Potent DPPH Radical Scavenging Research Articles

Green ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by response surface methodology

Flammulina velutipes residues, the by-products of Flammulina velutipes industry, cause environmental pollution. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by an ultrasonic assisted snailase enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method, following the principles of green chemistry, mainly solvent and energy saving. The optimized parameters obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were determined as follows: ultrasonic power at 150 W, extraction time of 90 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. The experimental extraction yield (109.54 ± 5.44 mg/g) was closely matched the predicted yield (110.92 mg/g). Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues (UE-FVRP) had the molecular weight of 170 kDa and a composition comprising 8 monosaccharides, primarily xylose (Xyl, 24.71%), mannose (Man, 17.29%), arabinose (Ara, 11.48%), and galactose (Gal, 15.63%). FT-IR analysis suggested that UE-FVRP likely contained pyranose with α-glycoside bonds. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that UE-FVRP displayed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. Additionally, UE-FVRP demonstrated the ability to promote the growth of two Lactobacillus strains, indicating its potential as a novel polysaccharide with high in vitro prebiotic properties. Therefore, these findings proposed a novel, green, and efficient extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues, highlighting the potential of utilizing Flammulina velutipes residues as a valuable ingredient in both food and feed applications, contributing to the sustainable reuse of agricultural by-products.

Phenylethanoid glycosides from Michelia champaca leaves

Chemical investigation on the leaves of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) led to the isolation of five previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (1), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (2), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-isoacteoside (3), 6""-O-E-feruloyl-echinacoside (4), and 6""-O-p-E-coumaroyl-echinacoside (5), together with eighteen known PhGs. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All the known PhGs except acteoside (8) were not previously reported in the genus. Twenty-one PhGs exhibited more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP than l-ascorbic acid (l-AA), and twenty-two PhGs showed better ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than l-AA. In addition, twelve PhGs displayed more potent cellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity than curcumin. The results revealed that the leaves of M. champaca are a rich source of phenylethanoid glycosides and antioxidants.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme. Keywords: Fabaceae, Zapoteca portoricensis, Cholinesterase inhibition, Antioxidant, GC-MS

New caffeoyl derivatives with potent DPPH radical scavenging activity from Elephantopus tomentosus

Eight new caffeoyl derivatives, elephantomentosides A–H (1 − 8), together with ten known ones (9 − 18), were isolated from the whole plant of Elephantopos tomentosus L. Their structures were elucidated using detailed spectroscopic analysis. Structurally, compounds 1 − 8 are composed of β-D-glucopyranose, and almost all of the substituent positions are at the C-1′ and C-4′ of glucopyranose. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 9–10, 13–15, and 17–18 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values in the range of 10.01–25.07 μM, in comparison with Vc (IC50, 17.98 μM).

Evaluation of the effect of Musa paradisiaca L. rhizome on Saccharomyces glucose absorption and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity

Introduction: Musa paradisiaca is a common edible plant used in traditional medical systems for its medicinal properties. In this study, in vitro anti-hyperglycaemic potential and in vitro antioxidant activity of M. paradisiaca rhizome were investigated. Methods: Dried rhizome of M. paradisiaca was sequentially extracted to hexane and dichloromethane using cold maceration technique. Stock concentrations of hexane extract (35.35 mg/mL) and dichloromethane extract (22.14 mg/mL) were diluted to prepare different concentrations and were used to evaluate the effects of plant extracts on glucose uptake potential by yeast cells and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity compared to metformin and ascorbic acid standards respectively. Results: The extracts improved the glucose uptake through yeast plasma membrane, since a linear relationship in glucose uptake by yeast cells wasobserved with gradual increase in concentration of the plant extract. In terms of glucose adsorption capacity, dichloromethane extract of plant possessed a significant (p<0.05) activity compared to the hexane extract at higher glucose concentrations, but this activity was significantly less compared to metformin standard (p<0.05). Further, dichloromethane extract demonstrated a higher level of glucose adsorption potential than hexane extract. Same extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging potential in antioxidant assay. However, this activity was concentration-dependent, and both extracts showed lower radical scavenging potentials compared to the ascorbic acid standard. Conclusion: Dichloromethane extract of M. paradisiaca rhizome is more biologically active compared to its hexane extract in terms of in vitro glucose adsorption potential and antioxidant properties. However, both extracts showed significantly lower activity compared to metformin in glucose uptake assay while ascorbic acid showed the highest activity in free radical scavenging.
 Keywords: DPPH, Glucose adsorption, Musa paradisiaca rhizome, Saccharomyces

Kinetic studies of NiO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite for the treatment of organic toxic effluents and oxidative stress

ABSTRACT The extensive use of aromatic compounds in industries is increasing the contamination of the water. Treatment of wastewater by environment friendly and financially effective methods has become a research hotspot. In the current study, graphene-based nanocomposite was found as effective nano-adsorbent due to π–π interaction and large surface area of graphene to interact with organic pollutants. Nickel oxide–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (NiO-rGO ncp) was synthesised by using the extract of Cordia myxa leaves as a reducing agent. The characterisation of nanocomposite was carried by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed the size (6.16 nm) and morphology (spherical) of the synthesised nanocomposite. The antioxidant potential of nanocomposite was also evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging potential, total antioxidant potential and total phenolic content (TPC) which was found to be good. The ability of nanocomposite to catalyse the removal of methylene blue dye, rhodamine B dye and phenol was also assessed. NiO-rGO ncp showed 99% removal for methylene blue, 90% removal for rhodamine B using a tungsten bulb and 88% phenol elimination. Thermodynamic investigations validated the adsorption process’s spontaneity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were also applied. A novel nanocomposite was demonstrated to be an effective antioxidant and a potential adsorbent for the extraction of organic pollutants from aqueous contaminated waste.

Chitosan/gelatin-based multifunctional films integrated with sulfur-functionalized chitin for active packaging applications

Sulfur-functionalized chitin composite (S-chitin) was prepared through sulfur-amine complex formation using ethylenediamine. The S-chitin exhibited excellent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV-barrier properties. Chitosan/gelatin (CS/Gel)-based active packaging films containing S-chitin (CS/Gel@S-chitin) were prepared and characterized. The addition of S-chitin enhanced the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the CS/Gel film by 18.4% and 42.2%, respectively, and slightly lowered the transparency of the film but enhanced the UV-blocking with 98.7% UV-A and 100% UV-B light screening. The composite films showed strong antioxidant efficacy with 100% ABTS and 95.9% DPPH radical scavenging potential. The films exhibited effective antimicrobial activity and completely stopped the growth of L. monocytogenes and E. coli after 3 h and 12 h of incubation, respectively. Packaging chicken and storing at 4 °C for 20 days showed that the chicken packaged with the CS/Gel@S-chitin films preserved the quality of the chicken of appearance, pH, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), and TVC (total viable colony count). The multifunctional S-chitin incorporated CS/Gel films have a high potential for active packaging applications.

A comparative study of Ghanaian propolis extracts: Chemometric analysis of the chromatographic profile, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic potential and identification of active constituents

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high post-prandial glucose levels, which lead to other complications such as peripheral end organ damage. The use of enzyme inhibitors in the management of Type-2 diabetes ensure the control of blood glucose levels via the control of carbohydrate metabolism. The use of standard agents such as acarbose is associated with unwanted side effects hence the need to investigate other sources of antihyperglycemic agents. Propolis, a natural substance from bees, possesses diverse biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties. However, the phytochemical content of propolis and its extracts may vary depending on the geographical area, the solvent of extraction and type of bees. This study represents the first attempt to compare different extracts of propolis from the same source in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the effect of solvent and source of Ghanaian propolis on parameters such as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chromatographic profile, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory effects were investigated with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most promising extract, which could be of direct or indirect benefit in the management of Type-2 diabetes.Combinations of water, ethanol-water and ethanol extracts were prepared from propolis from three regions. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extracts after which the Folin Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay were used to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively. Antioxidant potential of extracts was estimated using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays. In-vitro α-amylase inhibition assay was used to investigate hypoglycemic effect of the extracts. Statistical tools such as ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis employed to determine sources of variations within the data obtained, to classify the extracts based on activity and to predict the most effective extract. This extract was then subjected to UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS and GC–MS techniques to characterize the constituents.Chemometric analysis of the data obtained showed that the variations in the data could be explained by both propolis source and extraction solvent. Though ethanol extracts generally contained more constituents, the more notable activities were in the ethanol-water extracts. The ethanol-water extract of Bono East propolis (EWBE) was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 of 149.37 ± 2.90 µg/mL as compared to 116.60 ± 0.93 µg/mL GAE standard). It was also one of the three extracts which were more potent than acarbose (369.89 µg/mL) in the α-amylase inhibition assay. The predominant constituents from the LC-MS dereplication of EWBE were caffeic acid and flavonoid derivatives whilst 5,5-dimethyl-1-oxa-5 silacyclononanone-9 was the most significant active constituent identified through the GC–MS analysis. The identified constituents are known to have strong antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.The effects of source and solvent of extraction on the biological and physicochemical properties of propolis in Ghana have been quantified using statistical tools. The combined biological effects of propolis suggest a possible role in their usage in the management of type-2-diabetes and its related complications. Ethanol-water extracts were the most promising with EWBE showing the strongest antihyperglycemic activity. Such extracts represent leads towards further research into toxicity and formulation in order to develop safe and useful products for the management of type-2 diabetes.

Identification of antioxidant compounds from the stem bark fraction of Strychnosinnocua Del.

Strychnos innocua is a shrub that is native to the tropic region of the world. It is used locally as food, medicine, fuel, and as an insect repellent. Extracts of this plant are used as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of gonorrhoea, snakebite and dysentery. It has been proven to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. There is little or no information on the identification and pharmacological activities of the chemical composition of the stem bark of this plant. The aim of this work is to identify the chemical compounds present in this plant and determine their antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate extract of this plant was subjected to purification techniques which lead to the isolation of fraction SI1. The chemical composition of the fraction SI1 was then determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Fractions SI1 was then analysed for its free radical scavenging potential using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) assay. A total of thirty compounds were identified with the major compounds being Cyclohex-2-enone,3-)2H-tetrazol-5-yl amino) (15.83 %), N-hexadecanoic acid (38.21%), N-hexadecanoic acid (38.21%), Octadecanoic acid (13.41%), Cis-vaccenic acid (13.41 %). The DPPH radical scavenging potential of the fraction SI1 compares well with the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 3.71 ± 0.31 μg/mL and 1.68 ± 1.27 μg/mL, respectively. At 500 μg/mL, the antioxidant potential of the standard ascorbic acid was 96.9% whereas the fraction SI1 had 62.1% free DPPH radical scavenging activity. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of SI1 observed is 0.0488 ± 0.01 nm, and 0.5375 ± 0.01 nm and for ascorbic acid. In conclusion, fraction SI1 can act as an antioxidant supplement for various applications in diverse fields of food, cosmetics, and medicine. Several compounds contained in the fraction SI1 may have contributed to the antioxidant properties of the fraction. The compounds identified could be useful precursors for the synthesis of therapeutic drugs associated with the treatment of human and animal diseases.

Polyphenol Analysis via LC-MS-ESI and Potent Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities of Jatropha multifida L. Extracts Used in Benin Pharmacopoeia.

Jatropha multifida L., a plant from the Euphorbiaceae family, is commonly used in Benin's traditional medicine due to its therapeutic benefits. This study aims to explore the medicinal efficacy of Jatropha multifida L. by evaluating its various biological activities. An initial phytochemical analysis was conducted, following which the polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified and identified using LC-MS-ESI. The antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts was tested using agar diffusion. Their antioxidant capacity was assessed using several methods: DPPH radical reduction, ABTS radical cation reduction, ferric ion (FRAP) reduction, and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the inhibition of protein (specifically albumin) denaturation. The study identified several phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, o-Coumaroylquinic acid, Apigenin-apiosyl-glucoside, and luteolin-galactoside. Notably, the extracts of J. multifida demonstrated bactericidal effects against a range of pathogens, with Concentration Minimally Bactericidal (CMB) values ranging from 22.67 mg/mL (for organisms such as S. aureus and C. albicans) to 47.61 mg/mL (for E. coli). Among the extracts, the ethanolic variant displayed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 0.72 ± 0.03 mg/mL. In contrast, the methanolic extract was superior in ferric ion reduction, registering 46.23 ± 1.10 µgEAA/g. Interestingly, the water-ethanolic extract surpassed others in the ABTS reduction method with a score of 0.49 ± 0.11 mol ET/g and also showcased the highest albumin denaturation inhibition rate of 97.31 ± 0.35% at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. In conclusion, the extracts of Jatropha multifida L. are enriched with bioactive compounds that exhibit significant biological activities, underscoring their therapeutic potential.

Phytosynthesized europium oxide nanoparticles for potential antidiabetic application

IntroductionGreen synthesis of the nanoparticles is regarded as an attractive area of research in materials research. Phytomodulated synthesis includes the application of medicinal flora for the biosynthesis of the metal based nanoparticles. These methods are attractive because of the biocompatability, cost effectiveness and sustainable nature. In the current study, we explored the antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of the Eu2O3 NPs that were previously synthesized using the aquoeus fruit extracts of medicinal Hyphnea thebacia L. MethodsEu2O3 NPs were evaluated for in vitro α-amylase, α -glucocidase and DPPH radical scavenging potential using established protocols. Alloxan (10%), prepared in normal saline was used for the induction of diabetes. Glucose tolerance, acute toxicity and blood biochemistry parameters were evaluated. ResultsIn vivo experiments revealed antidiabetic potential which was complemented by in vitro and in vivo assays. The α-glucocidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition revealed an IC50 value of 12 μg mL−1 and 540 μg mL−1 for Eu2O3 NPs respectively. The DPPH antioxidant assay revealed an IC50 of 250 μg mL−1. In vivo assays revealed that that the application of the Eu2O3 NPs has lowered the blood level glucose from 561.89 ± 2.16*** mg dL-1 to 193.00 ± 0.88*** mg dL-1 from the start of the treatment. No major alteration of the blood biochemistry parameters were observed after treatment. ConclusionEu2O3 NPs can exhibited antidiabetic and antioxidant nature.

Genome Analysis of Bifidobacterium Bifidum E3, Structural Characteristics, and Antioxidant Properties of Exopolysaccharides.

In this study, the antioxidant properties of intact cells (IC), cell-free supernatant (CFS), and cell-free extracts (CFE) and whole genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium bifidum E3 (B. bifidum E3), as well as the structural characteristics and antioxidant properties of EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3, were evaluated. The results revealed that intact cells (IC), cell-free supernatant (CFS), and cell-free extracts (CFE) had potent DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities, among which CFS was the best. At the genetic level, we identified a strong carbohydrate metabolism capacity, an EPS synthesis gene cluster, and five sugar nucleotides in B. bifidum E3. Therefore, we extracted cEPS from B. bifidum E3 and purified it to obtain EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3. EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3 were heteropolysaccharides with an average molecular weight of 4.15 × 104 Da, 3.67 × 104 Da, and 5.89 × 104 Da, respectively. The EPS-1 and EPS-2 are mainly comprised of mannose and glucose, and the EPS-3 is mainly comprised of rhamnose, mannose, and glucose. The typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides were shown in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). The microstructural study showed a rough surface structure for EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3. Furthermore, EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3 exhibited potent DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities. Correlation analysis identified that antioxidant capacities may be influenced by various factors, especially molecular weight, chemical compositions, and monosaccharide compositions. In summary, the EPS that was produced by B. bifidum E3 may provide insights into health-promoting benefits in humans.

Exploring the biological application of Penicillium fimorum-derived silver nanoparticles: In vitro physicochemical, antifungal, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic performance

This study showed the anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum (GenBank accession number OQ568180) isolated from soil. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized by using different analytical techniques. A sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of the colloidal AgNPs at 429.5 nm in the UV–vis spectrum confirmed the fabrication of nanosized silver particles. The broth microdilution assay confirmed the anti-candida properties of AgNPs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1. In the next step, the protein and DNA leakage assays as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the possible anti-candida mechanisms of AgNPs representing an increase in the total protein and DNA of supernatant along with a climb-up in ROS levels in AgNPs-treated samples. Flow cytometry also confirmed a dose-dependent cell death in the AgNPs-treated samples. Further studies also confirmed the biofilm inhibitory performance of AgNPs against Candia albicans. The AgNPs at the concentrations of MIC and 4*MIC inhibited 79.68 ± 14.38% and 83.57 ± 3.41% of biofilm formation in C. albicans, respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the intrinsic pathway may play a significant role in the anticoagulant properties of AgNPs. In addition, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 μg mL−1, represented 49.27%, and 73.96 ± 2.59% thrombolytic and DPPH radical scavenging potential, respectively. Promising biological performance of AgNPs suggests these nanomaterials as a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Nanofabrication synthesis and its role in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities of AgNPs synthesized by Mangifera indica bark extract

The bio-based nanoparticles synthesis and assessment of their potential biomedical applications related research is rapidly emerging. The ability of an aqueous ethanolic bark extract of Mangifera indica to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as well as its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities were investigated in this study. Interestingly, the bark extract effectively synthesized the AgNPs, including an absorbance peak at 412 nm and sizes ranging from 56 to 89 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the presence of most essential functional groups belongs to the most bioactive compounds. Synthesized AgNPs showed fine antibacterial activity against the Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) causing bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus at 50 μg mL−1 concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNPs against these pathogens were found as 12.5 ± 0.8 & 13 ± 0.6, 13.6 ± 0.5 & 14 ± 0.7, 11.5 ± 0.3 & 11.5 ± 0.4, 13 ± 0.8 & 13 ± 0.7, and 11.8 ± 0.4 & 12 ± 0.8 μg mL−1 respectively. Interestingly, this AgNPs also possesses outstanding anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities as studied against the egg albumin denaturation (85%) inhibition and MCF 7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7: breast cancer cells) cell line (cytotoxicity: 80.1%) at 50 μg mL−1 concentration. Similarly at 50 μg mL−1 concentration showed 75% of DPPH radical scavenging potential. These activities were dose dependent, and the findings suggest that the M. indica bark aqueous ethanolic extract synthesized AgNPs can be used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents after in-vivo testing.

The in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Alcohol Extract of Medicinal Plant Individually and in Polyherbal Combination using DPPH Method

The present study deal with the aqueous alcohol extract of Allium sativum (bulb), Phyllanthus emblica (fruits) and Curcuma longa (rhizomes) were used for relative analysis of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-dipharyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and expressed with ascorbic acid. It was found that Phyllanthus emblica, Trigonella foenum graecum and Curcuma longa had more antioxidant activity than the Allium sativum. In combination for all four herbal drug were the in vitro antioxidant activity was more significant with DPPH radical scavenging potential. In vitro screening used for the study and evaluation of herbal drug for antioxidant activity in combination or individually.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Pod and Thymus vulgaris L. Leaf Ethanolic Extracts on Escherichia coli Urinary Isolates.

The indiscriminate use of antibacterial agents has resulted in one of the largest recent global health problems, which is the emergence of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to examine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of the two medicinal plants; Rosmarinus officinalis pods and Thymus vulgaris leaves on Escherichia coli urinary isolates. Both plants were extracted by absolute ethanol, and various concentrations (100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml) of the ethanolic extracts were prepared and tested against 53 urinary isolates of E. coli. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using chloramphenicol, gentamycin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin against isolated bacteria. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method. The chemical analysis of both extracts was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. The results showed that 88.7% of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to chloramphenicol and 87% were sensitive to gentamycin, while all isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 13% of E. coli isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR). The inhibitory zone of R. officinalis extract against E. coli ranged between 8 and 23 mm and for T. vulgaris extract ranged between 8 and 20 mm at concentrations between 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml. The MIC of both extracts against isolates is between 12.5 and 50 mg/ml, while the MBC is between 50 and 100 mg/ml. The DPPH radical scavenging potential of T. vulgaris was 83.09%, followed by R. officinalis (81.26%). The chemical analysis by GC-MS of R. officinalis showed that the most active compounds were: eucalyptol (18.57%), bicycloheptan (10.01%), and octahydrodibenz anthracene (7.44%) and for T. vulgaris the most active compounds were: thymol (5.7%), phytol (7.92%), and hexadecanoic acid (18.51%). R. officinalis and T. vulgaris ethanolic extracts possessed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and were found to be rich natural sources of active constituents used as traditional medicine.

Dysosmaflavonoid A–F, new flavonols with potent DPPH radical scavenging activity from Dysosma versipellis

Six new flavonols, including four glucosylated flavonols (dysosmaflavonoid A–D), one phenylpropanoid-substituted flavonol (dysosmaflavonoid E), and one phenyl-substituted flavonol (dysosmaflavonoid F), together with five known analogues, were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Dysosma versipellis. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of their NMR, IR, UV, HRESIMS, and HPLC data. The antioxidant activities of all isolated compounds were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Compounds 2, 3, 5–8, and 12 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values of 33.95, 39.02, 31.17, 32.79, 31.85, 30.48, and 23.75 μM, respectively, in comparison with Trolox (IC50, 15.80 μM). Compound 12 displayed more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity than prenylated and (or) glucosided derivatives (2–4, or 10). The preliminary structure-activity relationship showed that the catechol structure in flavonol is essential for DPPH radical scavenging effect.

An investigation of Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench seed extract for antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Use of herbal remedies is on the rise in developed and developing countries. Plant kingdom is a gold mine for novel and affordable antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. The medicinal properties of plants are due to metabolites especially secondary compounds produced by plant species around the globe. The current study was designed to investigate the seed extract of Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench for its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial activity of the acetone, aqueous and methanol seed extracts was determined in-vitro against medically important pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia pestis by agar-well diffusion method using different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%). Results showed low to significant antibacterial activity against the mentioned pathogenic bacterial species. The methanol extract of B. anthelmintica showed maximum zone of inhibition (20.40±0.68 mm) in the growth of L. monocytogenes which was followed by P. aeruginosa (19.10±1.77 mm), S. aureus (18.55±2.20 mm), E. coli (16.00±0.60 mm) and Y. pestis (16.00±0.00 mm) at 100% of its concentration respectively. Methanol seed extract was found to be more effective against selected pathogenic bacterial species as compared to acetone and aqueous seed extracts. Further the seed extract inhibited gram-positive bacteria more efficiently than gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of the different seed extracts (methanol, acetone and aqueous) of B. anthelmintica was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/mL). The plant showed 14.40±0.05 and 13.20±0.55 % DPPH radical scavenging potential in methanol and acetone extracts respectively at 100 µg/mL and exhibited no radical scavenging potential in case of aqueous extract. Therefore, the seed extracts of this plant can be selected for further investigation to discover or determine their ultimate therapeutic potential.
 Keywords: Baccharoides anthelmintica, seed extract, agar well diffusion, zone of inhibition, DPPH

Analytical determination, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Bhamrung-Lohit a traditional Thai medicine.

Bhamrung-Lohit (BRL) remedy is a traditional Thai medicine (TTM). There are few reports of biological activity, the activity of its constituent plants, or quantitative analytical methods for the content of phytochemicals. In this study, we investigated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid content and validated a new analytical method for BRL. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. The cellular antioxidant activity was evaluated by inhibition of the superoxide anion (O2●-) production from HL-60 cells and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Validated analytical procedures were conducted according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. An ethanolic extract of BRL exerted potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and moderate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Caesalpinia sappan exerted the greatest effect and the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids. The HPLC method validated parameters that complied with ICH requirements. Each peak showed selectivity with a baseline resolution of 2.0 and precision was less than 2.0% CV. The linearity of all compounds was > 0.999 and the recovery % was within 98.0%-102.0%. The validated results demonstrated specificity/selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy with appropriate LOD and LOQ. BRL remedy, a TTM demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study is the first report on the biological activity and the validation of an HPLC method for BRL remedy.