Dough Ripe Stage Research Articles

호숙기와 황숙기 멥쌀을 첨가한 백설기의 품질특성

The effect of the addition of dough ripe stage rice (DRSR) and yellow ripe stage rice (YRSR) on the quality characteristics of Backsulgi was investigated. The DRSR and YRSR addition ratio of 30% was selected by preliminary sensory evaluation study for which backsulgi was prepared with DRSR added to full ripe stage rice (FRSR, control) as the weight ratio of 0, 20, 30 and 50%. The pasting properties of 30% added DRSR and YRSR flours, analyzed with rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), were compared with FRSR flour. The RVA values of holding, breakdown, final viscosities were higher in 30% DRSR and YRSR flours than in control. Backsulgi prepared with 30% DRSR and YRSR showed lower moisture content along with higher greenness and yellowness than control. As a result of analysis with texture analyzer, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience were lower in backsulgis with 30% DRSR and YRSR than in control. In the sensory evaluation, backsulgis with 30% DRSR and YRSR were assessed as having more intensive green color, and more greenish and delicious taste than control. Furthermore, backsulgi with 30% DRSR showed higher score of overall acceptability than 30% YRSR (p 0.05). Therefore, the addition of 30% DRSR could give favorable color and flavor to backsulgi.

Identification of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium spp. isolated from corn and the changes in concentration of fumonisin during the cultivation period

AbstractWe estimated the prevalence of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium fungi and the levels of fumonisin in corn (maize; Zea mays L.) grown and harvested in Tochigi, Japan, in 2009. Fusarium fujikuroi was the species most frequently isolated from ear samples collected after the yellow‐ripe stage, and these isolates produced fumonisin in incubation tests on corn grain medium. Other Fusarium species were also isolated. The concentration of fumonisin in corn grown in the field increased abruptly after the dough‐ripe stage and kept increasing until the full‐ripe stage. The mean concentrations of fumonisin B1 and B2 each exceeded 2000 μg kg–1 fresh matter at the full‐ripe stage, and almost all of the fumonisin was found in ears. Fungi capable of producing fumonisin were consistently isolated from ears sampled after the dough‐ripe stage; we conclude that these fungi produced fumonisin in ears. Although fumonisin‐producing fungi were isolated also from stems and leaves after the dough‐ripe stage, concentrations of fumonisin in these tissues were very low and did not increase over time. It appears that fumonisin‐producing fungi such as F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum and F. verticillioides were present in the plants from the dough‐ripe stage to full‐ripe stage and the conditions for fumonisin production became more favorable in ears as the plants matured.

경기도 벼 재배지 노린재류의 발생소장과 벼 반점미 피해

벼 재배지에서 발생하는 노린재의 종류와 발생소장, 반점미 피해를 구명하기 위해 화성, 평택 등 경기지역 6개 시군 12개 읍면의 논과 논둑에서 노린재 발생밀도와 노린재 종류별 피해양상을 조사하였다. 논둑에서 채집된 노린재는 모두 30종이었고, 화성과 시흥에서 흑다리긴노린재(Paromius exiguus), 평택, 파주, 이천에서 홍색얼룩장님노린재(Stenotus rubrovittatus)가 우점하였다. 논에서 채집된 노린재는 모두 23종이었고, 시흥에서 흑다리긴노린재, 평택, 파주, 이천에서 홍색얼룩장님노린재가 우점하였다. 흑다리긴노린재는 화성 시화호 등 주로 서해안 습지에서 월동하고 증식한 후 이동하여 <TEX>$8{\sim}9$</TEX>월에 논둑에서 최고의 발생을 보였으며, 홍색얼룩장님노린재와 시골가시허리노린재(Cletus punctiger)는 <TEX>$8{\sim}9$</TEX>월에, 가시점둥글노린재(Eysarcoris aeneus)는 <TEX>$6{\sim}7$</TEX>월에 논둑에서 발생이 많았다. 벼에 노린재 종류별로 접종하여 반점미 피해를 확인한 결과, 유숙기 접종시 가시점둥글노린재가 10.2%, 흑다리긴노린재가 4.8%, 호숙기 접종시는 홍색얼룩장님노린재(Stenotus rubrovittatus)가 4.3%, 흑다리긴노린재가 2.7%의 반점미율을 보였다. 흑다리긴노린재에 의한 반점미 피해증상은 피해부위의 표면이 매끈하고 함몰되는 것이 없었으나, 가시점둥글노린재에 의한 반점미 피해증상은 흑다리긴노린재와 유사하지만 피해부위가 함몰되는 것이 많았고 그 표면은 거칠었다. 홍색얼룩장님노린재는 벼 낱알 위쪽을 가해하여 반점이 윗부분에 집중되는 특징이 있었다. This study was carried out to survey the occurrence of stink bugs and pecky rice grain caused by the stink bugs in paddy fields in six districts of Gyeonggi-do. In the levee of the paddy fields, 30 species of the stink bugs were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Hwaseong and Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. In the paddy fields, 23 species were collected, and the dominant species were Paromius exiguus in Siheung, and Stenotus rubrovittatus in Pyeongtaek, Icheon and Paju. P. exiguus overwintered and proliferated mainly in the west coastal region, where its host plants, Imperata cylindrica and Calamagrostis epigeois, were abundant, and then moved to paddy fields later in the season, resulting in the peak density in September in paddy area. Stenotus rubrovittatus and Cletus punctiger were abundant in paddy area in August and September, and Eysarcoris aeneus was abundant in June and July. When the stink bugs were inoculated on the rice, the rate of pecky rice caused by E. aeneus and P. exiguus at milk ripe stage was 10.2% and 4.8%, respectively, and the rate by S. rubrovittatus and P. exiguus at dough ripe stage was 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The damage shape of pecky rice was distinctive according to the species. The surface of pecky rice by P. exiguus was very smooth but the surface of pecky rice by E. aeneus was rough and caved. In the pecky rice by S. rubrovittatus, the spot occurred at the topside of the grain.

Variations of Water‐Soluble Carbohydrate Contents in Different Age Class Modules of Leymus chinensis Populations in Sandy and Saline‐Alkaline Soil on the Songnen Plains of China

Abstract Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. is a rhizomatous perennial herbage of Gramineae. Reproduction is mainly by vegetative reproduction. Tillering nodes and rhizomes of L. chinensis serve as organs for both vegetative reproduction and nutrient storage. Water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents were measured in tillering nodes, nodes and internodes of rhizomes of different age classes of L. chinensis populations at three development stages, namely the dough ripe stage, the vegetative growth stage after full ripeness, and the withering stage, in two habitats: sandy soil and saline‐alkaline soil. The results showed that WSC content in tillering nodes of the three age classes of L. chinensis were all markedly decreased with increasing age in both sandy soil and saline‐alkaline soil. A similar trend of changes in WSC contents was observed in the nodes and internodes of rhizomes in different age classes in both habitats. The highest WSC contents were in 2‐age‐class nodes and internodes of rhizomes, followed by those in the 1 age class, with the lowest WSC contents found in 3‐age‐class nodes and internodes of rhizomes at the dough ripe and vegetative growth stages after full ripening. In turn, WSC contents decreased with increasing age at the withering stage in both habitats. The WSC content in each age class of internode was higher than that in the node of rhizome at three development stages in both habitats.(Handling editor: Jian‐Xin Sun)

Fructan accumulation in wheat stems during kernel filling under varying nitrogen fertilization

The authors studied the accumulation of saccharides (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and fructans (1-ketsose, 6-kestose, oligofructosaccharides and polyfructosaccharides) in three different internodes of wheat stems receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stages of growth. Four levels of nitrogen supply, N1 (0, 0 and 100 kg ha-1), N2 (40, 0 and 0 kg ha-1), N3 (40, 120 and 0 kg ha-1) and N4 (40, 60 and 0 kg ha-1, standard fertilization in Hokkaido), were applied before sowing, at the six leaf stage and at the flag leaf stage, respectively. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, 1-kestose, 6-kestose, oligofructosaccharides and polyfructosaccharides were assessed in internodes 1 (upper part), internodes 2 (middle part) and internodes 3 (lower part) of the stems during early milky, middle milky and dough ripe stages. During the dough ripe stage, glucose content decreased in N1 and N2 stems, increased in N3 stems, and varied slightly in N4 stems. Fructose content was lower during the early milky stage and increased significantly during the middle milky and dough ripe stages. Sucrose content of N1 and N2 stems increased significantly during dough ripe stage, while these of N3 and N4 stems did not vary significantly. The levels of 1-kestose and 6-kestose in N1 stems were high compared with N2, N3 and N4 stems. However, their contents decreased during the dough ripe stage for 6-kestose. Oligosaccharides have shown similar variation by decreasing during the dough ripe stage, while polysaccharides decreased in N1 and N2 stems, but varied weakly in N3 and N4 stems. Total fructooligosaccharides (FOS) decreased during the dough ripe stage, particularly in internodes 1, while total FOS of internodes 3 remained quite stable. Comparatively, internodes 1 showed the lowest content compared with internodes 2 and 3. The results showed that fructans accumulated early, while a decreasing gradient was often observed from the bottom to the top of the stems. Results also showed that under N1 nitrogen fertilization rate, wheat plants accumulated high contents of fructans, and this fertilization rate could be applied in the Hokkaido region. Key words: Nitrogen, fertilization, stems, fructans, accumulation, Triticum aestivum

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Cultivars ‘Ishikari’ and ‘Hoshinoyume’ showed a stable high split-hull paddy rate regardless of location or year, while the rate was relatively low in ‘Kirara 397’ and ‘Yukihikari’. In both ‘Hoshinoyume’ and ‘Kirara 397’, split-hull paddies began to appear 3–4 weeks after emergence of the panicle neck (i.e. after the dough ripe stage) and reached a peak 5–7 weeks after that stage. In normal paddies (=without split-hull paddies), Trigonotylus caelestialium produced more pecky rice grains at the flowering to milk-ripe stage or at the milk ripe stage, then decreased as the growing stage proceeded. Most of these pecky rice grains were damaged at the top part of the grain. However, the occurrence of pecky rice grains did not decrease remarkably with growth of the ear in split-hull paddies. Most pecky rice grains were injured on the side of the grain, and it was also verified that each injury site coincided with the split part of the paddy. These results indicate that T. caelestialium fed from the split part or joint (particularly the top of the joint) of the hull. Furthermore, this bug had difficulty in attacking grains as the growth of the ear progressed, although it was able to attack hardened grains (i.e. after the yellow ripe stage) in the case of split-hull paddies.

Effect of Brassinolide Applied at the Meiosis and Flowering Stages on the Levels of Endogenous Plant Hormones during Grain-Filling in Rice Plant (Oryza salivaL.)

Brassinolide (BL), a brassinosteroid, applied to rice plants in pots promotes panicle ripening. In this study, we examined the effect of BL applied at the meiosis and flowering stages on endogenous levels of various plant hormones in the panicles of the rice plant (cv. Nipponbare) grown in a field-temperature (F-temp; 25°G on average ranging from 22 to 33°C during ripening periods) condition and low-temperature (L-temp; in phytotron kept at 22°C/ 17°C) condition in rice cultivation season in Japan. The content of either free- or bound-IAA in the rice spikelet at the milk-ripe stage (10 - 15 days after heading) was higher in the F-temp condition than in the L-temp condition. BL applied twice, 10 days before and on the day of heading, slightly increased the free-IAA content and greatly increased the bound-IAA content at the milk-ripe stage in both condition. BL slightly decreased the ABA content of the spikelet at the milk-ripe stage in the F-temp condition, and slightly increased it in the L-temp condition. The rate of ethylene production was measured only in the F-temp condition. It was markedly high at the milk-ripe stage and low at the dough-ripe stage (21 days after heading). BL treatment clearly increased the rate of ethylene production from the panicles under both light and dark conditions at the milk-ripe stage. These results suggest that BL, which promotes rice ripening, influences in the levels of endogenous plant hormones to play an important role in controlling the sink function during grain-filling.

Germination of Wheat Grains at Various Temperatures in Relation to the Activities of α-Amylase and Endoprotease

Germination percentages of wheat grains sampled at 3 grain-filling stages : yellow-ripe stage (water content 45-50%), dough-ripe stage (35-40%), and full-ripe stage (25-30%), and imbibed in water at 12°C and 20°C were examined in relation to the activities of α-amylase and endoprotease. Wheat varieties studied were Chihoku-komugi, which is susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting, and Satanta, which is resistant. Germination percentage was higher at 12°C than at 20°C in all grains sampled at all stages in both varieties, and was higher in Chihoku-komugi than in Satanta at 20°C. The activity of α-amylase in the grains at the yellow-ripe stage was higher at 12°C than at 20°C in both varieties, but that at the other 2 stages was higher only in Satanta. Endoprotease increased rapidly from 7 to 10 days after the start of imbibition, and exceeded 12 units only at 12°C in Chihoku-komugi grains at the dough and full-ripe stages. The results showed that α-amylase activity was lower than the value equivalent to 300 brabender unit (BU) in amylography when the germination percentage was 0%. Endoprotease activity exceeded 6 units when the germination percentage exceeded 90%.

Distribution of Assimilates to Each Organ in Rice Plants Exposed to a Low Temperature at the Ripening Stage, and the Effect of Brassinolide on the Distribution

SummaryPreviously, we found that promotion of ripening by brassinolide (BR) in rice plants is attributable to the rapid translocation of assimilates from leaves to the panicle (Fujii and Saka, 1992). In this study, we examined the effect of BR treatment on the distribution aspects of carbohydrates (starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose) in upper organs including the panicle of the rice plant (cv. Nipponbare) grown in a low temperature condition (20°C in the daytime / 13°C at night) in a phytotron under natural daylight in summer. Rice plants in a greenhouse in summer were sprayed with BR(2X 10-8M and 2X 10-9M) twice at around the heading stage, and were then kept in the phytotron and in the greenhouse to examine the carbohydrate contents in leaf blades, leaf sheaths, culms, hulls and hulled grains at the milk-ripe and dough-ripe stages.At milk-ripe stage, the starch content in the plants grown in the greenhouse without BR treatment was overwhelmingly high in hulled grains with a low content in culm, leaf sheaths and hulls, whereas starch was hardly detected in the leaf blade. At the dough-ripe stage, starch was more accumulated in hulled grains. Sucrose content at the milk-ripe stage was low in hulls, but high in leaf sheaths and culms, especially in leaf blades. However, at the dough-ripe stage, a large amount of sucrose was accumulated in culms, and only a small amount in leaf blades. The content of glucose and fructose was 10 to 20% of that of sucrose in each organ, and did not differ so much between the two stages of ripeness.In the plants grown in the phytotron, the total amount of starch was markedly lower and the contents of sucrose, glucose and fructose were considerably higher than those in the greenhouse. The marked decrease of starch content in the phytotron was found in hulled grains while the content in leaf sheaths, culms and leaf blades increased. On the other hand, the increase of sucrose content resulted from the increase in vegetative organs with the decrease in hulled grains. An increase of glucose and fructose were also found in leaf organs at the milk-ripe stage.BR decreased the starch content in leaf sheaths and culms, and increased the contents of starch and sucrose in hulled grains in both temperature conditions. The contents of starch and sucrose in hulls were not influenced so much by BR. Neither did BR largely influence the contents of glucose and fructose. However, BR treatment strikingly increased the 1,000-grain weight and the percentage of ripened grains in the rice plant in both of the greenhouse and phytotron.

Physio-Morphological Characters of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses: II. Heterosis for leaf area and dry matter accumulation

SummaryA pot experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis for morphological characters and to examine the relationship among some characters at active tillering, flowering and dough ripe stages of 12 Fj hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice. Heterosis for plant height, number of tillers, green leaf area and dry matter accumulation per plant was positive at all stages. The intensity of heterosis was higher at the active tillering stage for number of tillers, leaf area and dry matter accumulation per plant. A significant positive relationship was found between tiller number and leaf area per plant at active tillering and flowering stages. Significant positive relationships between leaf area and dry matter accumulation, and between tiller number and dry matter accumulation per plant were observed at all stages. A significant positive relationship was found between leaf area per plant at an early stage and dry matter accumulation per plant at a later stage, suggesting that early development of leaf area is an important factor for higher dry matter accumulation in 1 hybrids. Although heterosis for percent dead leaf blade was positive at the flowering stage due to early leaf senescence in some Fx hybrids, a larger leaf area was also found in Fx hybrids at this stage and leaves of Fx hybrids remained green longer compared to parent cultivars up to the dough ripe stage.

Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in Durum Wheat during Physiological Phases of Seed Ripening

Summary Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity was evaluated in the wheat embryo at different phases of seed ripening (seed dehydration, dormancy and dry after-ripening). Enzymatic activity was constant from milk up to dough-ripe stage of seed endosperm and decreased at the completion of seed dehydration. Differences in the level and pattern of enzymatic activity during early germination of ripe-dormant and non-dormant seeds were also observed. Possible correlations between this enzymatic activity and the control of wheat seed germination during dormancy are discussed.

On Superficial Root Formation in Rice Plants

As designated previously, shoots of rice plants consist of "shoot units", each with an apical leaf basal bud and upper and lower roots zones. And roots of upper shoot units concentrate near the soil surface and produce a net with many branched roots. These are usually called superficial roots. Up to the present, it has been believed that after such superficial root formation during the period from the young panicle formation stage to the heading, rice plants complete the formation of the root system. But as the result of an investigation of the superficial root formation by the authors, it is found that the superficial root formation continues until the full-ripe stage of rice plants. As it is well known, the developmental process of rice plants from the young panicle formation stage to the full-ripe stage is divided into the following stages: the differentiating stage of rachis branch, the spikelet differentiation stage, the reduction division stage, the pollen formation stage, the heading stage, the flowering stage (the fertilization stage), the milk-ripe stage, the dough-ripe stage, the yellow-ripe stage and the full-ripe stage. In the rice cultivar "Mubo-aikoku" grown in wagner pots, it has been clarified that the superficial root system according to progress of such stages is formed as follows : Elongation of primary roots initiated from the ninth shoot unit comes to a stop at the spikelet differentiation stage (Fig. 1). Thick secondary lateral roots and thick tertiary roots appear in the same shoot unit during the period from the spikelet differentiation stage to the flowering stage (Fig. 6 and 7). And fourth, fifth and sixth lateral roots emerge in the milk-ripe stage to elongate until the dough-ripe stage (Fig. 6 and 7). Primary roots initiated in the tenth shoot appear in the spikelet differentiation stage and the elongation ceases at the flowering stage (Fig. 1). Elongation of secondary lateral roots takes place in the milk-ripe stage and tertiary lateral roots begin to emerge at the pollen formation stage. Fourth lateral roots appear in the milk-ripe stage and cease to elongate in the yellow-ripe stage. fifth and Sixth lateral roots emerge in the tenth shoot unit at the yellow-ripe stage and elongate the full-ripe stage (Fig. 6 and 7). In the, eleventh shoot unit, growth of primary roots in length ceases in the dough-ripe stage (Fig. 1 and 3). And secondary lateral roots start to emerge in the reduction division stage. Tertiary lateral roots appear in the flowering stage and fourth lateral roots emerge in the dough-ripe stage. These continue to elongate until the full-ripe stage (Fig. 6 and 7). As to upper primary roots of the twelfth shoot unit, these roots become visible in the reduction division stage and elongate to the dough-ripe stage (Fig. 1). Secondary lateral roots appearing i1] the reduction division stage continue to grow until the full-ripe stage and tertiary lateral roots emerge in the full-heading stage, stopping elonga-tion in the yellow-ripe stage (Fig. 1 and 7). Fourth lateral roots come into sight in the yellow-ripe stage and continue to elongate until the full-ripe stage (Fig. 6 and 7). The superficial roots of all of upper shoot units, in general, show such features as : (1) the period of elongation of thick secondary roots are longer than that of thin secondary roots (Fig. 6), (2) tertiary lateral roots are found in lower primary roots of upper shoot units and fourth, fifth and sixth lateral roots are found in upper primary roots of upper shoot units (Fig. 5 and 6), (3) in tertiary, fourth, fifth and sixth lateral roots of upper primary roots of upper shoot units, two kinds of branched roots are respectively formed, one being thicker in diameter than the other (Fig. [the rest omitted]

Studies on the Development of Endosperm in Rice : 11. Development of starch granules in endosperm tissue.

Increase in size of the starch granules began to precede from the central portion of endosperm tissue and reached the maximum size (39μ in major diameter) by the 15th day after anthesis falling on around 10 days after begining date of the granule formation. According as a portion of the endosperm tissue was on the more outside, the begining date of the granule formation was delayed more, and the increase in size of the starch granules proceeded at a slower pace. Accordingly, starch granules found in the exterior cell layers were always smaller in size than those found in the interior ones. And the starch granules in the outermost cell layer facing the aleuron layer were delayed most. Their final size was as small as 6μ in major diameter on about the 35th day after anthesis, i.e., on around 25 days after begining of starch granule formation. Average size of the whole starch granules showed increase at the most remarkably rapid pace during the period from 10th to 18th day after anthesis, and continued to show an increase until the 35th day to the extent of 23×19μ, thus completing the increase in size. It was generally found that there was little or no significant difference in size of the starch granules contained in each cell. And that it seemed that there was no any appreciably great difference in the number of starch granules in each cell, irrespective of remarkably great differences in size of cells. Size of starch granules of the sample variety "Yoneshiro" (japonica) was generally larger than that of starch granules of such sample varieties as "T136" and "Mushakudanti" (indica). We inferred the following types of routes of translocation of the material substances composing of starch granules into the endosperm tissue. At the very early stage, direct translocation of substances into endosperm from surrounding nucellus (route a) might be fairly noticeable, besides the supply of substances from the vascular bundle on the outside of dorsal side (conducting strand). In and after milk-ripe stage, route (a) had no longer been noticed. Instead, the route (b) translocation "conducting strand→nucellar epidermis→surface cell layer of endosperm (aleuron layer)→starch cell layers" seemed to have probably played the important role in translocation. In and after dough-ripe stage, it seemed that translocation route has come to be increasingly confined to the route (c) translocation "conducting strand→nucellar projection→dorsal side of endosperm". In spite of the fact that the pathway of starch materials in the endorperm cell was becoming increasingly narrower due to the growing size in starch granules after dough-ripe stage, a considerably large amount of materials have been translocated through the endosperm tissue. From this fact, it is suggested that the starch materials have been translocated not only by the simple physical stream in the cell, but also with a help from a certain "carrier" which pocesses enzymatic or chemical activities.