Double-row Tapered Roller Bearings Research Articles

Study on the vibration characteristics of double-row tapered roller bearings for high-speed rail axle box

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish a dynamic model considering the actual operating conditions of the train and to study the dynamic performance and vibration characteristics of axle box bearings under different operating conditions.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, based on the internal contact characteristics of double-row tapered roller bearings, a dynamic model considering the actual operating conditions of the train is established. The correctness of the model is verified by the vibration test of the bearing. Comparative analysis was conducted on the effects of axial force, radial force and rotational speed on the angular velocity of the cage, slip rate and vibration acceleration level of the inner ring.FindingsAs the force increases, the slip rate of the cages on both sides decreases, and the vibration acceleration level of the inner ring increases. With the increase of rotational speed, the cage slip rate of the axle box bearing increases and the vibration acceleration level of the inner ring increases.Originality/valueA dynamic model is established considering the actual operating conditions, and the dynamic performance and vibration characteristics of the axle box bearing under different operating conditions are analyzed by numerical method. The research content can provide reference for the parameter design of high-speed railway bearings.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2024-0085/

Detection method for contact stress distribution of tapered roller bearings

The axle box of high-speed train adopts double row tapered roller bearings as transmission parts, and the reliability of bearings directly affects the safety of train operation. Tapered roller bearings can withstand axial and radial loads, their service life being closely related to the distribution of contact stress. The test object is the axle box bearing of high-speed train. According to bearing’s structural characteristics, based on the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) and machine vision, the contact stress distribution detection devices for rollers and complete sets of bearings are developed respectively and an effective detection method is proposed. The contact stress data of the bearing which has reached the service life and the new bearing under the condition of no lubrication and grease lubrication are collected and normalized. Through the geometric relationship, based on the measured data of the selected detection points, the normal and tangential contact stress distribution of the roller and raceway under different contact conditions is obtained by data fitting. The test can be used as an evaluation basis for the effectiveness of bearing modification and provide reference for bearing design.

Vibration characteristics of defective axle box bearings in high-speed trains under track irregularity excitation

Track irregularity is a type of excitation source for the wheel-rail system, and it is also the major cause of vibration and wheel-rail forces on the axle box bearings of vehicles, and it is commonly found on in-service lines. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on the dynamic characteristics of high-speed train axle box bearings under track irregularity. Firstly, a nonlinear system containing a faulty double-row tapered roller bearings is established, the obtained equations of motion are solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta and comparing it with the varying compliance vibration frequency and fault characteristic frequency obtained by formula, the comparison results verify the effectiveness of the model. Then, the track irregularity is coupled to the above bearing system, the model is also verified by using the rolling and vibrating test rig of single wheelset. Secondly, the eigenvalue of covariance matrix is introduced as an index to analyze the influence trend of different fault sizes, loads, and inner rotational speeds on the axial trajectory. Finally, the influence trend of track irregularity on the stability of vertical acceleration is analyzed by simulating different operating conditions.

Designing Large Segmented Flexible Conical Plain Bearings as Wind Turbine Main Bearings

Main bearings are failure-prone components in wind turbines, significantly increasing the LCOE of wind energy. Therefore, segmented plain bearings are being discussed as replacement for the currently used rolling bearings. Segmented plain bearings allow an up-tower replacement of faulty segments without the need to dismantle the WT drivetrain, as is required for rolling bearing replacements. One such bearing is the segmented, flexible, conical “FlexPad” plain bearing as alternative to existing double row tapered roller bearings. Designing the FlexPad bearing manually is very complex and thus time-consuming. Hence, during the research project a new holistic design method for large and highly loaded, conical plain bearings was developed. To prove the suitability of the method, two bearing prototypes were built and tested. The prototype, designed with the new method, outperformed the first, manually designed bearing, in terms of the design objectives. Most importantly, the friction losses were reduced by 32.1%. The project results show that the new method is able to efficiently design safely operating FlexPad bearing variants for wind turbines.

The Effects Analysis of Contact Stiffness of Double-Row Tapered Roller Bearing under Composite Loads

Double-row tapered roller bearings have been widely used in various equipment recently due to their compact structure and ability to withstand large loads. The dynamic stiffness is composed of contact stiffness, oil film stiffness and support stiffness, and the contact stiffness has the most significant influence on the dynamic performance of the bearing. There are few studies on the contact stiffness of double-row tapered roller bearings. Firstly, the contact mechanics calculation model of double-row tapered roller bearing under composite loads has been established. On this basis, the influence of load distribution of double-row tapered roller bearing is analyzed, and the calculation model of contact stiffness of double-row tapered roller bearing is obtained according to the relationship between overall stiffness and local stiffness of bearing. Based on the established stiffness model, the influence of different working conditions on the contact stiffness of the bearing is simulated and analyzed, and the effects of radial load, axial load, bending moment load, speed, preload, and deflection angle on the contact stiffness of double row tapered roller bearings have been revealed. Finally, by comparing the results with Adams simulation results, the error is within 8%, which verifies the validity and accuracy of the proposed model and method. The research content of this paper provides theoretical support for the design of double-row tapered roller bearings and the identification of bearing performance parameters under complex loads.

Fatigue life prediction of double-row tapered roller bearings considering thermal effect

Thermal effects on fatigue life were investigated by analyzing the thermomechanical behavior of double-row tapered roller bearings (DTRBs) and a fatigue life prediction model was developed. A bearing’s mechanical behavior was analyzed using a quasi-static model and its thermal behavior was analyzed using a thermal network method. Viscous drag and sliding friction at the contact area were considered as heat generation factors for DTRBs. The bearing lubrication characteristics and shape dimensions interacted with the temperature and the analysis was repeated until the entire DTRB system’s temperature converged. DTRB fatigue life was estimated using a fatigue life formula based on Gupta and Zaretsky’s statistical model. Results confirmed that the fatigue life decreased rapidly because of an interference fit that occurred at very high rotation speeds or at very low supply oil flow rates. This interference fit phenomenon is caused by thermal expansion of the bearing element. The interference fit can be prevented by designing with a large initial clearance value, but an initial clearance that is too large affects fatigue life negatively because of load distribution imbalance. Optimal design of the roller end sphere radius to minimize sliding friction for the flange part can provide additional help in preventing interference fit.

Lubricant distribution evolution in asymmetric double-row tapered roller bearings during the loss of lubrication process

Lubricant distribution evolution in asymmetric double-row tapered roller bearings during the loss of lubrication process

Heat-flow coupling variation in double-row tapered-roller bearings during the loss of lubrication process

Loss of lubrication (LOL) is a severe problem in transmission systems wherein the temperature increases continuously until failure. The temperature and flow-field distributions during this process are complicated. These distributions and the heat generation of the transmission system during LOL have not been adequately studied. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics to establish an oil–gas, two-phase flow model for asymmetric bearings and calculated the oil volume fraction on the bearing surface. A dynamic heat generation calculation method was proposed based on the kinematic viscosity variation of the oil–air mixture during the LOL process. The temperature distributions of the large and small rollers and raceway surface during the LOL process were analyzed using a simulation method. The injection parameters were optimized to avoid the gluing of the large roller. The internal temperature distribution was found to have a strong positive correlation with the lubricant distribution during the LOL process. Moreover, the lubrication and temperature distributions on the large-roller side were worse than those on the small-roller side. A temperature reduction of approximately 25% can be achieved if the number of oil inlets is increased.

CFD-Based Analysis of Oil and Gas Two-Phase Flow Characteristics in Double-Row Tapered Roller Bearings with Different Rib Structures

In this study, two-row tapered roller bearings (TBR) with different rib structures were tested under the condition of loss of lubrication. It was found that the double-row TBR with outer ring rib structure worked normally after 40 min of the test, but the inner ring The bearing of the side structure has failed. In order to explain this phenomenon, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation models of two structural bearings were established, and the flow characteristics of the oil in the bearing cavity under the conditions of full lubrication and loss of lubrication were studied by the method of discrete inlet oil volume. The research results show that, in the fully lubricated state, the oil volume fraction of the double-row TBR outer ring wall of the outer ring rib structure is 11.296 times higher than that of the inner ring rib structure. Moreover, the volume fraction of oil on the roller surface is 2.07 times higher in the outer ring rib structure than the inner ring rib structure. The volume fraction of lubricating oil in the bearing cavity decreases as the speed increases; however, the double-row TBR with the outer ring rib structure still shows a better lubrication effect than the inner ring rib structure. In the final stage of the loss of lubrication, the volume fraction of the bearing flow field of the outer ring rib structure is twice that of the inner ring rib structure, making the outer ring rib structure double-row tapered roller bearing (TBR) more dry Operational ability.

Constructing fast and representative analytical models of wind turbine main bearings

Abstract. This paper considers the modelling of wind turbine main bearings using analytical models. The validity of simplified analytical representations used in existing work is explored by comparing main-bearing force reactions with those obtained from higher-fidelity 3D finite-element models. Results indicate that there is good agreement between the analytical and 3D models in the case of a non-moment-reacting support (such as for double-row spherical roller bearings), but the same does not hold in the moment-reacting case (such as for double-row tapered roller bearings). Therefore, a new analytical model is developed in which moment reactions at the main bearing are captured through the addition of torsional springs. This latter model is shown to significantly improve the agreement between analytical and 3D models in the moment-reacting case. The new analytical model is then used to investigate load characteristics, in terms of forces and moments, for this type of main bearing across different operating points and wind conditions.

Optimizing presetting attributes by softcomputing techniques to improve tapered roller bearings working conditions

Double-row Tapered Roller Bearings are mechanical devices that have been designed to support a combination of loads that are fixed on an optimal presetting to ensure correct working conditions. The emergence of high contact stresses, fatigue spalling and pitting on the bearing railway makes it important to have a tool that enables knowing in advance whether certain presetting loads will lead to excellent working conditions or the opposite. This work proposes a methodology to classify the working condition on the basis of the values of presenting loads on four classes. To achieve this goal, a three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model was generated. Later, a design of experiments was designed to provide the greatest amount of information by reducing the computational cost of the simulations based on FE models. Then, one of the four classes of working conditions was assigned to each of the experiments. Later, a statistical analysis and machine learning techniques were used to create classification models. Feature transformation and reduction, algorithm parameter tuning and validation methods were used to achieve robust classification models. The best results were obtained based on flexible discriminant analysis. As it provided acceptable accuracy, both the methodology and final model were validated.

The Dimensional Precision of Forming Windows in Bearing Cages

In the case of double row tapered roller bearings, the windows found in bearing cages could be obtained using various machining methods. Some such machining methods are based on the cold forming process. There are many factors that are able to affect the machining accuracy of the windows that exist in bearing cages. On the dimensional precision of windows, the clearance between punches and die, the work stroke length, and the workpiece thickness could exert influence. To evaluate this influence, experimental research was developed taking into consideration the height and the length of the cage window and the distance between the contact elements of the cage. By mathematical processing of the experimental results, empirical mathematical models were determined and analyzed. The empirical models highlighted the intensity of the influence exerted by the considered forming process input factors on the dimensional precision of the windows obtained in bearing cages.

Using the finite element method and data mining techniques as an alternative method to determine the maximum load capacity in tapered roller bearings

Double-row tapered roller bearings (TRBs) are mechanical devices designed to support a combination of preload, radial load, axial load and torque. They are widely used in vehicles for high load and moderate rotation speeds. This combination of loads produces high contact stresses on the bearing raceways that are difficult to calculate, and can cause undesirable defects like fatigue spalling and pitting. In recent decades, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used to obtain the distribution of the contact stresses on each of the raceways, although this method has the disadvantage of a high computational cost. The myriad of possible combinations of input loads on the TRB (preload, radial load, axial load and torque) makes it much harder to calculate the distribution of these contact stresses. This paper proposes a methodology that combines the FEM and data mining techniques to determine the maximum load capacity in TRBs. First, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was generated according to the real materials' properties, geometry and coefficients of friction of all parts that make up the double-row TRB. Subsequently, a Design of Experiment (DoE) was completed that considered a combination of the mentioned input loads, which were simulated in the FE model. Based on the contact stresses obtained from the FE simulations, a group of regression models – linear regression (LR), Gaussian processes (GP), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM) and regression trees (RT) – were built to predict the contact stresses ratios that act on each of the row of rollers in the outer raceway of the TRB. Finally, the best combination of input loads was achieved by applying evolutionary optimization techniques based on genetic algorithms (GA) to the best regression models previously obtained. The maximum load capacity of the TRB was achieved when the radial load obtained was a maximum, while the stresses ratios of the two contacts in the outer raceway of the TRB were close to 25%.

複列円すいころ軸受の転動体荷重に与える内部すきまの影響

複列円すいころ軸受の転動体荷重に与える内部すきまの影響

Determination of the contact stresses in double-row tapered roller bearings using the finite element method, experimental analysis and analytical models

Double-row Tapered roller bearings (TRBs) are mechanical devices that are designed to support high axial, radial and torque loads. This combination of loads produces high contact stresses on the bearing raceways that are difficult to predict and validate experimentally, and can cause defects like pitting and fatigue spalling. In response, theoretical models have been proposed by many researchers to calculate the approximate distribution of contact stresses over the bearing raceways. More recently, numerical methods that are based on the Finite element method (FEM) have been used to obtain the contact stresses, although this method requires that the mesh size first be adjusted. This paper shows a process for adjusting a double-row TRB Finite element (FE) model. It is based on generating successive nonlinear FE submodels to calculate the distribution of contact stresses. A theoretical model and contact pressure sensors were used to adjust and validate the Finite element (FE) model.

Temperature rise of double-row tapered roller bearings analyzed with the thermal network method

Based on generalized Ohm׳s law, the thermal network model (TNM) is developed for double-row tapered roller bearing lubricated with grease, which is commonly used in high-speed railway. The load distribution and kinematic parameters in bearing are obtained by developing a quasi-static model. The temperature of bearing at different speeds, filling grease ratios and roller large end radius are investigated. The results show that large rotating speed and filling grease ratio result in high temperature rise, especially at roller large end/flange contacts. Besides, an optimal roller large end radius is presented and its mechanism has been explored.

Theoretical and experimental investigation on the thermal characteristics of double-row tapered roller bearings of high speed locomotive

Thermal characteristics critically affect the service reliability of double-row tapered roller bearing in high speed railway. Research on the heat generation and temperature field is essential for bearing’s structure design and operation monitoring. In this article, heat generation model for both raceway and rib of railway bearings were respectively established via the combination of local thermal approach with elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) theory, the heat generation characteristics of bearing were investigated in multiple working conditions and structural parameters. Then the finite element method was employed via the APDL program to analyze bearing’s temperature field distribution and its influence factors. The test rig for full-size double-row tapered roller bearing of high speed railway was constructed and the thermal monitoring were conducted in accordance with the test criteria TB/T3000-2000, the thermal test method on the axle-box test rig for axle-box rolling bearings in rolling stock. The results showed that, for the total heat rate of each column rollers, heat generation of the raceway was much larger than the other parts, which would have distinct effect on bearing’s overall temperature. For the heat rate per unit area, heat generation of the rib was much obvious. Hence it would be a key factor to induce the local transient temperature rise of high speed railway bearing. The highest temperature of inner ring was located in the rib. Therefore the rib would be a critical part for the temperature rise failure of high speed railway bearing. Optimization of the rib parameters will be an effective approach for controlling the local temperature rise and ensuring the reliability during bearing operation.

PROACTIVE INTER-MIDDLEWARE FOR GLOBAL ENTERPRISE RESOURCE INTEGRATION

One of the important steps in creating a new axle unit with roller bearings is conducting field tests toconfirm reliability.The current design of axle unit with two cylindrical roller bearings the great landing is unreliable andcostly maintenance.Analysis of international experience of design and operation of the axle unit bearings suggests thatone way to improve the reliability Books roller bearings may be made of cassette type. Use of such bearings in the axle boxes of cars will increase the reliability of the axle unit, switch to the other system maintenancethat will reduce the cost of technical maintenance and repair, saving considerable material and humanresources, increase the level of traffic safety stitching.The comparative performance test cars about two-row tapered rudovannyh-cassette-type bearings inthe test route Ukrzaliznitsi Rokovata-Uzhgorod in real exploitation in the railway network in Ukraine.During the extended operational test failures are not documented cases of axle assemblies with double-rowtapered roller bearings, which have caused a non-permissible heating bux and uncoupling from the wagontrain. According to the test results determined for the reliability and durability of the axle boxes.On results the tests reliability and longevity of axle bearing boxes indexes are certain.The analysis of the performance testing dual bearings, cassette-type SBU in Buchs freight cars.

Finite Element Analysis on Convexity for Tapered Roller with Arc-Line Modification Profile

Taking double-row tapered roller bearings of a rail passenger coach as research object, the analysis on convexity for tapered roller bearings has been carried out. The comparison of contact stresses at different convexity values with the ANSYS has been done, the optimal range of convexity value under a certain load has been obtained. The results show that the reasonably design of convexity can avoid or reduce the border contact stress concentration occurred between rollers and inner, outer ring raceways under certain condition. But the approximate theoretic convexity and the results obtained by Finite element analysis have a certain margin of error.

A unified and simplified treatment of the non-linear equilibrium problem of double-row rolling bearings. Part 2: Application to taper rolling bearings supporting a flexible shaft

A general theoretical model to analyse the internal interactions within various types of double-row rolling bearing was presented in Part 1 of this two-part paper. The performance of the rolling bearing model is shown here for a bearings-flexible-shaft system. Double-row tapered roller bearings (in a back-to-back or face-to-face arrangement) were chosen as support bearings. Investigations of the effect of shaft mounting on support bearings (cantilever or straddle arrangement) and on the effect of preload are presented and discussed. It is shown that, when an optimum value of preload or fatigue life of the bearing arrangement is expected, shaft bending cannot be ignored.