Downdraft Gasifier Research Articles

DOWN DRAFT GASIFIER TO PRODUCE SYNGAS BY BIO WASTE

Biowaste is a valuable resource for sustainable energy production. Through combustion, it generates thermal energy, while gasification a thermo chemical process which transforms solid fuel into gaseous fuel. This process, specifically through a downdraft gasifier, converts biowaste into a combustible gas known as producer gas. Utilizing biowaste as a fuel source plays a crucial role in reducing dependency on fossil fuels, providing a renewable, low-carbon energy alternative. Combining biowaste with other renewable sources like wind and solar power is an effective solution for small-scale, decentralized power generation. This approach not only meets local electricity needs but also supplies heat for rural development. Optimizing operating conditions and methodologies for maximum syngas production in biomass gasification is essential. The gasification system designed here includes a downdraft biomass thermo chemical conversion gasifier, a gas transport line with tar removal, and a fully enclosed combustion chamber—together, forming a robust setup for efficient, clean energy production. KEY WORD: Downdraft gasifier, biowaste, gasification, pyrolysis, syngas

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH ORGANIK SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF MENGGUNAKAN REAKTOR GASIFIKASI DOWNDRAFT

Organic waste from coconut shells, corn cobs, candlenut shells, and lamtoro wood is often found in the Gorontalo region. The gasification of organic waste has the potential to reduce organic waste and produce gas for various applications, including heating, power generation, and industrial raw materials. The research aims to determine the gas composition of the downdraft gasification process from organic waste from coconut shells, candlenut shells, corn cobs, and lamtoro wood, to determine the rate of fuel consumption, and to determine the calorific value. The method used is an experimental method. Test results using a downdraft gasifier reactor with 5 kg of fuel. The average H2 value obtained from the test results for coconut shells was 12.46%, candlenut shells 13.01%, corn cobs 9.3%, and lamtoro wood 15.95%, the highest H2 value from several of these samples was obtained from lamtoro wood with the highest percentage was 15.95%, the average O2 value obtained was coconut shell 8.86%, candlenut shell 6.37%, corn cob 2.61%, lamtoro wood 5.22%, the average CH4 value was shell coconut 7.88%, candlenut shell 4.05%, corn cob 8.03%, lamtoro wood 7.32%, average CO value for coconut shell 0.56%, candlenut shell 0.05%, corn cob 10 .71%, lamtoro wood 0.05% while the average N2 value obtained was 70.21% coconut shell, 76.49% candlenut shell, 69.25% corn cob, and 71.44% lamtoro wood. The findings compare four organic wastes as alternative energy using a downdraft gasification reactor. The conclusion from this research is that the best gas composition is from corncob organic waste with H₂, CH₄, and CO of 28.05%, the longest burning rate on corncob samples is 23.11 grams/minute and the highest calorific value test is on lamtoro wood samples with results reaching 4,340 cal/gram.

Techno-economic analysis in the service of traditional ceramic industry. The first review

The traditional ceramics industry uses large amounts of raw materials and energy while significantly contributing to the CO2 footprint. The improvements, primarily in the first two areas, will contribute to sustainable development and answer the emerging questions of decreasing a gas-release footprint. These are topics of high importance considering European Union goals, and thus, on the contrary, there is yet only scarce available literature on the subject. This paper describes the state and future perspectives of the traditional ceramics industry through the techno-economic lens. Many options are detected that save resources (waste materials), energy consumption (reparation or modification of kilns, usage of dry pressing in ceramic tiles production, etc.), and control of flue gas composition (changing the fuel, etc.). Further intensified research is needed to widen the knowledge and compare the results. In the first place, the composition of flue gas should be determined by the same methods and presented using unified units. The lowest energy consumption and flue gas composition are determined in ceramic tiles production by the dry route. Using a downdraft gasifier of biomass in brick manufacturing increases the internal rate of return if a longer tunnel kiln is applied. The expected payback period is from 4 to 8 years.

Investigating the sustainable energy generation potential of an invasive weed: Lantana camara.

Lantana camara, one of the world's top ten most invasive species, was initially cultivated for ornamental use. However, it spread uncontrollably across the fallow areas and agricultural lands, threatening approximately 44% of Indian forests. Its invasion disrupts ecosystems by suppressing nearby plant growth through allelopathy and poses toxicity risks to grazing ruminants. It significantly increases forest fire risk by adding large amounts of combustible biomass, particularly dried L. camara. Despite efforts to control it using mechanical, chemical, and biocontrol methods, the results have been largely unsatisfactory, with associated costs estimated at $18,000 per square kilometre. Considering these challenges, recent research explored the potential of L. camara as a bioenergy resource. TheL. camarabriquettes exhibit a heating value of approximately 20MJ/kg with a low sulphur (0.5%), nitrogen (1%), and ash content (2%), making them suitable for decentralised energy production. Furthermore, bioethanol production fromL. camarahydrolysate has shown promising results, yielding 0.33g/g withPichia stipitisand0.47g/g with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is comparable to other lignocellulosic feedstocks. Additionally, the gasification of L. camara using a downdraft gasifier produced syngas with a lower heating value (LHV) of 6.4MJ/Nm3. These findings demonstrate that using L. camara for bioenergy production presents a dual solution, addressing the growing demand for renewable energy and managing invasive species. This review aims to critically evaluate the potential and challenges associated with the different energy production pathways for L. camara, highlighting its role in sustainable energy generation.

Experimental and performance analysis of organic fraction of municipal solid waste in downdraft gasifier

It is anticipated that the production of municipal solid waste will increase from 2.10 billion tonnes in 2023 to 3.80 billion tonnes by 2050. About 170 billion metric tonnes of biomass is produced worldwide each year. On a wet basis, the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) includes approximately 20% of wood, 70% of food waste, 60% of yard trimmings, and 50% of other organic materials. Gasification of waste biomass is one of the most efficient processes for creating gaseous fuel and subsequently power with reduced environmental impact. The current work presents a novel strategy to reduce MSW by converting waste into briquettes and feeding it in gasifiers to produce syngas. The downdraft gasifier is employed in the syngas generation process. With a calorific value of 22.6 MJ/kg and a higher lignin concentration of approximately 31%, MSW proves to be suitable for thermochemical conversion processes. This article presents the results during gasification of briquette made from organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) with significant heating value of 22.6 MJ/kg. The fuel produced by the gasifier has a heating value ranging from 920 to 1150 kcal/m3, making it clean-burning. Its primary components consist of 19% to 23% carbon monoxide and 17% to 21% hydrogen. This study offers a unique investigation into the gasification behavior of the organic fraction of OFMSW in a downdraft gasifier, with an emphasis on optimizing operational parameters and evaluating the yield and quality of syngas. Although gasification has been widely studied as a thermochemical conversion method for biomass, the specific performance of OFMSW in this process has received limited attention. By focusing on this underexplored area, the study enhances the understanding of OFMSW's potential in gasification and its contribution to sustainable energy production, thereby addressing key issues in both waste management and renewable energy generation.

Investigations on performance of gasifier engine integration using three different biomasses as feedstocks

The integration of a downdraft gasifier with modified internal combustion engines presents a feasible solution for heat and power production, such as off-grid areas. This study conducted an experimental analysis to evaluate combustion in a modified engine. The morphological characteristics of the agricultural residue used in the gasifier were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), along with an examination of the slagging inorganic constituents. The engine used in the experiments was a modified single-cylinder design paired with a downdraft gasifier. Three types of biomass feedstocks—eucalyptus, corncob, and pearl millet in pellet form —were tested. The performance of the downdraft gasifier was stabilized, and the engine was run independently on each type of producer gas at a constant speed under different loads to determine the optimum load. Cylinder pressure measurements were taken to estimate the heat release rate.The study found that power generation was lower than typical woody biomasses due to the lower calorific value of the producer gas from the tested feedstocks. Additionally, lower cylinder pressures and heat release rates were recorded, along with longer combustion durations. The varying proportions of producer gas affected combustion stability. Among the studied ashes, pearl millet corncob (PMC) exhibited the highest slagging tendency, followed by corncob (CC). Morphological analysis indicated that the eucalyptus residue's increased porosity was caused by the volatiles changing, forming pores and tube-like structures. An aliphatic C–H peak (3000–2500 cm⁻1) is absent from the residue, indicating that the aliphatic structure was disturbed during thermochemical conversion. During the gasification process, the residue's crystallinity reduced as it split down.

Sustainable Energy Production From Biomass: A Case Study On Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus Gasification

The global transition to renewable energy sources is a crucial response to the urgent need to reduce global warming and its negative environment consequences. One feasible approach within this paradigm is to generate steam from syngas produced by biomass gasification. Background: Gasification is a thermochemical process that transforms organic materials into combustible gas mixtures, provides a sustainable and renewable way to generate energy, chemicals and fuels. This technology helps to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Materials and methods: In this experiment, Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus sawdust is used to generate pellets which will subsequently be processed into syngas using downdraft gasifier. The experiment investigates the effect of increasing air velocities specifically 10, 15, 20 and 25 M/sec as a gasifying agent to the gasification process. Results: The air velocity is measured at 10, 15, 20 and 25 m/s resulting in the time taken of 2280, 1860, 1560 and 1380 with efficiency increases of 41.11, 47.73, 49.62 and 54.67, respectively. This implies that optimizing air velocity is crucial for improving the overall performance of biomass gasification. The proximate and ultimate results of pellet are some better compared to the raw eucalyptus by researcher Filomena Pinto [16]. The efficiency is slightly high compared with the researcher R. Ravi Kumar [25]. The generated syngas may eventually replace the fossil fuel LPG for domestic purposes. Conclusion: The time taken for the gasification decreases with the increase of air velocity up to 25m/s. As the result the efficiency increases.

Impact of geometric variables on the functionality of downdraft biomass gasifiers across diverse dimensions

This study offers an extensive examination of the fundamental design parameters that influence the performance of biomass downdraft gasifiers. The impact of design parameters such as reactor dimensions, throat diameter, length of converging and diverging section and ratio of maximum to minimum diameter (dmax/dmin) were analysed using FORTRAN code, which was initially developed for 4 kW Imbert gasifier. Simulation results highlight that the optimal range of hearth loads for gasifier operation is influenced by both the gasifier’s size and the particle size of the feedstock. Increasing gasifier size from 20 mm to 100 mm throat diameter, while maintaining the same superficial air velocity (SAV), escalates hearth load and superficial velocity due to heightened biomass consumption, leading to higher hearth temperature and improved gas calorific value. Similar trends are observed across varying SAV values (0.35 m/s to 1.8 m/s), suggesting a need for lower SAV values in larger gasifiers, possibly with larger particle sizes. Additionally, altering the length of the converging and diverging sections impacts gas quality, with deviations from recommended values affecting ignition and overall performance, while dmax/dmin variations show no significant impact.

Analysis of 27 supervised machine learning models for the co-gasification assessment of peanut shell and spent tea residue in an open-core downdraft gasifier

The producer gas (PG) obtained through thermochemical processing of the various renewable biomass types contributes to Sustainable Development Goal-7 (SDG-7). Hence, this study examined 27 supervised and multiple-input single-output ML models in terms of performance metrics and accuracy to predict CO, H2, CH4, and CO2 compositions, as well as PG's HHV in the co-gasification of peanut shell (PS) and spent tea residue (STR). Multiple trial experiments were tested with various equivalence ratios (ERs) and mixing ratios (MRs) on a 90 m3/h gas-yield open-core, down-draft gasifier with air as the gasification medium. About 18 models were chosen after evaluating their performance metrics in estimating relevant parameters. The accuracy of those models is assessed based on 12 sample runs with varying ER and MR. The findings revealed that 16 models from the linear, neural network, support vector machine, Gaussian process, tree, and ensemble categories were reliable ML models. The chosen 16 models' R2 values for CO, H2, CH4, CO2, and HHVPG are above 0.931, 0.937, 0.962, 0.806, and 0.971, respectively, with the exception of TRE. Additionally, the models demonstrated a prediction accuracy of >95 % for all of the investigated parameters in the co-gasification of PS and STR when compared to random experimental runs.

Unlocking the techno-economic potential of biomass gasification for power generation: Comparative analysis across diverse plant capacities

This research aims to evaluate the techno-economic viability and commercial potential of biomass gasification across different capacities. Sensitivity analysis was conducted based on an established downdraft gasifier model using Aspen Plus. Results underscored the significant impact of gasification temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) on syngas composition, low heating value (LHV), and cold gas efficiency (CGE). Among the feedstocks tested, coconut shell emerged as a feasible feedstock, yielding syngas with an LHV of 8.93 MJ/Nm3 and achieving a CGE of up to 71.12 %. Optimal gasification temperatures ranged between 750 °C to 1,000 °C, with peak ER falling within 0.1 to 0.3. Economic analysis revealed that smaller-scale operations like Plant A resulted in a negative net present value of − US$0.63 million, indicating unfavorable investments. The internal rate of return notably increased from 9.53 % for Plant B compared to −2.56 % for Plant A (20 kW). Plant D, with larger capacity of 20 MW, showed an impressive payback period of less than two years (1.69 years). Medium to large-scale plants such as Plant C (2 MW) and Plant D demonstrated greater economic resilience, with Plant D achieving a significantly lower levelized cost of electricity of US$ 0.19/kWh compared to Plant A at US$ 0.86/kWh. It was noted that the impact of capital costs, operating expenses, and revenue variations is less pronounced at larger scales. The findings from this study shed light on the feasibility of biomass gasification for power generation as a viable option, thereby unlocking the potential for its large-scale commercialization.

Co-gasification of waste biomass-low grade coal mix using downdraft gasifier coupled with dual-fuel engine system: Multi-objective optimization with hybrid approach using RSM and Grey Wolf Optimizer

The looming global crisis over increasing greenhouse gases and rapid depletion of fossil fuels are the motivation factors for researchers to search for alternative fuels. There is a need for more sustainable and less polluting fuels for internal combustion engines. Biomass offers significant potential as a feed material for gasification to produce gaseous fuel. It is carbon neutral, versatile, and abundant on earth. The present study thus explores a mix of different feedstocks, such as mahua wood and low-grade coal for downdraft gasifiers. The resultant producer gas (PG), after cooling-cleaning will be used as the gaseous fuel to run the diesel engine in dual-fuel mode, while a tiny quantity of linseed biodiesel-diesel blends as B20 (20 % biodiesel + 80 % diesel) will be supplied as injected pilot fuel. The data from experimental work at different engine operation settings was employed to develop a prediction-optimization model using a twin approach of RSM and Grey wolf optimization (GWO). The three control factors for the engine were compression ratio (CR) 17 – 17.5 – 18, equivalence ratio 0.12–0.41, and engine loads in the range of 10–100 % were used to collect data on response variables i.e., brake-thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission data (CO2, NOx, UHC, and CO). A comparative approach of RSM and GWO was utilized for the multi-objective optimization revealing the best results were attained at 17.65 CR, 0.4 ER, 82.55 % engine load in the case of GWO.

Downdraft Gasification for Biogas Production: The Role of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) can help improve many areas of waste management and biogas generation. The world has reached a state where waste generation is increasing daily, while an effective waste management system is essential for the sustainable development of a country. AI could be of great use in optimizing the waste management scheme by technical differentiation of all sorts and recycling techniques. AI can contribute to the improvement of waste segmentation, recycling, and disposal. Thus, by assessing availability and composition, AI can easily contribute to the selection of the most suitable feedstock for biogas generation. This paper will discuss the optimization of gasifier design, an important part of biogas production, to enhance gasification efficiency for more efficient syngas production. Several gains accrue from AI applications, and among them is the selection of feedstocks and gasifiers optimal for more efficient and sustainable waste management and use in the production of biogas systems. This review paper identifies the potential application areas in either waste management practices or biogas production and puts forward ways in which AI can be used in these areas.

Downdraft Gasifier for Oil Palm Empty Bunches with Computational Fluid Dynamics

Abstract The demand for palm oil increases every year and this condition proportional to the increase in waste from the manufacture of palm oil. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of empty palm fruit bunches to be used as renewable energy. This research simulated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) gasification with empty oil palm fruit bunches using a downdraft gasifier, then simulated with three variations of air flow rates. This is done because the air flow rate is very influential on the temperature and gasification results. The best and uniform variation was obtained at a water flow rate of 25 L/min with a resulting temperature of 28 °C to 957 °C and with an even temperature coverage in the reactor. Then in this study the syngas H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 were obtained which were not evenly distributed in the reactor at all variations of air flow rate, and for the acquisition of syngas H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 the most were obtained at variations of air flow rate of 25 L/min.

Numerical investigation to predict the impact of pre-heated air on the tar formation of cocoa pod husk gasification in a fixed bed downdraft gasifier

Tar production is a critical aspect of gasification thermochemistry, and it hinders the widening of biofuel utilisation in several applications. Both the gasifier configuration and the operating conditions influence the quantity of tar in PG. Since temperature plays a major role, this study examines the performance parameters of a gasifier across a spectrum of input air temperatures, from 27 to 627 °C, utilising computational fluid dynamics with species transport and porous media models. Since the deviation of numerical predictions from experimental results is within 10 %, the model's validity is confirmed. CO and H2 gas production increased from 19.23 % to 27.12 % and 9.23 %–16.2 %, respectively, over the tested air temperature range; however, the variation in methane content was not significant. Furthermore, the higher heating values of PG and cold gas efficiency were found to be 5–6.8 MJ/Nm3 and 65–69 %, respectively. The study also investigates reaction rates for gasification, combustion, and volatiles' breakdown under various operating conditions. Among the tar species studied, benzene is the most concentrated at 1.6 g/Nm3, followed by toluene at 0.9 g/Nm3, with naphthalene and phenol present in comparatively smaller amounts. Furthermore, the research indicates that an appropriate temperature of gasifying medium can control tar in PG.

Gasification and Techno-Economic Study of Palm Shell Biomass and the Utilization of Dual Fuel Diesel Engine Operated Diesel Engine

Indonesia's oil reserves and production are steadily declining, accompanied by increasing fossil fuel consumption, particularly in Diesel Power Plants, which contribute to environmental impacts and exacerbate global warming. In response, the government issued a policy in 2028 to implement carbon emission trading for Diesel Power Plants with a capacity below 2 MW, as part of Indonesia's commitment to achieving Net Zero Emission (NZE) by 2060. Considering the significant state assets in the form of diesel-powered generators (approximately 5,200 diesel power plants) still operating throughout Indonesia, the government has also issued policies and strategic plans to develop Biomass Power Plants. This research focuses on examining the combination of biosolar B35 and syngas usage in diesel engines, known as dual fuel engine technology, utilizing abundant palm shell biomass waste in Southeast Sulawesi. The gasification process to create syngas uses a multi-stage downdraft gasifier system with the optimal air ratio variation from previous research, namely 1:7:2 in the pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction zones. Testing is conducted on a diesel engine at 3000 rpm with load variations ranging from 500 Watt to 4500 Watt. The load is gradually increased at 500-Watt intervals. The syngas mass flow rate is also varied by adjusting four different syngas valve openings to the diesel engine's intake manifold. This study will compare the results of diesel engine operation using single fuel (biosolar B35) with dual fuel (biosolar B35 + syngas) at each engine load interval to determine engine performance, biosolar B35 fuel substitution or savings, carbon reduction in the dual fuel diesel system, and calculate the techno-economics for up-scaling on a 250 kW capacity engine at PT Nusantara Power, Unit Pembangkitan Kendari, ULPLTD Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi. The aim is to support government programs and policies in realizing environmentally friendly and sustainable Diesel Power Plants, as well as to open opportunities for developing biomass-based dual fuel engine technology in Indonesia.

Multi-criteria study and optimization of an innovative combined scheme utilizing compressed air energy storage for a modified solid oxide fuel cell-driven gas turbine power plant fueled by biomass feedstock

This paper explores the potential of a combined solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine technology for medium- to large-scale power generation, emphasizing its applicability and sustainability, particularly with biomass feedstock. An innovative heat integration process is developed for a modified solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine power plant, incorporating a steam power cycle, compressed air energy storage, a Kalina cycle, and a domestic hot water production subsystem. The system utilizes biomass through a downdraft gasifier, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of thermodynamic, economic, and environmental performance during both charging and discharging phases. A detailed parametric sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate two operational modes. Subsequently, five multi-objective optimization scenarios are formulated and optimized using the cuckoo search algorithm and two decision-making approaches. The results indicate that the optimization scenario focusing on exergetic round-trip efficiency and the unit cost of products during the discharging phase achieves superior thermodynamic and environmental performance. Specifically, the system exhibits energetic and exergetic round-trip efficiencies of 59.20 % and 51.06 %, respectively, with a levelized total emission of 0.64 kg/MWh. Furthermore, when considering the objectives of exergetic round-trip efficiency and net present value, the optimal economic performance is achieved with a payback period of 1.54 years and a net present value of $7.44 million.

Modeling of a heat-integrated biomass downdraft gasifier: Influence of feed moisture and air flow

A model for a heat-integrated biomass downdraft gasifier is developed and used to study the influence of changes in biomass moisture content and gasifier air flow. This one-dimensional steady-state model accounts for pyrolysis, combustion and gasification reaction kinetics as well as transport phenomena occurring within the gasifier and heat integration system. The gasifier is divided into four zones for solving the ordinary differential equations (ODEs), because each zone has different geometry for the reactor or heating system. The material and energy balance ODEs are solved as a boundary value problem (BVP), ensuring that conditions for the producer gas at the bottom of the reactor match the conditions of the countercurrent annulus gas, which is used for heating. The model also accounts for the preheating of the biomass using exhaust gas from an associated engine used to generate electricity from the producer gas. The model predicts the process gas temperature, flow rate and composition and was validated using two experimental runs with different control inputs. The model predictions show good agreement with the data. Simulations with the highest feed moisture result in lower reactor temperatures and simulations with the highest air flow result in the highest reactor temperatures.

Assessing the exergy sustainability of a paddy drying system driven by a biomass gasifier.

Paddy parboiling in rice industries is an energy-intensive process that requires huge attention for energy conservation, fuel economy, and sustainability. Thus, several research initiatives have been undertaken to adopt a suitable energy conversion system in such industries to improve thermal efficiency and reduce environmental impact. In this study, exergy performance and exergy-based sustainability indicators have been investigated on a reversible bed paddy dryer coupled with a rice husk-fuelled downdraft gasifier. The experiment was conducted at the optimum operating conditions such as an equivalence ratio of 0.2 in the gasifier and a drying air temperature of 80℃ in the dryer. The exergy efficiency of the reversible bed dryer and the gasifier were 65.53% and 70.92% respectively. The lowest exergy efficiency of 35.29% was seen in the combustion chamber since a huge exergy destruction of 2.75kW occurred. Therefore, the combustion chamber has a high potential improvement of about 1.66kW. Due to less exergy destruction, the gas cooler and air duct showed high exergy efficiency of 62.36% and 76.2% respectively and the lowest values in exergy-based sustainability indicators. The assessment of environmental and sustainability factors on each component showed that the combustion chamber has a high waste exergy ratio of 0.688, environment effect factor of 1.95, exergy destruction coefficient of 0.69, and exergy sustainability index of 0.51.

Experimental assessment of oxy-CO2 gasification strategy with woody biomass

This paper presents the results obtained during an extensive experimental campaign focused on analysing the application of Oxy-CO2 gasification technology to a small downdraft gasifier fed with woody biomass. Oxy-gasification enables the production of a nitrogen-free synthesis gas (syngas), which can be effectively employed in the synthesis of various high-value chemicals, including but not limited to synthetic natural gas (SNG), methanol (CH3OH), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen and more.The gasifier performances were analysed using different CO2/O2 ratios in the feed (between 1 and 3 kg/kg). The inlet biomass flow rate was approximately 12–18 kg/h, while the equivalence ratio ranged between 19 % and 26 %. The results show that the gasifier can produce a syngas flow rate in the range of 15–25 Nm3/h with a lower heating value (LHV) of between 8 and 10 MJ/Nm3 and a cold gas efficiency of up to 78 %. The operative behaviour of the gasification system is stable and simple to control.

Experimental Investigation of Producer Gas Effects on Coated Pipelines in Biomass Downdraft Gasifier System

Abstract This research examines the performance of epoxy, ceramic, and graphene coatings on stainless steel 316 in a producer gas environment, focusing on corrosion and erosion resistance. This research aimed to identify the most effective coating for applications in harsh gasification environments. In this research, various analyses, including microstructural examination, hardness and weight measurements, FESEM analysis, and EDAX analysis, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the coatings. The producer gas was passed on to all the coated samples for a period of 100 hours. The significant findings include the superior corrosion and erosion resistance of ceramic-coated stainless steel, as evidenced by low weight fluctuations, maintained hardness levels, and elemental stability. Graphene coatings exhibit high hardness but increased porosity, raising concerns about durability, while epoxy coatings are vulnerable to gas-induced structural alterations. The inclusion rating analysis underscored the ceramic coatings' ability to preserve consistent material properties. Overall, ceramic coatings have emerged as the preferred option for gasification environments due to their structural resilience, inclusion integrity, and elemental stability. Considering the inclusion integrity, mechanical strength, weight stability, and elemental stability, ceramic-coated stainless steel 316 samples exhibit better resistance toward producer gas influence. This research contributes valuable insights for material selection in applications exposed to harsh gasification environments, emphasizing the importance of coating selection for long-term durability and performance.