Dracaena Reflexa Research Articles

Therapeutic Effects of Dracaena reflexa Lam.- A Review Article

In the existing study, Ayurveda is the traditional form of health care known to us. The leaves of Dracaena reflexa Lam. (Song of India leaves) were investigated to be of the best medicinal importance and were widely used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range and various types of diseases. The highest phenolic content is displayed. According to this study, Dracaena reflexa is a natural great source of antioxidants that can be used as an antioxidative from exhausted literature review we apparent that Dracaena reflexa Lam. showed anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmia, and antidiabetic effects. Plants are traditionally medicinal source. Dracaena reflexa (Song of India) belongs to aspergeceae family have antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic properties showed activities like antioxidant, phytochemical and physical parameters (extractive value, moisture content, Ash value, crude fibreetc.). It is also used as traditional medicine in different diseases like antipyretics, wound healing etc. It is an ornamental plant also used as decorative plants like window door plants help to clean to environment to give pure and fresh oxygen. The find out about cultivation, physical characteristics and taxonomical properties like macroscopically and microscopically classification. Dracaena reflexa Plant has a consistent number of valuable phytochemical constituents that are used as medicines in various diseases. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, amino acids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, lipids, and oil were found in the leaves after a qualitative screening for phytochemical components.The present article attempts to provide information on biological significance of Dracaena reflexa for further research.

The Thickness Changes of Anatomical Ornamental Monocotyledon Plant Leaves Affected by the Interactions between Plant Types and Light Intensity

The different levels of light intensity affect the anatomical thickness of monocotyledon ornamental plant leaves. The aim of this research was to determine the anatomical thickness of several monocotyledon ornamental plant leaves under different light intensities. The research used a factorial complete randomized design with two main factors, namely plant type and different light intensity, repeated three times. The first factor was the plant type, which consisted of six plant species of monocotyledon ornamental plants which were Chlorophytum laxum, Dracaena reflexa, Rhoeo discolor, Aglaonema commutatum, Cordyline fruticosa and Hymenocallis littoralis. The second factor was light intensity, which consisted of high light intensity (open areas) and low light intensity (shaded areas). The observation was carried out on preserved leaf anatomy made using the paraffin method with modification. The observation variables were the total thickness of the leaf, upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll (for undifferentiated mesophyll), and palisade and sponge (for differentiated mesophyll). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the LSD test if the treatment was significant. Correlation tests were carried out between total leaf thickness and each leaf anatomical part under conditions of high and low light intensity. The results showed that the interaction between plant types and light intensity influenced the total thickness of the leaves, upper and lower epidermis, and palisade. The plant types independently influenced the mesophyll and sponges, while the light intensity independently influenced only the mesophyll but not the sponge thickness. Hymenocallis littoralis was the only plant that showed thicker under low light intensity, with an increase in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis. The palisade mainly influenced leaf thickness changes in the differentiated mesophyll.

Evaluation of different combinations of potting media and ornamental plants on growth, biochemical, and nutrient content in outdoor vertical gardening

The current study was carried out to evaluate various combinations of potting media and ornamental plants for outdoor vertical gardening as, these days to use vertical space is trending with increasing urbanization. This study will help to workout best potting media ratio for them. We will conclude to highlight a best combination of potting media, among, T1: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (50:25:25), T2: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (25:50:25), T3: Soil + Farm Yard Manure + Cocopeat (25:25:50), T4: Soil + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (25:50:25), and T5 (Control): Soil + Farm Yard Manure (50:50) and best plant species among Syngonium podophyllum, Dracaena compacta (Red), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Dracaena reflexa, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides. Each treatment contained 15 plants replicated thrice under the Completely Randomized Block Design. The potting media ratio combination in T4: Soil + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (25:50:25) proved to be the best for improvement of vegetative parameters and for the attractive foliage of the selected ornamental plants, having more ratio of vermicompost thus capable of providing good amount of all beneficial benefits with more moisture retention capacity and nutrients value than other combination of media used. The minimum value of all the observations recorded was found to be in T5 (Control): Soil + Farm Yard Manure (50:50).

Comparing the potential of three dracaena species to remove lead (pb) from artificial aqueous media

The study was undertaken to compare the lead accumulation and removal of Dracaena sanderiana, Dracaena reflexa, and Dracaena deremensis on artificial lead solutions to apply plants in lead pollution treatment. The experiment consisted of 6 treatments corresponding to 3 investigated species of Dracaena. Each treatment was grown on 2 types of solution with Pb and without Pb used as control. The results indicated that the growth of D. sanderiana, D. reflexa, and D. deremensis was not affected at Pb concentrations of 100 ppm. All three plant species had the ability to absorb and accumulate Pb. In which D. sanderiana was a typical lead excluder because the lead concentration in roots (1952.14 mg/kg), shoots (221.78 mg/kg), and leaves (166.46 mg/kg) of the plants were the highest among the three plants tested. The most of lead accumulated in the root, and transportation of lead in D. sanderiana, D. reflexa, and D. deremensis from root to shoot was restricted. Besides, the highest % removal of Pb was found at D. sanderiana (93.16%) and the minimum of 66.77% at D. reflexa. D. sanderiana is the best choice among the three Dracaena species used for phytoremediation of lead contaminated wastewater.

First report of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ (16SrII‐D) isolate associated with little leaf and stunting of Dracaena reflexa in India

First report of a ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ (16SrII‐D) isolate associated with little leaf and stunting of <i>Dracaena reflexa</i> in India

Effect of Transpiration on the Monocot Ornamental Plants Leave Anatomy

Transpiration refers to the loss of water from leaves, and increased levels can lead to changes in leaf morphology and anatomy, affecting the total thickness. This study aims to determine the effect of transpiration on leaf anatomy, particularly thickness, in six types of monocots ornamental plants, namely Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance ex Walp., Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br, Dracaena reflexa Lam, and Aglaonema commutatum Schott. The study procedures were conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (Factorial CRD) with an experimental approach. The first factor was the type of plant, while the second was the condition before and after transpiration. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by LSD and Pearson correlation tests. The results showed that the plant type factor significantly affected the thickness of leaf tissues. The conditions before and after transpiration also significantly impacted all leaf tissues except for the lower epidermis. Furthermore, this finding was supported by the positive correlation between the thickness shrinkage of the upper epidermis-mesophyll and transpiration. The results also revealed that the mesophyll of R. discolor, C. laxum, D. reflexa, and A. commutatum differentiated into palisade and spongy layers, but there was no differentiation in the other two species. The transpiration rate was observed to change along with the specific anatomical structure of the leaf tissues. The lowest rate was found in R. discolor with thicker hypodermis tissue, while the highest was in C. laxum with thinner mesophyll.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Tumbuhan Famili Agavaceae Di Pekarangan Fakultas Sains Dan Teknologi Uin Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

This study aims to explore the diversity of plant species of the Agavaceae family in the yard of the Faculty of Science and Technology UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. The research was conducted using the method of observation, recommendations, descriptions, and calculations of plant diversity in the Agavaceae family. The data obtained were analyzed using scientific literature as a reference. The results showed that the Agavaceae family had a moderate bearing. Mother-in-law's tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata) was the most common species with 37 individuals, followed by Cyclops (Agave attenuata) with 13 individuals. Yellow Mother-in-law's Tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata laurentii), Sword-in-Law's Tongue (Sansevieria cylindrica), and Song of India (Dracaena reflexa) were also found in smaller quantities. These plants of the Agavaceae family have a beautiful and unique aesthetic value, and some of them have health benefits and the ability to absorb pollutants.

Performance of Pleomele (Dracaena reflexa) Varieties in Different potting MEDIA under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (UP),during February, 2022 to May, 2022 with two varities of Dracaena reflexa and seven potting mix. The objective of the experiment is to find out the better performance of pleomele (dracaena reflexa) varieties in different potting media under prayagraj agro- climatic conditions. The experiment was laid out in FCRD with 14 Treatment combination replicated thrice. The results revealed that treatment combination V1T7 i.e. Song of India in medium of - Cocopeat: sand: FYM: vermicompost: perlite(1:1:1:1:1v/v) – performed significantly better in terms of plant height, plant spread, number of leaves, root length, leaf width, leaf length and stem girth.

ANALISIS KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) PADA BERBAGAI TUMBUHAN DI KAWASAN STASIUN PENGISIAN BAHAN BAKAR UMUM (SPBU) KOTA PALU

Exhaust gas produced by motorized vehicles releases lead (Pb) into the environment and can be absorbed into plant tissues. This study aimed to examine the content of lead (Pb) accumulated in leaves. Sampling used purposive sampling as a sampling method at four gas stations in Palu City. Pb levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) at the Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. The results showed that the highest to lowest lead absorption in the leaves was Syzygium myrtifolium Walp; 0.75 mg/l from Tawaeli gas station, Bouganvillea spectabilis Willd; 0.67 mg/l from Maluku gas station, Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula; 0.67 mg/l at Yos Sudarso gas stations, and Dracaena reflexa Lam; 0.58 mg/l from Diponegoro gas station. The concentration of lead (Pb) found in each plant from gas stations is still below the maximum threshold set by SNI 01-7387:2009, which is 0.5-3 ppm. The ambient air content around the gas station is still below the air quality standard for measuring the lead (Pb) 2 g/m3 parameter.

Ketebalan Daun dan Laju Transpirasi Tanaman Hias Monokotil

Leaves are the main organ in plants. In general, leaf thickness varies amongst plants and is related to the transpiration rate. This study measured leaf thickness and transpiration rate in six ornamental monocotyledon plants. The experiment used Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The main factors were six monocotyledon plants and three plant parts; combination factors were interactions between plant species and plant parts. Leaf thickness was measured from the upper to the lower epidermis before and after measuring the transpiration rate. The transpiration rate was measured by weighing. The data were analyzed using SAS with the Factorial CRD model and continued with LSD if the treatment was significant. The plant types and parts significantly affected the leaf thickness and transpiration rate. However, the combination treatments between plant types and plant parts significantly affected only the transpiration rate. Chlorophytum comosum L. had the highest transpiration, followed by Dracaena reflexa, Aglonema crispum, Cordyline fruticosa, Crymum asiaticum, and Rhoeo discolor. The leaves of the lower parts of the plant had the highest transpiration rate compared to the middle and upper parts of the plant. Rhoeo discolor had the thickest leaves and lower transpiration rate than other plants. The leaf thickness ranged from 95.94 µm to 147.03 µm. This phenomenon indicated that the thickness of the leaves was inversely correlated to the transpiration rate.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: leaf thickness, transpiration rate, monocotyledon, ornamental plant

In vitro wound healing properties, antioxidant activities, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS profile and phytoconstituents of the stem aqueous methanolic extract of Dracaena reflexa Lam.

Column chromatography of the stem aqueous methanolic extract of Dracaena reflexa Lam. (DRSE) led to the isolation of five flavonoids, one phenolic glycoside, one triterpenoid and two steroidal saponins. Furthermore, 44 compounds were tentatively identified in the phytoconstituent profile of DRSE using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity of DRSE was evaluated. In a DPPH radical scavenging assay, DRSE exhibited an IC50 value of 311.6 ± 10.10μg/ml compared with the IC50 value of the standard Trolox (24.42 ± 0.87 μg/ml). The antioxidant activities of DRSE using ABTS assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay were 326.63 μm Trolox equivalents/mg extract and 208.67 μm Trolox equivalents/mg extract, respectively. The wound-healing activity of DRSE was studied by the scratch assay using Human Skin Fibroblast cells. After 24 h DRSE (at 10 and 20 μg/ml) decreased the wound width to 0.55 ± 0.37 and 0.47 ± 0.55 mm, respectively, compared with the wound width in the control cells (0.77 ± 0.17 mm). This result suggested that DRSE improved the wound-healing process by inducing the migration of fibroblasts. Moreover, a docking study was performed to evaluate the binding affinity of the identified phytoconstituents toward GSK-3β relative to the co-crystalized inhibitor and curcumin with the possible involvement of this pathway in the wound-healing activity of the extract.

Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Biological Activities, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Dracaena reflexa.

Dracaena reflexa, a traditionally significant medicinal plant, has not been extensively explored before for its phytochemical and biological potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioactive phytochemicals and in vitro biological activities of D. reflexa, and perform in silico molecular docking validation of D. reflexa. The bioactive phytochemicals were assessed by preliminary phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and ABTS), antibacterial, thrombolytic, and enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and cholinesterase enzymes) potential were determined. The highest level of total phenolic contents (92.72 ± 0.79 mg GAE/g extract) was found in the n-butanol fraction while the maximum total flavonoid content (110 ± 0.83 mg QE/g extract) was observed in methanolic extract. The results showed that n-butanol fraction exhibited very significant tyrosinase inhibition activity (73.46 ± 0.80) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (64.06 ± 2.65%) as compared to other fractions and comparable to the standard compounds (kojic acid and galantamine). The methanolic extract was considered to have moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity (50.97 ± 063) as compared to the standard compound galantamine (53.671 ± 0.97%). The GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction resulted in the tentative identification of 120 bioactive phytochemicals. Furthermore, the major compounds as identified by GC-MS were analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between the ligands and the enzymes (tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes). The results of this study suggest that Dracaena reflexa has unquestionable pharmaceutical importance and it should be further explored for the isolation of secondary metabolites that can be employed for the treatment of different diseases.

Assessment of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of Dracaena Reflexa leaves

Dracaena reflexa (family: Asparagaceae), commonly known as Song of India is a tropical plant that is traditionally claimed to have high medicinal values. The current exploration was intended to assess the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic extract of Dracaena reflexa (MEDR) leaves in rodents. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed for the MEDR as per OECD guidelines 423. Anti-inflammatory action was assessed by the carrageenan incited paw edema method. The anti-nociceptive effect was explored by using acetic acid incited writhing responses, tail immersion, and hot plate technique in rodents. Acute oral toxicity investigation for 14 days reveals the safety of MEDR with no mortality at 2000 mg/kg. Hence 200 &amp; 400 mg/kg was selected for in vivo studies. MEDR at both doses exhibited significant anti-inflammatory action by diminishing paw volume (ml) (0.29±0.016, 0.17±0.014) when compared to control (1.71±0.015) at the 4th hour of the study. Acetic acid incited writhing technique indicates the anti-nociceptive effect as the number of writhing responses with leaf extract significantly decreased (12.33±0.57) in comparison to control rats (27.33±1.52).

Effect of media and foliar concoction on growth, yield and quality of Dracaena (Dracaena reflexa ‘Variegata’) as cut foliage

A study was conducted during the year 2018-2020 to find out a suitable potting media and foliar concoction to increase the growth, yield and quality of Dracaena reflexa ‘Variegata’ as cut foliage. The experiment was laid out in CRBD with 13 treatments and three replications. The various treatments significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality attributes of dracaena. Among the different treatments, T12 (sand + vermicompost + red earth+ coir compost+ FYM+ burned rice husk (0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5:0.5 v/v) as potting media + foliar concoction spray of1%90:90:90 NPK fertilizer + 0.4% FeSO4 + 0.2% MgSO4 + 0.4 % ZnSO4 + 0.2% boron + 0.3% copper + 0.1 % molybdenum + 0.2% manganese + 0.1% cobalt + 0.5% sea weed extract + 250 ppm brassinosteroid at monthly interval) was found to be the best in growth and yield attributes such as plant height (63.4 cm), plant spread (192.4cm¬2), leaves per plant (45.9), leaf length (57.8 cm), leaf width(6.1 cm),leaf area (300.1 cm2), relative growth rate ( 0.07cm day-1), chlorophyll content (17.2 SPAD value), root length (53.8 cm), single leaf weight (22.2 g), shoot fresh weight per plant (717.2 g), root fresh weight per plant (386.2 g), total plant fresh weight (1103.4 g), dry matter production (441.3 g) and leaf yield per plant 36.2 on 270 days after planting. Quality characters like longevity of the leaves in the plant (47.4 days) and visual scoring (9.8), freshness index (88.4), colour index (89), vase life without pulsing(9.9 days) and vase life with pulsing(18.8 days) of the cut foliage of the dracaena were also noted high in T12. Control (T13) recorded the minimum in growth and yield attributes of dracaena such as plant height (33.8 cm), plant spread (85.2cm¬2), leaves per plant (25.6), leaf length (36.1 cm), leaf width (2.1 cm), leaf area (82.8cm2), relative growth rate ( 0.03 cm day-1), chlorophyll content (10.6 SPAD value), root length (28.4 cm), single leaf weight (13.9 g), shoot fresh weight per plant (258.7 g), root fresh weight per plant (139.3 g), total plant fresh weight (398.1 g), dry matter production (159.3 g) and leaf yield per plant (15.6) on 270 DAP, while the quality characters like longevity of the leaves in the plant (35.9 days) and visual scoring (5.6), freshness index (68.4), colour index (69.8), vase life without pulsing (3.8 days) and vase life with pulsing (8.9 days) of the cut foliage of the dracaena were recorded the least.

New and recent records of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Seychelles, with a description of a new insular subspecies

In this study, we examine a recent sample containing two hawk moth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Praslin and Mahé, Seychelles. It was widely accepted that the hawk moth species Temnora peckoveri (Butler, 1876) has a disjunctive range covering Madagascar and the Inner Seychelles. However, the Seychelles population of what was thought to be Temnora peckoveri shares a set of diagnostic morphological differences from both this species and T. fumosa (Walker, 1856) in the male genitalia structure. In particular, it remotely resembles Temnora fumosa based on the structure of aedeagus but differs from T. fumosa and T. peckoveri with respect to the harpe shape. Based on this evidence, we describe Temnora fumosa seychellensis Bolotov &amp; Spitsyn ssp. nov. as a subspecies with restricted range, being endemic to the Inner Seychelles. The range of this subspecies covers Praslin (first record), Mahé, Silhouette, La Digue, Cousine, and Denis. Additionally, we report on recent occurrences of Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) from Praslin (second record) and Mahé. The adult moths were recorded feeding on inflorescences of Dracaena reflexa var. angustifolia Baker (Asparagaceae) for the first time. Finally, we present a complete list of Temnora fumosa seychellensis ssp. nov. and Agrius convolvuli occurrences from Seychelles.

Resolving Form-Structure-Function Relationships in Plants with MRI for Biomimetic Transfer.

In many biomimetic approaches, a deep understanding of the form-structure-function relationships in living and functionally intact organisms, which act as biological role models, is essential. This knowledge is a prerequisite for the identification of parameters that are relevant for the desired technical transfer of working principles. Hence, non-invasive and non-destructive techniques for static (3D) and dynamic (4D) high-resolution plant imaging and analysis on multiple hierarchical levels become increasingly important. In this study we demonstrate that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to resolve the plants inner tissue structuring and functioning on the example of four plant concept generators with sizes larger than 5 mm used in current biomimetic research projects: Dragon tree (Dracaena reflexa var. angustifolia), Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and Chinese witch hazel (Hamamelis mollis). Two different MRI sequences were applied for high-resolution 3D imaging of the differing material composition (amount, distribution, and density of various tissues) and condition (hydrated, desiccated, and mechanically stressed) of the four model organisms. Main aim is to better understand their biomechanics, development, and kinematics. The results are used as inspiration for developing novel design and fabrication concepts for bio-inspired technical fiber-reinforced branchings and smart biomimetic actuators.

Characterization of new cellulosic fiber: Dracaena reflexa as a reinforcement for polymer composite structures

The search for novel bio-fibers in the field of the green composite can rise the invention of natural fiber composite and applications. In this work, the physical, chemical, structural, thermal, tensile and surface morphology properties of Dracaena reflexa fiber (DRF) are investigated. The chemical analysis results authorized the higher cellulose (70.32%) and lesser hemicelluloses (11.02%) and lignin (11.35%) existing in DRF. XRD analysis proved that DRF has a relatively higher crystallinity index of 57.32%. The free chemical functional groups presented in DRFs were determined by FT-IR. The DRF is thermally stable up to 230°C which is greater than the processing temperature of thermoplastics resin. The C2, C3, and C5 peaks intensity of CP/MAS C13 NMR spectra once again confirmed that maximum cellulose present in DRFs. The lower density (790kg/m3) and higher tensile properties of DRF show the DRF is a suitable alternative to the synthetic fibers.

A botanical mystery solved by phylogenetic analysis of botanical garden collections: the rediscovery of the presumed-extinct Dracaena umbraculifera

AbstractExtinction is the complete loss of a species, but the accuracy of that status depends on the overall information about the species. Dracaena umbraculifera was described in 1797 from a cultivated plant attributed to Mauritius, but repeated surveys failed to relocate it and it was categorized as Extinct on the IUCN Red List. However, several individuals labelled as D. umbraculifera grow in botanical gardens, suggesting that the species’ IUCN status may be inaccurate. The goal of this study was to understand (1) where D. umbraculifera originated, (2) which species are its close relatives, (3) whether it is extinct, and (4) the identity of the botanical garden accessions and whether they have conservation value. We sequenced a cpDNA region of Dracaena from Mauritius, botanical garden accessions labelled as D. umbraculifera, and individuals confirmed to be D. umbraculifera based on morphology, one of which is a living plant in a private garden. We included GenBank accessions of Dracaena from Madagascar and other locations and reconstructed the phylogeny using Bayesian and parsimony approaches. Phylogenies indicated that D. umbraculifera is more closely related to Dracaena reflexa from Madagascar than to Mauritian Dracaena. As anecdotal information indicated that the living D. umbraculifera originated from Madagascar, we conducted field expeditions there and located five wild populations; the species’ IUCN status should therefore be Critically Endangered because &lt; 50 wild individuals remain. Although the identity of many botanical garden samples remains unresolved, this study highlights the importance of living collections for facilitating new discoveries and the importance of documenting and conserving the flora of Madagascar.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK STOMATA PADA DAUN TANAMAN BAMBU REJEKI (Dracaena reflexa) SEBAGAI TANAMAN HIAS PENYERAP POLUSI DI KAWASAN KOTA MALANG

Air pollution is changes of air arrangement from its normal state that is caused by the ingress of foreign materials or substances in the air. The resulting pollutants include SO2, NO2, CO2, O3, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The impact of plant’s vehicle exhaust gas is seen from the leaf mesophyll damage especially in the palisade tissue and the reduced number of stomata. Responding to the problem, conducted research with the aim to know the influence of pollution on the amount of stomata on the plant bamboo rejeki (Dracaena reflexa) as ornamental plants absorb pollution in the area of Malang city using the method of polishing the acne (aceton). The results showed that the number of stomata in polluted areas of vehicle pollution decreased at each point compared to areas not polluted by vehicles. In the contaminated area the average number of stomata is at point one 49, the second point 42.5, and the third point 37, whereas in the area that is not contaminated with the average number of stomata at point one 60.5, the second point is 68, and the point three is 70,5. Damage or Decrease in the number of stomata occurs due to the entry of gas that is toxic through stomata with diffusion process, so that the liquid composition of the cell becomes disturbed and the cell becomes damaged and dead.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468.

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.