Potent DPPH Radical Scavenging Research Articles

HPLC Profile of Bioactives and Antioxidant Potential in Acalypha indica Extract

Acalypha indica is a plant found in many parts of Africa and Asia. The plant is used for the treatment of many respiratory diseases, management of cancers, diabetes and other diseases. The leaves of Acalypha indica were harvested, washed and shade dried. They were later extracted with methanol. The methanolic extract of Acalypha indica was subjected to DPPH radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant and HPLC quantification of phenols and flavonoids. The result showed a percentage yield of 5.72 %. Also the antioxidant capacity of Acalypha indicia based on the phosphomolybdenum method showed 13.60 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g extract. The DPPH radical scavenging potential of Acalypha indica showed that at 100 – 1000 µg/ml, the extract of Acalypha indica inhibited 7.2 ± 0.35 – 65.13 ± 1.53 % of DPPH radical as compared with standard gallic acid. The phenolics and flavonoids detected through HPLC are shown in Table 3. The phenolics and polyphenols with higher quantity in Extract of Acalypha indica are naringenin (169.91 mg/100 g), gallic acid (131.51 mg/100 g), rutin (76.72 mg/100 g), syringic acid (35.75 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (30.10 mg/100 g) and quercetin (11.36 mg/100 g). The results showed that Acalypha indica possesses antiradical, total antioxidant properties including a wide range of phenols and polyphenols. Therefore the extract can be a source of dietary supplement. This plant extract is a source of medicine if further research is applied.

Exploring the active components and potential mechanisms of Rhodiola heterodonta for alleviating T2DM based on network pharmacology

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disease that poses a serious threat to human health, is characterized by sustained hyperglycemia due to dysregulated insulin secretion. Rhodiola heterodonta (R. heterodonta) is an edible plant, and its root is a popular herbal tea for lowering blood sugar in Tajikistan's folk remedy. However, R. heterodonta has not received much attention outside of the former Soviet Union. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic components of R. heterodonta and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we extracted R. heterodonta roots and obtained R. heterodonta root extract (RHRE) through preliminary purification. RHRE significantly inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase (α-GAA) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), thus highlighting its powerful hypoglycemic effect. Twenty-six compounds were identified in RHRE by LC-MS/MS analysis, with flavonoids and phenolic acids existing as the predominant components. Network pharmacology further predicted that the PI3K/AKT pathway is crucial for the anti-T2DM effects of RHRE, and molecular docking suggested the significant binding affinities between the key components of RHRE and PTP1B. Importantly, RHRE exerted its hypoglycemic effect by modulating the PTP1B/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway in insulin-resistance L6 and L02 cells. Additionally, RHRE exhibited antioxidant activity and potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities. Ferroptosis, an emerging modality of cell death driven by ROS-induced lipid peroxidation, is considerably linked to the progression of T2DM. RHRE alleviated oxidative stress and inhibited ferroptosis through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis and the downregulation of ACSL4 expression. In conclusion, our study indicates that RHRE is a potential source of antioxidant and hypoglycemic bioactive compounds and can be used for the development of health products and functional foods for the prevention of T2DM.

Exploring the DPPH Radical Scavenging Potential in 5-Arylidene-N,N-diethylthiobarbiturates

Exploring the DPPH Radical Scavenging Potential in 5-Arylidene-N,N-diethylthiobarbiturates

Phyto-assisted synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Bauhinia variegata buds extract and evaluation of their multi-faceted biological potentials

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have wide range biological, biomedical and environmental applications. However, traditional nanofabrication of ZnONPs uses various toxic chemicals and organic solvents which limit their bio-applications. To overcome this hurdle, Bauhinia variegata derived buds extract was utilized to fabricate ZnONPs. The greenly generated ZnONPs were successfully prepared and extensively characterized using different analytical tools and the average crystalline size was calculated as 25.47 nm. Further, bioengineered ZnONPs were explored for multiple biological activities that revealed excellent therapeutic potentials. The antibacterial potential was determined using different bacterial strains. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 137.5 µg/mL) was reported to be the most resistant variant while Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 34.38 µg/mL) was observed to be most susceptible bacterial strain. DPPH radical scavenging potential was measured to determine the antioxidant capacity of ZnONPs and the highest scavenging potential was observed as 82% at highest of 300 µg/mL. The fungicidal effect of green ZnONPs in comparison with Amphotericin B was assessed against five selected pathogenic fungal strains. The results revealed, Fusarium solani (MIC: 46.875 µg/mL) was least resistant and Aspergillus flavus (MIC: 187.5 µg/mL) was most resistant in fungicidal examination. Cytotoxicity potential of B.V@ZnONPs was analyzed against newly hatched nauplii of brine shrimps. The results for greenly produced ZnONPs was recorded as 39.78 µg/mL while 3.006 µg/mL was reported for positive control vincristine sulphate. The results confirmed the category of general cytotoxic for greenly synthesized nano sized B.V@ZnONPs.

Antioxidant Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Extracts from <i>Senegalia nigrescens</i>-A Traditional Swazi Medicinal Plant

Senegalia nigrescens has been used in traditional Swazi medicine. S. nigrescens is used in the treatment of wounds, toothache, diabetes, dysentery, snake bites, convulsions and skin diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential, determine the half-minimal inhibition concentration (IC50) values and analyze phytochemical constituents of various solvent extracts obtained from the leaves and stem-bark of S. nigrescens. The maceration technique together with the hot solvent extraction approach was used for the obtainment of various solvent extracts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential, IC50 values and phytochemical analysis were performed as per established procedures. The radical scavenging potential of extracts from leaves and stem-bark of S. nigrescens and positive control (ascorbic acid) were found to be in the ranges of 7.55 ± 0.004 ~ 62.19 ± 0.004%, 9.04 ± 0.003 ~ 63.24 ± 0.006% and 50.98 ± 0.002 ~ 71.0 ± 0.007%, respectively at a concentration range of 200 ~ 3,000 μg/mL. The methanol extracts from the leaves, stem-bark and positive control exhibited IC50 values of 921.69, 735.74 and < 200 μg/mL, respectively. Several classes of phytochemicals were identified in these extracts which include alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins. We concluded that S. nigrescens showed a weak to moderate DPPH radical scavenging potential and possessed various classes of phytochemicals.

Green ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by response surface methodology

Flammulina velutipes residues, the by-products of Flammulina velutipes industry, cause environmental pollution. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues by an ultrasonic assisted snailase enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method, following the principles of green chemistry, mainly solvent and energy saving. The optimized parameters obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were determined as follows: ultrasonic power at 150 W, extraction time of 90 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. The experimental extraction yield (109.54 ± 5.44 mg/g) was closely matched the predicted yield (110.92 mg/g). Polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues (UE-FVRP) had the molecular weight of 170 kDa and a composition comprising 8 monosaccharides, primarily xylose (Xyl, 24.71%), mannose (Man, 17.29%), arabinose (Ara, 11.48%), and galactose (Gal, 15.63%). FT-IR analysis suggested that UE-FVRP likely contained pyranose with α-glycoside bonds. In vitro antioxidant activity assays revealed that UE-FVRP displayed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. Additionally, UE-FVRP demonstrated the ability to promote the growth of two Lactobacillus strains, indicating its potential as a novel polysaccharide with high in vitro prebiotic properties. Therefore, these findings proposed a novel, green, and efficient extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residues, highlighting the potential of utilizing Flammulina velutipes residues as a valuable ingredient in both food and feed applications, contributing to the sustainable reuse of agricultural by-products.

Phenylethanoid glycosides from Michelia champaca leaves

Chemical investigation on the leaves of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) led to the isolation of five previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (1), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (2), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-isoacteoside (3), 6""-O-E-feruloyl-echinacoside (4), and 6""-O-p-E-coumaroyl-echinacoside (5), together with eighteen known PhGs. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All the known PhGs except acteoside (8) were not previously reported in the genus. Twenty-one PhGs exhibited more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP than l-ascorbic acid (l-AA), and twenty-two PhGs showed better ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than l-AA. In addition, twelve PhGs displayed more potent cellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity than curcumin. The results revealed that the leaves of M. champaca are a rich source of phenylethanoid glycosides and antioxidants.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme. Keywords: Fabaceae, Zapoteca portoricensis, Cholinesterase inhibition, Antioxidant, GC-MS

New caffeoyl derivatives with potent DPPH radical scavenging activity from Elephantopus tomentosus

Eight new caffeoyl derivatives, elephantomentosides A–H (1 − 8), together with ten known ones (9 − 18), were isolated from the whole plant of Elephantopos tomentosus L. Their structures were elucidated using detailed spectroscopic analysis. Structurally, compounds 1 − 8 are composed of β-D-glucopyranose, and almost all of the substituent positions are at the C-1′ and C-4′ of glucopyranose. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 9–10, 13–15, and 17–18 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values in the range of 10.01–25.07 μM, in comparison with Vc (IC50, 17.98 μM).

Evaluation of the effect of Musa paradisiaca L. rhizome on Saccharomyces glucose absorption and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity

Introduction: Musa paradisiaca is a common edible plant used in traditional medical systems for its medicinal properties. In this study, in vitro anti-hyperglycaemic potential and in vitro antioxidant activity of M. paradisiaca rhizome were investigated. Methods: Dried rhizome of M. paradisiaca was sequentially extracted to hexane and dichloromethane using cold maceration technique. Stock concentrations of hexane extract (35.35 mg/mL) and dichloromethane extract (22.14 mg/mL) were diluted to prepare different concentrations and were used to evaluate the effects of plant extracts on glucose uptake potential by yeast cells and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity compared to metformin and ascorbic acid standards respectively. Results: The extracts improved the glucose uptake through yeast plasma membrane, since a linear relationship in glucose uptake by yeast cells wasobserved with gradual increase in concentration of the plant extract. In terms of glucose adsorption capacity, dichloromethane extract of plant possessed a significant (p<0.05) activity compared to the hexane extract at higher glucose concentrations, but this activity was significantly less compared to metformin standard (p<0.05). Further, dichloromethane extract demonstrated a higher level of glucose adsorption potential than hexane extract. Same extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging potential in antioxidant assay. However, this activity was concentration-dependent, and both extracts showed lower radical scavenging potentials compared to the ascorbic acid standard. Conclusion: Dichloromethane extract of M. paradisiaca rhizome is more biologically active compared to its hexane extract in terms of in vitro glucose adsorption potential and antioxidant properties. However, both extracts showed significantly lower activity compared to metformin in glucose uptake assay while ascorbic acid showed the highest activity in free radical scavenging.
 Keywords: DPPH, Glucose adsorption, Musa paradisiaca rhizome, Saccharomyces

Kinetic studies of NiO-rGO hybrid nanocomposite for the treatment of organic toxic effluents and oxidative stress

ABSTRACT The extensive use of aromatic compounds in industries is increasing the contamination of the water. Treatment of wastewater by environment friendly and financially effective methods has become a research hotspot. In the current study, graphene-based nanocomposite was found as effective nano-adsorbent due to π–π interaction and large surface area of graphene to interact with organic pollutants. Nickel oxide–reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (NiO-rGO ncp) was synthesised by using the extract of Cordia myxa leaves as a reducing agent. The characterisation of nanocomposite was carried by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed the size (6.16 nm) and morphology (spherical) of the synthesised nanocomposite. The antioxidant potential of nanocomposite was also evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging potential, total antioxidant potential and total phenolic content (TPC) which was found to be good. The ability of nanocomposite to catalyse the removal of methylene blue dye, rhodamine B dye and phenol was also assessed. NiO-rGO ncp showed 99% removal for methylene blue, 90% removal for rhodamine B using a tungsten bulb and 88% phenol elimination. Thermodynamic investigations validated the adsorption process’s spontaneity. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were also applied. A novel nanocomposite was demonstrated to be an effective antioxidant and a potential adsorbent for the extraction of organic pollutants from aqueous contaminated waste.

Chitosan/gelatin-based multifunctional films integrated with sulfur-functionalized chitin for active packaging applications

Sulfur-functionalized chitin composite (S-chitin) was prepared through sulfur-amine complex formation using ethylenediamine. The S-chitin exhibited excellent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV-barrier properties. Chitosan/gelatin (CS/Gel)-based active packaging films containing S-chitin (CS/Gel@S-chitin) were prepared and characterized. The addition of S-chitin enhanced the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the CS/Gel film by 18.4% and 42.2%, respectively, and slightly lowered the transparency of the film but enhanced the UV-blocking with 98.7% UV-A and 100% UV-B light screening. The composite films showed strong antioxidant efficacy with 100% ABTS and 95.9% DPPH radical scavenging potential. The films exhibited effective antimicrobial activity and completely stopped the growth of L. monocytogenes and E. coli after 3 h and 12 h of incubation, respectively. Packaging chicken and storing at 4 °C for 20 days showed that the chicken packaged with the CS/Gel@S-chitin films preserved the quality of the chicken of appearance, pH, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance), and TVC (total viable colony count). The multifunctional S-chitin incorporated CS/Gel films have a high potential for active packaging applications.

A comparative study of Ghanaian propolis extracts: Chemometric analysis of the chromatographic profile, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic potential and identification of active constituents

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high post-prandial glucose levels, which lead to other complications such as peripheral end organ damage. The use of enzyme inhibitors in the management of Type-2 diabetes ensure the control of blood glucose levels via the control of carbohydrate metabolism. The use of standard agents such as acarbose is associated with unwanted side effects hence the need to investigate other sources of antihyperglycemic agents. Propolis, a natural substance from bees, possesses diverse biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties. However, the phytochemical content of propolis and its extracts may vary depending on the geographical area, the solvent of extraction and type of bees. This study represents the first attempt to compare different extracts of propolis from the same source in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the effect of solvent and source of Ghanaian propolis on parameters such as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chromatographic profile, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory effects were investigated with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most promising extract, which could be of direct or indirect benefit in the management of Type-2 diabetes.Combinations of water, ethanol-water and ethanol extracts were prepared from propolis from three regions. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extracts after which the Folin Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay were used to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively. Antioxidant potential of extracts was estimated using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays. In-vitro α-amylase inhibition assay was used to investigate hypoglycemic effect of the extracts. Statistical tools such as ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis employed to determine sources of variations within the data obtained, to classify the extracts based on activity and to predict the most effective extract. This extract was then subjected to UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS and GC–MS techniques to characterize the constituents.Chemometric analysis of the data obtained showed that the variations in the data could be explained by both propolis source and extraction solvent. Though ethanol extracts generally contained more constituents, the more notable activities were in the ethanol-water extracts. The ethanol-water extract of Bono East propolis (EWBE) was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 of 149.37 ± 2.90 µg/mL as compared to 116.60 ± 0.93 µg/mL GAE standard). It was also one of the three extracts which were more potent than acarbose (369.89 µg/mL) in the α-amylase inhibition assay. The predominant constituents from the LC-MS dereplication of EWBE were caffeic acid and flavonoid derivatives whilst 5,5-dimethyl-1-oxa-5 silacyclononanone-9 was the most significant active constituent identified through the GC–MS analysis. The identified constituents are known to have strong antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.The effects of source and solvent of extraction on the biological and physicochemical properties of propolis in Ghana have been quantified using statistical tools. The combined biological effects of propolis suggest a possible role in their usage in the management of type-2-diabetes and its related complications. Ethanol-water extracts were the most promising with EWBE showing the strongest antihyperglycemic activity. Such extracts represent leads towards further research into toxicity and formulation in order to develop safe and useful products for the management of type-2 diabetes.

Identification of antioxidant compounds from the stem bark fraction of Strychnosinnocua Del.

Strychnos innocua is a shrub that is native to the tropic region of the world. It is used locally as food, medicine, fuel, and as an insect repellent. Extracts of this plant are used as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of gonorrhoea, snakebite and dysentery. It has been proven to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. There is little or no information on the identification and pharmacological activities of the chemical composition of the stem bark of this plant. The aim of this work is to identify the chemical compounds present in this plant and determine their antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate extract of this plant was subjected to purification techniques which lead to the isolation of fraction SI1. The chemical composition of the fraction SI1 was then determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Fractions SI1 was then analysed for its free radical scavenging potential using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) assay. A total of thirty compounds were identified with the major compounds being Cyclohex-2-enone,3-)2H-tetrazol-5-yl amino) (15.83 %), N-hexadecanoic acid (38.21%), N-hexadecanoic acid (38.21%), Octadecanoic acid (13.41%), Cis-vaccenic acid (13.41 %). The DPPH radical scavenging potential of the fraction SI1 compares well with the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 3.71 ± 0.31 μg/mL and 1.68 ± 1.27 μg/mL, respectively. At 500 μg/mL, the antioxidant potential of the standard ascorbic acid was 96.9% whereas the fraction SI1 had 62.1% free DPPH radical scavenging activity. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of SI1 observed is 0.0488 ± 0.01 nm, and 0.5375 ± 0.01 nm and for ascorbic acid. In conclusion, fraction SI1 can act as an antioxidant supplement for various applications in diverse fields of food, cosmetics, and medicine. Several compounds contained in the fraction SI1 may have contributed to the antioxidant properties of the fraction. The compounds identified could be useful precursors for the synthesis of therapeutic drugs associated with the treatment of human and animal diseases.

Polyphenol Analysis via LC-MS-ESI and Potent Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities of Jatropha multifida L. Extracts Used in Benin Pharmacopoeia.

Jatropha multifida L., a plant from the Euphorbiaceae family, is commonly used in Benin's traditional medicine due to its therapeutic benefits. This study aims to explore the medicinal efficacy of Jatropha multifida L. by evaluating its various biological activities. An initial phytochemical analysis was conducted, following which the polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified and identified using LC-MS-ESI. The antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts was tested using agar diffusion. Their antioxidant capacity was assessed using several methods: DPPH radical reduction, ABTS radical cation reduction, ferric ion (FRAP) reduction, and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the inhibition of protein (specifically albumin) denaturation. The study identified several phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, o-Coumaroylquinic acid, Apigenin-apiosyl-glucoside, and luteolin-galactoside. Notably, the extracts of J. multifida demonstrated bactericidal effects against a range of pathogens, with Concentration Minimally Bactericidal (CMB) values ranging from 22.67 mg/mL (for organisms such as S. aureus and C. albicans) to 47.61 mg/mL (for E. coli). Among the extracts, the ethanolic variant displayed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 0.72 ± 0.03 mg/mL. In contrast, the methanolic extract was superior in ferric ion reduction, registering 46.23 ± 1.10 µgEAA/g. Interestingly, the water-ethanolic extract surpassed others in the ABTS reduction method with a score of 0.49 ± 0.11 mol ET/g and also showcased the highest albumin denaturation inhibition rate of 97.31 ± 0.35% at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. In conclusion, the extracts of Jatropha multifida L. are enriched with bioactive compounds that exhibit significant biological activities, underscoring their therapeutic potential.

Phytosynthesized europium oxide nanoparticles for potential antidiabetic application

IntroductionGreen synthesis of the nanoparticles is regarded as an attractive area of research in materials research. Phytomodulated synthesis includes the application of medicinal flora for the biosynthesis of the metal based nanoparticles. These methods are attractive because of the biocompatability, cost effectiveness and sustainable nature. In the current study, we explored the antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of the Eu2O3 NPs that were previously synthesized using the aquoeus fruit extracts of medicinal Hyphnea thebacia L. MethodsEu2O3 NPs were evaluated for in vitro α-amylase, α -glucocidase and DPPH radical scavenging potential using established protocols. Alloxan (10%), prepared in normal saline was used for the induction of diabetes. Glucose tolerance, acute toxicity and blood biochemistry parameters were evaluated. ResultsIn vivo experiments revealed antidiabetic potential which was complemented by in vitro and in vivo assays. The α-glucocidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition revealed an IC50 value of 12 μg mL−1 and 540 μg mL−1 for Eu2O3 NPs respectively. The DPPH antioxidant assay revealed an IC50 of 250 μg mL−1. In vivo assays revealed that that the application of the Eu2O3 NPs has lowered the blood level glucose from 561.89 ± 2.16*** mg dL-1 to 193.00 ± 0.88*** mg dL-1 from the start of the treatment. No major alteration of the blood biochemistry parameters were observed after treatment. ConclusionEu2O3 NPs can exhibited antidiabetic and antioxidant nature.

Genome Analysis of Bifidobacterium Bifidum E3, Structural Characteristics, and Antioxidant Properties of Exopolysaccharides.

In this study, the antioxidant properties of intact cells (IC), cell-free supernatant (CFS), and cell-free extracts (CFE) and whole genome sequencing of Bifidobacterium bifidum E3 (B. bifidum E3), as well as the structural characteristics and antioxidant properties of EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3, were evaluated. The results revealed that intact cells (IC), cell-free supernatant (CFS), and cell-free extracts (CFE) had potent DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities, among which CFS was the best. At the genetic level, we identified a strong carbohydrate metabolism capacity, an EPS synthesis gene cluster, and five sugar nucleotides in B. bifidum E3. Therefore, we extracted cEPS from B. bifidum E3 and purified it to obtain EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3. EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3 were heteropolysaccharides with an average molecular weight of 4.15 × 104 Da, 3.67 × 104 Da, and 5.89 × 104 Da, respectively. The EPS-1 and EPS-2 are mainly comprised of mannose and glucose, and the EPS-3 is mainly comprised of rhamnose, mannose, and glucose. The typical characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides were shown in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). The microstructural study showed a rough surface structure for EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3. Furthermore, EPS-1, EPS-2, and EPS-3 exhibited potent DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radical scavenging capacities. Correlation analysis identified that antioxidant capacities may be influenced by various factors, especially molecular weight, chemical compositions, and monosaccharide compositions. In summary, the EPS that was produced by B. bifidum E3 may provide insights into health-promoting benefits in humans.

Analytical determination, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Bhamrung-Lohit a traditional Thai medicine.

Bhamrung-Lohit (BRL) remedy is a traditional Thai medicine (TTM). There are few reports of biological activity, the activity of its constituent plants, or quantitative analytical methods for the content of phytochemicals. In this study, we investigated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid content and validated a new analytical method for BRL. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging. The cellular antioxidant activity was evaluated by inhibition of the superoxide anion (O2●-) production from HL-60 cells and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and an aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Validated analytical procedures were conducted according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. An ethanolic extract of BRL exerted potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and moderate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Caesalpinia sappan exerted the greatest effect and the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids. The HPLC method validated parameters that complied with ICH requirements. Each peak showed selectivity with a baseline resolution of 2.0 and precision was less than 2.0% CV. The linearity of all compounds was > 0.999 and the recovery % was within 98.0%-102.0%. The validated results demonstrated specificity/selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy with appropriate LOD and LOQ. BRL remedy, a TTM demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study is the first report on the biological activity and the validation of an HPLC method for BRL remedy.

Exploring the biological application of Penicillium fimorum-derived silver nanoparticles: In vitro physicochemical, antifungal, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic performance

This study showed the anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum (GenBank accession number OQ568180) isolated from soil. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized by using different analytical techniques. A sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of the colloidal AgNPs at 429.5 nm in the UV–vis spectrum confirmed the fabrication of nanosized silver particles. The broth microdilution assay confirmed the anti-candida properties of AgNPs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1. In the next step, the protein and DNA leakage assays as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the possible anti-candida mechanisms of AgNPs representing an increase in the total protein and DNA of supernatant along with a climb-up in ROS levels in AgNPs-treated samples. Flow cytometry also confirmed a dose-dependent cell death in the AgNPs-treated samples. Further studies also confirmed the biofilm inhibitory performance of AgNPs against Candia albicans. The AgNPs at the concentrations of MIC and 4*MIC inhibited 79.68 ± 14.38% and 83.57 ± 3.41% of biofilm formation in C. albicans, respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the intrinsic pathway may play a significant role in the anticoagulant properties of AgNPs. In addition, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 μg mL−1, represented 49.27%, and 73.96 ± 2.59% thrombolytic and DPPH radical scavenging potential, respectively. Promising biological performance of AgNPs suggests these nanomaterials as a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.