our findings will promote genome-assisted breeding to improve animal production and health.

Nutrient Flows and Balances in Mixed Farming Systems in Madagascar

Mixed farming systems are still prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. In these systems, the recycling of nutrients through crop-livestock integration (CLI) practices is crucial for the sustainability of soil fertility and crop production. The objective of this study was to analyze nutrient (N, P, K) flows and balances of mixed farming systems to assess CLI contribution to the performance of those systems. We hypothesized that more intensive farms had a better nutrient balance at the farm level, and that improved biomass management methods improved their nutrient balance. Nine farms in the Madagascar highlands were selected, some corresponding to poor traditional farms with only draft cattle; some small or medium-sized, more intensive farms with a dairy herd; and some of the latter with some improvement to management methods of livestock effluents (manure composting, liquid manure collection). The nutrient balance of the farming systems was determined, and performance indicators were calculated at both farming, livestock, and CLI levels. Results showed that nutrient recycling through CLI is significant in the functioning of the systems studied, contributing primarily to circulating nutrient flows (up to 76%) and leading to greater efficiency and productivity. Nutrient flows resulting from these practices mainly concerned animal feeding (higher than 60% of nutrient flows), even if manure management was central for crop fertilization and that manure remained a desired animal product of these types of farms (up to 100% of animal products). Large negative balances of N and K (up to 80% of inputs) were observed in traditional livestock systems with draft cattle. They were smaller (39–68%) in more intensive dairy farms. Composting of manure did not decrease negative balances, whereas their magnitude was significantly reduced by the collection of liquid manure (19% for N; 42% for K). Better management of biomass at the farm level, in particular the collection of liquid manure, seemed to substantially reduce nutrient losses in MFS.

Phenotypic characterisation of Alambadi cattle—An unexplored indigenous population of south India

Alambadi is one of the draught cattle of south India, distributed unevenly in the hilly tracts of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts of Tamil Nadu and bordering Karnataka, with varying densities. It is a medium-sized animal, with the typical coat colour of iron-grey and distribution of white patches around eyes, above muzzle. The horns were cylindrical, slate-coloured, sloping backwards, spreading sideways and upwards, with a slightly forward slope at the upper half of the horns and ending with a pointed tip. The overall means for body length, chest girth and height at withers of adult bulls, bullocks and cows were 122.96±2.37, 145.50±2.97 and 120.63±1.35; 133.96±2.18,168.15±2.20 and 134.41±2.30; and 127.52±0.47, 152.08±0.48 and 121.39±0.30 cm respectively. The average body weight of adult bulls, bullocks and cows were estimated as 293.96, 376.73 and 312.09 kg respectively. The means for daily partial milk yield, lactation length and estimated lactation milk yield were 2.60±0.01 kg, 171.16 days and 432.30 kg respectively. The overall mean fat, SNF, protein and total solids contents in raw milk were 3.58±0.13, 8.46±0.60, 3.22±0.05 and 12.01±0.13% respectively. The average age at first oestrus, age at first calving and calving interval of Alambadi cows were 3.33±0.07, 4.46±0.08 and 1.47±0.06 years, respectively. The population of Alambadi cattle (5,273) is categorized as ‘not at risk’.

Critical Linkages Between Livestock Production, Livestock Trade and Potential Spread of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Uganda: Bioeconomic Herd Modeling and Livestock Trade Analysis.

Background: Tsetse-transmitted human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains endemic in Uganda. The chronic form caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT) is found in north-western Uganda, whereas the acute zoonotic form of the disease, caused by T. b. brucei rhodesiense (rHAT), occurs in the eastern region. Cattle is the major reservoir of rHAT in Uganda. These two forms of HAT are likely to converge resulting in a public health disaster. This study examines the intricate and intrinsic links between cattle herd dynamics, livestock trade and potential risk of spread of rHAT northwards.Methods: A bio-economic cattle herd model was developed to simulate herd dynamics at the farm level. Semi-structured interviews (n = 310), focus group discussions (n = 9) and key informant interviews (n = 9) were used to evaluate livestock markets (n = 9) as part of the cattle supply chain analysis. The cattle market data was used for stochastic risk analysis.Results: Cattle trade in eastern and northern Uganda is dominated by sale of draft and adult male cattle as well as exportation of young male cattle. The study found that the need to import draft cattle at the farm level was to cover deficits because of the herd structure, which is mostly geared towards animal traction. The importation and exportation of draft cattle and disposal of old adult male cattle formed the major basis of livestock movement and could result in the spread of rHAT northwards. The risk of rHAT infected cattle being introduced to northern Uganda from the eastern region via cattle trade was found to be high (i.e. probability of 1).Conclusion: Through deterministic and stochastic modelling of cattle herd and cattle trade dynamics, this study identifies critical links between livestock production and trade as well as potential risk of rHAT spread in eastern and northern Uganda. The findings highlight the need for targeted and routine surveillance and control of zoonotic diseases such as rHAT.

Identifying draught cattle in the past: Lessons from large-scale analysis of archaeological datasets

PurposeImprove understanding of the links between biological variables (sex, body size and anatomical position) and adaptive remodelling of autopodia, and the identification of traction use in the archaeological record. MethodsA modified version of the recording system for identifying draught cattle in the archaeological record (Bartosiewicz et al., 1997) was applied to a sample of 1509 bones from six sites from medieval England. Analysis focused on identifying correlations between pathological and sub-pathological changes in lower-limb bones in relation to anatomy, sex and body mass. ResultsA correlation between sex, body mass and lower limb bone changes was demonstrated. The need to consider anterior and posterior limb bone elements separately to maximise the potential for identifying cattle used for traction was identified. Changes in hindlimb elements were highlighted as the most useful indicator of draught use. ContributionThis study provides new, detailed evidence for a previously poorly understood correlation between the effects of anatomical position, sex and body size and the nature of skeletal changes traditionally associated with draught cattle. It pulls together findings and makes comprehensive suggestions for future studies. LimitationsThis is a purely methodological paper. Although general results are presented, there is insufficient space to include a full case study. This will be published separately within the results of the FeedSax project. Further researchFuture studies into the use of cattle for draught purposes in the past should take in to account the sex and size of the animals under consideration, and analyse anterior and posterior elements separately.

Legacy of draught cattle breeds of South India: Insights into population structure, genetic admixture and maternal origin.

The present study is the first comprehensive report on diversity, population structure, genetic admixture and mitochondrial DNA variation in South Indian draught type zebu cattle. The diversity of South Indian cattle was moderately high. A significantly strong negative correlation coefficient of -0.674 (P<0.05) was observed between the effective population size of different breeds and their estimated FIS. The genetic structure analysis revealed the distinctness of Kangayam, Vechur and Punganur cattle from the rest of the zebu breeds. The results showed the influence of Hallikar breed in the development of most Mysore type cattle breeds of South India with the exception of Kangayam. Bayesian clustering analysis was performed to assess the taurine admixture in South Indian zebu cattle using purebred Jersey and Holstein-Friesian as reference genotypes. Relatively high levels of taurine admixture (>6.25%) was observed in Punganur, Vechur, Umblachery and Pulikulam cattle breeds. Two major maternal haplogroups, I1 and I2, typical of zebu cattle were observed, with the former being predominant than the later. The pairwise differences among the I2 haplotypes of South Indian cattle were relatively higher than West Indian (Indus valley site) zebu cattle. The results indicated the need for additional sampling and comprehensive analysis of mtDNA control region variations to unravel the probable location of origin and domestication of I2 zebu lineage. The present study also revealed major concerns on South Indian zebu cattle (i) risk of endangerment due to small effective population size and high rate of inbreeding (ii) lack of sufficient purebred zebu bulls for breeding and (iii) increasing level of taurine admixture in zebu cattle. Availability of purebred semen for artificial insemination, incorporation of genomic/molecular information to identify purebred animals and increased awareness among farmers will help to maintain breed purity, conserve and improve these important draught cattle germplasms of South India.

Refining the methods for identifying draught cattle in the archaeological record: Lessons from the semi-feral herd at Chillingham Park

ObjectiveThis study provides a baseline of pathological and sub-pathological changes in the lower-limb bones of a semi-feral herd of domestic cattle. The purpose is to refine an existing method for identifying the use of cattle for traction using zooarchaeological evidence. MethodsA published recording system for identifying draught cattle was applied to a sample of 15 individuals from Chillingham Park, Northumberland. Correlations were explored between individual pathological index values, the scores obtained for individual pathological/sub-pathological changes, and three biological variables: age, sex and body size. ResultsPathological index values in the Chillingham cattle were low. Positive correlations between individual pathological index values and age, sex and body size were identified. Broadening of the distal metacarpal, proximal and distal exostoses in the metatarsal, distal exostoses of the proximal phalanx, and proximal lipping and exostoses of the distal phalanx, were strongly correlated with age. ConclusionsPathological index scores demonstrate that adaptive remodeling of the autopodia is low in a free-ranging population of cattle, supporting the view that more pronounced changes provide useful identifiers of traction use. Application of modified pathological index formulae to nine archaeological sites from England indicated that cattle were only intensively used for traction in the Roman and later medieval periods. SignificanceThis study refines the methods used to identify traction in the archaeological record through the consideration of cows and a wider range of ages than has been considered previously. LimitationsOnly 15 individuals from the Chillingham herd were available for analysis. Suggestions for further researchThe refined formulae should be applied to additional archaeological datasets from different regions and time periods to explore the changing exploitation of cattle for traction.

Controlling Tsetse Flies and Ticks Using Insecticide Treatment of Cattle in Tororo District Uganda: Cost Benefit Analysis.

Background: The endemic vector-borne diseases transmitted by tsetse and ticks impose heavy burdens on the livestock keepers in Africa. Applying deltamethrin to the belly, legs, and ears of cattle offers a possibility of mitigating these losses at a cost affordable to livestock keepers. Although studies have quantified the impacts of individual diseases on livestock productivity, little is known about the dual economic benefits of controlling both tsetse and ticks, nor about the number of cattle that need to be treated to confer these benefits. Alongside an epidemiological study in south-east Uganda, a farm level assessment was done to investigate the benefits and costs of spraying different proportions of the village cattle population using this restricted application protocol.Methods: A study comprising 1,902 semi-structured interviews was undertaken over a period of 18 months. Financial data on household income and expenditure on cattle was collected, and cost-benefit analysis was done pre- and post-intervention and for different spraying regimes. The total cost of the intervention was obtained from the implementation costs of the epidemiological study and from expenses incurred by participating farmers enabling examination of benefit-cost ratios and incremental benefit-cost ratios for each treatment regime.Results: The benefit-cost analysis of spraying 25%, 50%, and 75% of the cattle population yielded average benefit-cost ratios of 3.85, 4.51, and 4.46. The incremental benefit-cost ratios from spraying each additional 25% of the cattle population were 11.38, 3.89, and 0.79, showing a very high return on investment for spraying 50% of the population, with returns reducing thereafter.Conclusion: Comparing the gross margins per bovine, the study found that increasing the proportion of cattle sprayed yielded increasing benefits to the farmers, but that these benefits were subject to diminishing returns. From a practical viewpoint, this study recommends spraying only draft cattle to control trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases in this area as they make 38.62% of the cattle population, approaching the 50% threshold. In areas with a lower proportion of draft males, farmers could be advised to also include cows.

Bone pathologies of modern non-draft cattle (Bos Taurus) in the context of grazing systems and environmental influences in the South Urals, Russia

ObjectiveTo assesses the patterns of age-related changes and bone pathologies in modern non-draft cattle to assist archaezooological analysis of draft cattle remains from antiquity. MaterialsThe study area is located in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals on the territory of Russia near the border with Kazakhstan. MethodsOver 300 bones of modern cattle were examined, mostly metapodials and phalanges, using standard archaeozoological methods to reconstruct the size of animals and to describe observed pathological conditions ResultsMinor lipping and exostoses of metapodials and phalanges, as well as ankylosis and hip joint eburnation, are common in modern non-draft cattle. In rare cases, lipping and exostoses are observed. ConclusionsThe observed changes in the bones of the distal extremities alone are insufficient for archaezooological reconstruction of cattle as draft animals. SignificanceThe study revealed problems in the reconstruction of etiologies of pathological conditions in draft cattle from archaeological sites. LimitationsLimited samples sizes and genetic differences between modern and archaeological populations can influence data recorded and derived conclusions. Future directionsContinued analyses of modern and archaeological faunal populations using multiple lines of evidence is encouraged.

An Eastern Tibetan Tool for Managing Draught Cattle

This study, based on a trip to the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Region of Qinghai Province, China in August 2018, focuses on the tradition of using wooden nose-rings for managing draught yaks and yak-cow hybrids, still practiced in Tibet. The materials and technology for manufacturing this tool are described, and measurements are provided. I describe variants of the traditional yoke and plow (ard) system used in conjunction with a nose-ring and identify several variants of nose-ring, distinguished by the style of terminus. I investigate seasonality of use, method of piercing, age of animals at piercing, techniques for managing single animals and draught teams, as well as nose-ring durability and advantages of wooden vs. rope forms. Based on a comprehensive comparative historical analysis of materials from Yushu, I suggest that Tibetan ancestors, who had moved there from the northeast in the second half of the 1st millennium BC, introduced wooden nose-ring technology.

Genome-Wide Runs of Homozygosity Revealed Selection Signatures in Bos indicus.

Genome-wide runs of homozygosity (ROH) are suitable for understanding population history, calculating genomic inbreeding, deciphering genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases as well as identifying genes linked with agro-economic traits. Autozygosity and ROH islands, genomic regions with elevated ROH frequencies, were characterized in 112 animals of seven Indian native cattle breeds (B. indicus) using BovineHD BeadChip. In total, 4138 ROH were detected. The average number of ROH per animal was maximum in draft breed, Kangayam (63.62 ± 22.71) and minimum in dairy breed, Sahiwal (24.62 ± 11.03). The mean ROH length was maximum in Vechur (6.97 Mb) and minimum in Hariana (4.04 Mb). Kangayam revealed the highest ROH based inbreeding (FROH > 1Mb = 0.113 ± 0.059), whereas Hariana (FROH > 1Mb = 0.042 ± 0.031) and Sahiwal (FROH > 1Mb = 0.043 ± 0.048) showed the lowest. The high standard deviation observed in each breed highlights a considerable variability in autozygosity. Out of the total autozygous segments observed in each breed except Vechur, > 80% were of short length (< 8 Mb) and contributed almost 50% of the genome proportion under ROH. However, in Vechur cattle, long ROH contributed 75% of the genome proportion under ROH. ROH patterns revealed Hariana and Sahiwal breeds as less consanguineous, while recent inbreeding was apparent in Vechur. Maximum autozygosity observed in Kangayam is attributable to both recent and ancient inbreeding. The ROH islands were harbouring higher proportion of QTLs for production traits (20.68% vs. 14.64%; P≤ 0.05) but lower for reproductive traits (11.49% vs. 15.76%; P≤ 0.05) in dairy breeds compared to draft breed. In draft cattle, genes associated with resistant to diseases/higher immunity (LYZL1, SVIL, and GPX4) and stress tolerant (CCT4) were identified in ROH islands; while in dairy breeds, for milk production (PTGFR, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3). Significant difference in ROH islands among large and short statured breeds was observed at chromosome 3 and 5 involving genes like PTGFR and HMGA2 responsible for milk production and stature, respectively. PCA analysis on consensus ROH regions revealed distinct clustering of dairy, draft and short stature cattle breeds.

Орудие для управления рабочим скотом в Восточном Тибете

Орудие для управления рабочим скотом в Восточном Тибете

Carcass characteristics of draught cattle released for beef in Eastern Ethiopia

Most cattle used for beef production in Ethiopia are Zebu breeds. Usually released for beef when they are aged for plowing and in poor body condition. However, there is little available information on carcass yield and percentage earned from these cattle. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the carcass yield and the percentage of cattle released for beef after used in draught power. This study used 280 heads of male indigenous draught cattle released for beef. Each cattle were randomly measured for carcass and noncarcass components. Body weight was recorded as animals arrived. Hot carcasses were weighed and cold carcasses were estimated at 0.98 of the hot carcass weight. Dressing proportions were calculated from the ratio of hot carcass weight to slaughter weight. Descriptive statistics for carcass yield, edible and offal components were analyzed by SPSS. The average slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, dressing and shrinkage percentage recorded in this study was 247.93+5.27, 90.98+ 2.11, 36.98+0.94 and 0.74+0.02, respectively. The amount of total deboned lean meat was 60.38kg (24.35% of the slaughter body weight). The price of live animals and the amount of carcass and other edible parts attained from it, is not worthy of comparison and there was a loss of 402.66+ 0.29 Birr per each cattle. Therefore, draught cattle released for beef after draught power should be fattened either by farmers or beef farm to recover their body weight loss due to agricultural work load.Keywords: Carcass; Drought cattle; External offal; Internal organ

Molecular characterization of Malaimadu cattle

Malaimadu cattle, a draught cattle found in villages adjoining Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, is known for their workability. The population has possessed high number of allelic variability with few alleles at low frequencies and was non-bottlenecked proving no recent reduction in effective population size. This study revealed that Malaimadu cattle possess high within-breed genetic diversity with many polymorphic loci and hence could be recognised as a separate breed.

Estimation of livestock excrement and its biogas production potential in China

The constant growth of livestock husbandry in China in recent years has raised grave concerns about severe environmental pollution. A countrywide, comprehensive assessment of the quantity and distribution of livestock excrement (LE) production could significantly promote contamination control methods and biogas development in China. Previous researchers have reported an excessively wide range of LE quantities and have failed to reach a consensus conclusion. By using the latest updated LE definitions and calculation coefficients, LE and its biogas potential were assessed for 14 types of livestock in this study according to China’s husbandry statistics data. LE increased by 10.9% from 1563.2 Mt in 2007 to 1755.0 Mt in 2015 at a rate of 12.3% in fresh weight and increased by 12.8% from 367.1 Mt to 414.5 Mt in dry weight. The mean annual LE from 2013 to 2015 was estimated on a dry weight basis as 414.9 Mt. Most of the LE produced from 2013 to 2015 was by cattle (including draft cattle, beef cattle, and dairy cows), followed by sheep (including goats), poultry (including broiler chickens, egg chickens, ducks, and geese), pigs, and other livestock (including horses, donkeys, mules, camels, and rabbits). Among the six regions, from 2013 to 2015, the LE was distributed in ascending order in the Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, North, Central-south, and East regions on a dry weight basis. The average LE produced among the 31 provinces in China ranged widely from just 0.8 Mt (Shanghai) up to 42.4 Mt (Shandong), with the latter having the highest LE density distribution (275.7 t km-2) on a dry weight basis. The east-middle provinces, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Tianjin, Jiangsu, and Anhui, exhibited relatively higher levels of LE density distribution (111.2–275.7 t km-2) than those of other regions. The yearly total LE generated from commercial scale husbandry feedlots (CSHF) for 2015 was estimated at 141.5 Mt, which amounts to a biogas potential of 60.6 billion m3 (Billion refers 1 × 109). Scenario analysis predicts that by 2030, the annual LE from CSHF could range from 201.1 to 258.9 Mt, corresponding to biogas potential of 86–111 billion m3. The results of this countrywide study suggest that there are significant opportunities to improve LE management and to achieve ecological livestock husbandry in China.

Deramatophilosis in Draught and Dairy Cattle in Tamil Nadu Delta Districts of India

Deramatophilosis in Draught and Dairy Cattle in Tamil Nadu Delta Districts of India