Double Row Planting Research Articles

Design and Test of Potato Seedling Killing and Residual Film Recycling Integrated Machine

Plastic film mulching technology can effectively enhance crop yield and quality, and the use of mulch has been increasing in recent years; however, the problem of mulch residue is worsening due to the large amount of recycling work and slow natural degradation. In this study, a potato seedling killing and residual film recycling machine is designed to provide good working conditions for potato harvesters before harvesting in response to the problems of difficult separation of film tangles, the low net rate of recycling due to the mixing of residual film with soil, and the high soil content in residual film recycling operations in northwest China. The machine is based on the potato monoculture and double row planting mode in Gansu area. This paper puts forward the overall design scheme and carries out the theoretical analysis and parameter determination of the key components, such as the seedling killing device, the film surface cleaning device, the film unloading device, and so on. Using EDEM software to carry out the virtual simulation test and Design-Expert13 to analyze the test results, we determined the optimal working scheme for the machine, with a forward speed of 0.8 m/s, a film gap of 125 mm, and a spiral stirrer speed of 600 r/min. Based on a field test for verification, the test results show that the machine’s residual film recovery rate was 83.3%, the impurity rate was 3.8%, and the rate of injury to the potatoes was 1.4%. The machine meets the requirements of national and industry standards, and it can simultaneously realize straw crushing, film surface cleaning, residual film recycling, and hydraulic film unloading operations, with better operating results and while reaching the expected results. It can also provide a reference for the design and testing of a seeding and residual film recycling machine.

Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in Response to NPSB Fertilizer and Planting Pattern

Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.

Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of Different Seeding Methods in Grain Maize Production

In the study, the mean germination time (MED) was determined as 16.6 days, 21.08 days, and 9.75 days in the traditional sowing method, cross double row sowing method and Parallel double row planting method, respectively, and the germination rate index (ERI) in the same order. It was found as 0.31 - 0.52 - 0.40 pieces/m.day. Grain yield was 15260 kg/ha in traditional sowing method, 22330 kg/ha in cross double row sowing method and 18300 kg/ha in parallel double row sowing method. As a result of the experiments and calculations, the net energy yield was found to be 297,353.23 Mj/ha, 238.986.57 Mj/ha, 194.782.97 Mj/ha, respectively, than the cross double row planting method, parallel double row planting method and traditional planting method. The maximum energy efficiency was obtained in the cross double row planting method as 0.79 kg/Mj, followed by the parallel double row planting method and the traditional planting method with the values of 0.66 kg/Mj and 0.55 kg/Mj, respectively. The maximum output/input ratio was found in cross double row planting with 11,54%, then parallel double row planting with 9,59% and traditional planting with 8,03%. This study reveals that the cross-planting method is more advantageous than other methods and that this method can be used economically.

Hedges in public places of Kyiv city and ways to improve them

Green spaces in the urban environment of large places perform environmental, urban planning, social and economic functions. Hedges in the system of landscaping of the metropolis are an integral part and primarily perform environmental functions. The paper describes and analyzes hedges located in public places of Kyiv city. To achieve this goal, general scientific methods (observation, measurement) were used in theoretical, empirical and experimental research. In total, 65688.7 meters of span hedges of the city were studied, consisting of 306 thousand units of plants and represented by 31 taxa on 217 public facilities that are on the maintenance of ten district communal enterprises for the maintenance of green spaces that are part of the Kyivzelenbud municipal association. The species composition, height, planting pattern and quality condition of hedges were analyzed. According to the results, it was found that the largest number of hedges was created in Solomianskyi and Darnytskyi districts of the city with 17% and 16% of the total number respectively. The most common species in the composition of hedges is privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). Hedges are created mainly by single-row and double-row planting schemes in approximately equal proportions. By the group of heights, low hedges in height prevail, their number is 53.9%, medium-height hedges represent 33% of the total number. The qualitative condition is mostly good and satisfactory, which indicates compliance with agricultural technology and timely care. The results of these studies will allow balance sheet holders of facilities with hedges to better organize agrotechnical work on their arrangement and maintenance in proper decorative condition

Evaluation of Integrated Management Practices of South American Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta in Tomato

Tomato is grown in an area of 36000 ha in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta has become major pest in tomato growing areas causing 50-60% damage. Even though pest damage starts from seedling stage, damage is not noticed by farmers till fruiting stage due to the pest feeding habit, and spraying chemicals repeatedly at this stage is of no use. Moreover, it causes environmental pollution and pesticide residual effects on consumers. Hence, an on-farm trial on integrated management of the Tuta absoluta was conducted during Rabi, 2020-21. The IPM practices included were installation of pheromone traps @ 25 per hectare; spraying neem oil @ 5 ml/l, twice @20 and 40 DAT and need based chemical sprays. In IPM plots, pest damage was low in crop grown under single row planting i.e., 9% followed by double row planting i.e., 12.6% whereas in farmers practice it was 21.5% and 24.3% in single row planting and double row planting respectively in crop planted during December, 2020. Crop planted during January suffered more than December planted cropi.e., in IPM plots it was 12.5% & 15.5% whereas in farmers practice it was 27.6 and 31.2% in single row planting and double row planting respectively. In December planted crop, Fruit yield of 54.2t/ha and 52.8t/ha was recorded in IPM and farmers practice respectively. In January planted crop it was 51t/ha and 49.5t/ha in IPM and farmers practice respectively. IPM along with planting of crop during December under single row method of planting found to be effective in managing the pest.

High Density Planting In Litchi Cv. Bombai For Plant Vigour, Fruit Yield And Quality Under New Alluvial Zone Of West Bengal

A field experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Station, Mondouri, BCKV, West Bengal during the year 2014 to 2017 to study the effect of different planting system cum high density planting in litchi cv. Bombai for plant physico-chemical properties under new alluvial zone of West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in RBD consisting of five treatments viz. Square system, Cluster planting, Paired row, Single hedge row and Double hedge row system with four replications on 12 years old healthy plants. Different planting system cum high density planting significantly influenced the plant characters of litchi. Among the physical characters, maximum plant height (5.95 m) was recorded from double hedge row planting followed by single hedge row while the spread of plant and trunk girth was found maximum in square system. Chlorophyll content of leaf (10.43 mg g-1), number of fruit set per panicle and fruit retention per panicle was found maximum in square system of planting. The maximum yield (12.87 t/ha) was recorded in double hedge row system of planting while the minimum (9.01 t/ha) from square system. The total soluble solids (17.08 0brix), total sugar content, ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content (35.51 mg/100g) of fruits was found maximum in square system of planting while the minimum in double hedge row system. Finally, it can be concluded that double hedge row planting system was effective in obtaining maximum yield per hectare, while square system of planting was effective in improving the physico-chemical properties of fruits.

Effect of different managements with drip irrigation (tape)

Conventional irrigation methods to new methods have been altered with respect to reduction of water resources and climate change. Considering the corn cultivation development, applying modern irrigation methods namely drip irrigation with the aim of improving the efficiency of water consumption as well as the zone under cultivation has been investigated. In this research, the performance of corn (SC 704) in various managements of drip irrigation (by strip method) both in single-row and double-row planting patterns was considered with a variety of densities. This test was carried out on random complete blocks in the form of a 3-repetitive Split Design in Isfahan-Iran during the years 2018–2019. Four irrigation levels containing: 80, 100 and 120% of full water requirement with drip irrigation (strip) and 100% of water requirement with normal drip irrigation were utilized. The results indicated that applying the aforementioned drip tapes and different surface treatments with soil and water monitoring, the water consumption of corn seasonal irrigation can be saved by 81, 71, 61, 52 and 36% compared to normal drip irrigation without soil, water and root monitoring, respectively. Seasonal yield (Kc), the yield response coefficient (Ky), and pan coefficient (Kp) for corn were 0.80, 0.76 and 0.97, respectively.

Effect of Spatial Arrangements on Yield and Competition of Jute (Corchorus Olitorius l.) and Mungbean (Vigna radiata l. Wilczek) in Intercropping

Low profitability from jute farming, declining jute area and negligible pulse area are the rising concerns of farmers of Indo-Bangla subcontinent. This paper evaluated the extent of yield competition in jutemungbean intercropping with varying spatial geometry under alternate single row (SR) and double row (DR) planting. Two 2-year field experiments were conducted independently for the two systems of plantings involving jute (cv NJ 7010) and mungbean (cv TMB-37) arranged in systematic designs for 3×3×3 spacing and plant density combinations with three replications. Yield competition was assessed using indices. Intercropping was found productive and profitable compared to sole cropping. Land equivalent ratios (LER) and area × time equivalent ratios (ATER) always exceeded unity. Jute equivalent yield (JEY) increased in the range of 4.9-45.3% and 30.7-51.1% over sole jute fibre yield and mean monetary advantage index exceeded 27100 and 31800 ₹ ha-1 for SR and DR planting, respectively. Economic advantage was higher for spacing combinations of 40 cm (row to row) × 6.5-8 cm (jute to jute in a row) × 10-12 cm (mungbean to mungbean in a row) in SR planting and for DR system it was at a band-to-band spacing of 11 cm with plant densities of 40-50 m-2 for jute and 25-30 m-2 for mungbean. Dense and intimate planting of jute reduced mung seed yield due to light stress. DR planting seemed more advantageous. SAARC J. Agric., 19(2): 137-155 (2021)

Effect of Intercropping and Double Row Planting on Growth Attributes, Yield of Sugarcane under Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative

A field experiment was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Sirugamani during (Plant crop) 2017-18 to find out the effect of intercropping and double row planting on growth attributes, the yield of sugarcane under the Sustainable sugarcane initiative. The experiments were laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments comprised of crop geometry viz., M1- 150 x 60 cm Single row planting, M2-150 x 60 cm Double row planting, M3- 180 x 60 cm Single row planting, and M4-180 x 60 cm Double row planting. The sub plot treatments were S1- Sole crop of Sugarcane, S2-Sugarcane + Greengram (Aduthurai 3), S3- Sugarcane + Blackgram (Vamban 5) and S4- Sugarcane + Sunnhemp (Co 1). The intercrops were raised in additive series viz., 3 rows under a row spacing of 150 cm in sugarcane and 4 rows under 180 cm. The recommended schedule of drip fertigation for the Sustainable sugarcane initiative was followed by using a surface drip irrigation system. Observations on growth attributes, and yield parameters were taken under the Sustainable sugarcane initiative. The results revealed that higher growth attributes and higher cane yield of sugarcane were also recorded under 150 cm double row planting of sugarcane with sunnhemp (M2S4).

Intercropping of potato within sugarcane plants in a double row planting system under wet climate

Growing sugarcane in a double row planting system is one way to increase the productivity and sugar cane yield. Intercropping within sugarcane crops can increase the growth and productivity of sugarcane. This study aims to increase the productivity of sugarcane by adding value to potato cropping. The study used Randomized Block Design, where the treatments ae as follows: sugar cane as a planting system (A), double castor planting system (PtoP 210/50 cm) with cuttings of sugarcane stem + potato’s (B); double distance planting system (PtoP 185/50 cm) with cuttings stem sugarcane + potato’s (C); double distance planting system (PtoP 160/50 cm) with cuttings sugarcane stem + potato’s (D); double distance wedge system (PtoP 135/50 cm) with cuttings of sugarcane stem + potato. The planting system (PtoP 110/50 cm) with cuttings of sugarcane stem without planting potato was considered as control (E). All planting systems were repeated four times. The results of the study showed that the agronomic growth of sugar cane crops in some planting systems is not different, but in C and D planting systems, the number of leaves and the number of tillers were higher compared to others. Potatoes crop production in planting systems C reached 11,880 tons ha-1, which is higher than the production of planting systems A (8,640 tons ha-1.) and planting systems B (8,400 tons ha-1). After combining the determining factors of sugar cane production, the C planting systems is recommended for development of sugarcane crops because is better than other planting systems. The population of sugar cane plants in the C planting systems reached 18,000 clumps of plants per hectare

New methods of oak planting require modification of tending prescriptions under high browsing pressure – A case study from north-eastern Poland

Interest in oak species in European forestry has been increasing as they are regarded as having high ability to cope with accelerating anticipated climate changes during the next 50 years. However, improvements in regeneration and silvicultural methods are needed due to oak stands’ high management costs and vulnerability to browsing. Thus, three methods of establishing oak stands were compared in terms of effects on growth and browsing damage in an area of north-eastern Poland with high browsing pressure of roe and red deer. The treatments were traditional monoculture, double-row planting and group planting, each at initial planting densities of 6600, 3300 and 2400 seedling per hectare. Three precommercial thinnings (PCTs) were applied in each planting treatment to reduce competition from early successional species: traditional removal close to the ground in spring, topping in spring and topping in summer. Observed frequencies of oak saplings damaged by browsing depended on both the planting method and PCT treatment. The frequencies were lower under group planting than under the traditional and double-row planting treatments. The frequencies also decreased with increases in the oaks’ height. The results indicate that the optimal PCT treatment to minimise browsing damage depends on the planting pattern. The lowest frequency of damage was in plots where group or double-row planting was combined with spring topping and traditional planting was combined with summer topping. Under heavy herbivory pressure, group planting might be optimal due to its potential to both reduce browsing damage and improve profitability by eliminating fencing costs.

Yield and economic analysis of three chili hybrids (Capsicum annuum, L.) in cuatro caminos, san gabriel, jalisco, Mexico

The purpose was to analyze the performance, investment and profitability of three chili hybrids of the Company "González Produce RESE SPR DE RL", in Cuatro Caminos, San Gabriel, Jalisco, Mexico. The hybrids evaluated were: Caloro, Serrano – Platino and Jalapeño – Valquiria. The experimental unit was one hectare per hybrid, with fertigation and mulching. The beds were 1.20 m wide, with double-row planting and 0.30 m of separation between plants. The yield (t ha-1) was calculated with the number of harpillas harvested, multiplied by 30 kg for Caloro and Jalapeño, and 25 kg for Serrano. Economic income, cost / benefit ratio, equilibrium point and invested weight gain were estimated. Chile Serrano registered 1,658 arpillas ha-1, equivalent to 41 t ha-1, surpassed Caloro and Jalapeño by 8.39 and 36.0%, respectively. Caloro's production cost was $ 556,347.00 ha-1, 34 and 51% higher than Serrano and Jalapeño. The income obtained from the sale of Serrano pepper was $ 969,050.00, 3.9 and 31% higher than Caloro and Jalapeño. The C / B ratio for Serrano was 1.78; Caloro, 1.67 and Jalapeño, 1.21. The equilibrium point was reached for Caloro at 7.08 t ha-1, Serrano – Platino and Jalapeño –Valquiria with 10.21 and 20.72 t ha-1, respectively.

A review: The development of double row spacing to improve land productivity and income of rubber smallholders

Low prices of rubber has been a serious problem to rubber smallholders in Indonesia. Rubber-based intercropping systems offers a practical solution to this issue and increasing overall productivity of intercrops, for example upland rice and maize. This study reviewed the suitable spatial arrangements in rubber planting to long term impact based intercropping systems. A field experiment was established in a smallholder rubber plantation in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan with area of 50 ha. Two planting patterns of rubber PB 260 clone were tested: (1) single row planting pattern (SR) by 6 m x 3 m, and (2) double row planting pattern (DR) by 18 m x 2 m x 2.5 m. The experiment showed that girth of rubber trees in the SR system at the first tapping year was slightly larger than in DR system, even though statistically it was not significant. The latex yield per tree of SR and DR systems were similar, however, latex yield per hectare of SR system was higher than DR system due to a higher tree population in SR system. The DR system was technically suitable for long term intercropping, because when rubber tree can reached 8 to 9 years old and light penetration was more than 80% at distance from the rubber row. The total area required for rubber, upland rice and maize grown in monoculture to produce an equivalent of a one hectare of rubber-upland rice-maize intercrop is 1.87. This means the intercropping has an advantage compared to monoculture.

3 In 1 Disc Ridger: Development of An Improved Implement For Sweet Potato Plant-Bed Making, Fertilizing and Mechanical Weeding

Mechanization has been the solution to counter issue such as labor shortage and low production rate on field in the agricultural sector. Adaptation of mechanization system could lower the cost of production, improve quality and also reduce the tedious work of labor. Current practice, which contributes to high cost in labor since the job requires a lot of man power. MARDI has developed a complete machinery package for sweet potato production from land preparation until harvesting. One of the important activities that require an implementation of machinery aspect is ridge forming. This activity is essential due to the height of the ridge influences the yield. It is believed that the higher the ridge will contribute, to more aeration and thus, produce higher yields. In this manuscript, the authors report on the development and evaluation of the disc ridger. It is believed that this implement is capable to be used as ridge forming as well as inter-row cultivator. This tractor-mounted implement was designed with two units of high quality steel discs which is attached to the frame with disc diameter and thickness of 720 mm and 6 mm respectively. This disc ridger is able to form either a single row or double row planting ridges to suit with the desired planting system for sweet potato. This is due to the location of the discs at the frame which is adjustable. Furthermore, this implement also can be employed as an inter-row cultivator for weeding control of sweet potato planting in the early stages. In addition, this implement also equipped with granular based fertilizer applicator in which 2 application can be performed together which are weeding and fertilizing. The recorded field capacity of this machine is 0.29 ha/hr for bed forming and 0.28 ha/hr for inter-row weeding and fertilizing. In terms of fertilizer application performance, the average amount of fertilizer to be withdrawn for 50m bed is 1.53kg or 7.65g/plant, which is complied to the agronomist recommendation.

INCREASING THE COMPETENCY OF CASSAVA FARMERS AS A REVITALIZATION EFFORTS OF TAPIOCA INDUSTRIES FOR FOOD PRIVATE REALIZATION

Agriculture as a food-producing activity must be able to adapt to existing climate change to achieve sustainable food self-sufficiency. Cassava (Manihot utilissima) as a basic ingredient in making tapioca flour needs to be increased by one of them by holding empowerment to cassava farmers. However, before conducting empowerment there is a need to assess the prospects of farmers' welfare which are seen based on income and decent living needs or Kebutuhan Hidup Layak (abbreviate: KHL) of each farmer's family. The purpose of the study: To study the improvement of farmers' welfare after empowerment, it is necessary to have an analysis of pre and post empowerment cassava farming conditions. Survey research coupled with action empowerment on the job training model uses quantitative comparative statistical methods with research locations in Pati Regency. The results of the study show that the income of most cassava farmers (more than 88.57%) has not been able to meet the KHL, even though in terms of land tenure it has exceeded the minimum land requirement, which is 0.97 hectares. After empowerment (2017/2018) on the use of UJ5 varieties of seeds applied to double row planting and single row methods, there was a 12.6% increase in productivity or 34.2%. By replacing the cassava farming technique into a system following the above pilot plot, the welfare of farmers can be improved. if the agricultural system that has been empowered to farmers is implemented, with the assumed production costs the same, farmers' income will increase 59% of initial income.

An improved double-row rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation system increases land use efficiency by allowing intercropping with yam bean, common bean, soybean, peanut, and coffee: A 17-year case study on Hainan Island, China

Light limitation has been a major constraint in maximizing land use via intercropping in conventional single-row rubber plantations. Based on a double-row rubber plantation established by using cordon rubber tree clone (CATAS 7-20-59) in 2002, a long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate whether land use efficiency could be increased by allowing intercropping with more crops in the lower strata. Although the double-row system produced significantly lower total rubber yield (12964 kg ha−1) compared with the single-row system (14455 kg ha−1) from 2010 to 2018, no difference in rubber yield per tree between the double-row and single-row systems was observed. Unlike single-row systems, the double-row system prevented the development of continuous heavy shade at tree maturity and permitted 2–4 h of direct sunlight to penetrate the lower strata, where companion crops were planted in 2014 and 2017. The photosynthetically active radiation ranged from 26 to 1815 μmol m−2 s−1 in the intercropped area in the double-row system, whereas it ranged from 12 to 450 μmol m−2 s−1 in the single-row system. Of the annual intercrops tested, yam bean produced the highest yield in comparison to its yield in monoculture (74.6% of that in monoculture), whereas peanut exhibited the lowest comparative yield potential (38.1% of that in monoculture). Compared with a typical yield of Robusta coffee in monocultures (1226.0 kg ha−1), the yield of intercropped Robusta coffee plants was 35.3% lower. The yield of intercropped Arabica coffee (1319.8 kg ha−1) was similar to that of monocultural Robusta coffee. Taken together, results demonstrate that double-row planting sufficiently improves soil-level light availability, thus allowing intercropping with more potential crops without loss in rubber yield per tree at maturity, as compared with single-row systems.

Rice productivity on tidal swampland in the agricultural assisitance area program in Barito Kuala Regency South Kalimantan

Food needs that continue to increase rapidly along with population growth and the conversion of optimal paddy fields to non-agricultural land make sub-optimal land an alternative rice-producing land. One of the sub-optimal land being developed for use as a source of rice production is tidal land. The purpose of this research is to improve the productivity and feasibility of rice farming by supervising double row technology in tidal land in Barito Kuala Regency. The performance of rice the new superior varieties of Inpara 2, inpara 8, inpari 32, inpari 40 and inpari 42 in the tidal swampland in the 2018 dry season are quite good. How to plant with super double row planting increases productivity by 43% compared to ordinary planting. The highest productivity with super double row is Inpara 2 variety (5.83 t / ha), then inpari 42 (5.19 t/ha), Inpara 8 (4.78 t/ha), Inpari 40 (4.23 t/ha), Inpara 3 (3.85 t / ha) and Inpari 32 (2.54 t/ha). The planting method with super double row gives an RC ratio of 2.07 and a R/C ratio of 1.07. Whereas the R/C ratio planting of the farmer way is 1.60. And the MBCR (marginal benefit-cost ratio) super double row 2.41. This shows that rice farming using super double row provides benefits and worth applying.

Effect of double rows plant system on plant growth, yield components and grain yield in prolific and non-prolific hybrid maize

Double row plant systems in corn plants theoretically can improve the efficiency of light interception in leaves, but their effect on grain yields is not consistent in each hybrid type. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia (Balitsereal) Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aimed to evaluate the response of yields of prolific and nonprolific hybrid corn types to the double row and single row planting systems. Experimental design using Randomized Group Design in divided plot design that was carried out with three replications. The main plot was variety Nasa-29, Bisi-2 (prolific), Bima-19 (nonprolific), while subplot was a double row and single row. The double row planting system did not have a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area index (ILD), but a significant positive effect was found on the number of grains per row of ears, number of ears per plant, and percentage of the weight of the second ear’s grains to the total yield and grain yield. In this study, the significant effect of double rows on each variety tested was not seen on all parameters tested. The double row planting system significantly increases the grain yield and the grain yield was consistent with the increase in the number of ear rows, the number of ear per plant and the percentage of grain weight of the second ears on yield, but not on plant height. The leaf area index achieved in this study may be one of the determinants of increased grain yield. A double row system can be considered as an alternative planting system, especially in the type of prolific hybrid corn to increase the contribution of two ears to grain yield.

An IPM plan for early blight disease of potato Alternaria solani sorauer and A. alternata (Fries.) Keissler

Potato early blight disease, Alternaria solani and A. alternate, is of worldwide importance. It is necessary to take control measures, being economic, broadly applicable and well adapted by farmers. In this regard, for an integrated pest management programs, trails were conducted on irrigation types; sprinkler, drip and furrow systems, panting methods; one and two rows, delay in planting date, susceptibility of cultivars and application of fungicides impacts on early blight disease of potato. Descriptive statistics and principal component analysis were computed using SAS software version 9.1.3. (SAS Inc., Cary, NC) and the means comparison by Duncan multiple rang tests (DMRT). It was found that almost the entire relevant factors had significant impacts on reduction of the disease. Sprinkler and drip irrigations significantly decreased the disease in comparison with furrow irrigation system respectively. Double and single row planting reduced the disease effectively. A month and two weeks delay in planting date at various growth stages had a significant effect on disease reduction, respectively. Resistant and tolerant cultivars, Diamanté, Granola and Maradona cultivars had the lowest disease severity. Whereas, Marquis, Premier and Atlantic cultivars had the highest infection to early blight disease. Low-consumption fungicides, Flint (trifloxystrobin (ISO) belongs to the strobilurin) at the rates of 250, 200 and 150 g/ha were the most effective fungicide to control the potato early blight disease. This indicating that the combination of said cultural practices can effectively control the early blight disease of potato and also reduce fungicides consumption accordingly.

Produktivitas dan Pendapatan Sistem Usaha Tani Kedelai dengan Berbagai Sistem Jajar Legowo

The interest of Indonesian farmers to grow soybean is relatively low because the price of soybean is not competitive and tend to be low. Therefore there is a need to increase the interest of farmers to grow soybean. One of them by increasing crop productivity through the use of the right planting system. This study aims to test the various doble row planting systems that is able to provide the best productivity for soybean and increase farmer's income. The research was conducted by demo farm method on 3 ha of farmer land in Ntuwu Lamba farmer group of Sambinae urban village of Bima. The experiment was design based on a randomized block design where there were 3 sowing distance treatments that were planted at 40 x 10-15 cm, double row system 60-30 cm x 10 cm, and double row planting system 40-20 x 10 cm. The result of the study showed that the double row planting system of 60-30 x 10 cm gave the highest yield on both agronomic and yield parameters. Financial analysis shows that jajar legowo of 60-30 x 10 cm resulting in the highest profit of Rp. 10.058.000/ha and R/C ratio of 2.47 and B/C 1.47.