Double-parton Scattering Contribution Research Articles

Double parton scattering via photon-proton interactions: a new light on the transverse proton structure

In this contribution we present the main results of the investigation about double parton scattering (DPS) in quasi-real photon proton interactions. We show the first evaluation of the DPS cross-section at leading-order for the four-jet photo-production observed at HERA. To this aim the $\gamma-p$ effective cross section has been computed for the first time. One of the main outcomes of this analysis is that the DPS contribution is not negligible and potentially measurable. Furthermore, possible future data could be used to get new information on the transverse proton structure not accessible in other processes.

Enlighting the transverse structure of the proton via double parton scattering in photon-induced interactions

In the present paper we address double parton scattering (DPS) in quasireal photon-proton interactions. By using electromagnetic and hadronic models of the photon light cone wave functions, we compute the so-called effective cross section, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}p}$ which allows us to calculate the DPS contribution to these processes under dedicated assumptions. In particular, for the four-jet photoproduction in HERA kinematics we found a sizeable DPS contribution. We show that if the photon virtuality ${Q}^{2}$ could be measured and thus the dependence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}p}$ on such a parameter exposed, information on the transverse distance between partons active in proton could be extracted. To this aim, we set lower limits on the integrated luminosity needed to observe such an effect which would allow the extraction of novel information on the proton structure.

Double parton scattering in four-jet production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC

We study the contribution from double parton scattering (DPS) to four-jet production at the LHC, both at the leading order accuracy and after incorporating the effects of QCD radiation. Apart from DPS, we also include and discuss the contribution from single parton scattering (SPS). We find that the QCD radiation impacts theoretical predictions significantly, with DPS contributions more affected than the SPS. We also examine a number of observables in regard to their effectiveness for discrimination between DPS and SPS events and propose sets of kinematical cuts to improve the prospects of measuring DPS in four-jet production.

On the mechanism of T4c(6900) tetraquark production

We discuss the production mechanism of a new state, a putative fully charm tetraquark, observed recently by the LHCb at M=6.9 GeV in the J/ψJ/ψ channel. Both single parton scattering (SPS) and double parton scattering (DPS) mechanisms are considered. We calculate the distribution in the invariant mass of the four-quark system M4c for SPS and DPS production of ccc¯c¯ in the kT-factorization approach with modern unintegrated gluon distribution functions (UGDFs). The so-calculated contribution of DPS is almost two orders of magnitude larger than the SPS one, but the tetraquark formation mechanism is unknown at present. Imposing a mass window around the resonance position we calculate the corresponding distribution in pt,4c – the potential tetraquark transverse momentum. The cross section for the J/ψJ/ψ continuum is calculated in addition, again including SPS (box diagrams) and DPS contributions which are of similar size. The formation probability is estimated trying to reproduce the LHCb signal-to-background ratio. The calculation of the SPS gg→T4c(6900) fusion mechanism is performed in the kT-factorization approach assuming different spin scenarios (0+ and 0−). The 0+ assignment is preferred over the 0− one by the comparison of the transverse momentum distribution of signal and background with the LHCb preliminary data assuming the SPS mechanism dominance. There is no reliable approach for the DPS formation mechanism of tetraquarks at present as this is a complicated multi-body problem.

Double parton scattering in pA collisions at the LHC revisited

We consider the production of W-boson plus dijet, W-boson plus b-jets and same sign WW via double parton scattering (DPS) in pA collisions at the LHC and evaluate the corresponding cross sections. The impact of a novel DPS contribution pertinent to pA collisions is quantified. Exploiting the experimental capability of performing measurements differential in the impact parameter in pA collisions, we discuss a method to single out this novel DPS contribution. The method allows the subtraction of the leading twist (LT) single parton scattering background and it gives access in a very clean way to double parton distribution functions in the proton. We calculate leading twist and DPS cross sections and study the dependence of the observables on the cuts in the jets phase space. In the Wjj channel the observation of DPS is possible with data already accumulated in pA runs and the situation will greatly improve for the next high luminosity runs. For the Wb{bar{b}} final state, the statistics within the current data is too low, but there is possibility to observe DPS in this channel in future runs, albeit with much reduced sensitivity than in Wjj final state. Finally the DPS observation in the same sign WW channel will require either significant increase of integrated luminosity beyond that foreseen in next pA runs or improved methods for W reconstruction, along with its charge, in hadronic decay channels.

Probing double parton scattering via associated open charm and bottom production in ultraperipheral pA collisions

In this article, we propose a novel channel for phenomenological studies of the double-parton scattering (DPS) based upon associated production of charm c{bar{c}} and bottom b{bar{b}} quark pairs in well-separated rapidity intervals in ultraperipheral high-energy proton–nucleus collisions. This process provides direct access to the double-gluon distribution in the proton at small-x and enables one to test the factorized DPS pocket formula. We have made the corresponding theoretical predictions for the DPS contribution to this process at typical LHC energies and beyond and we compute the energy-independent (but photon momentum fraction dependent) effective cross section.

Heavy quark production inpAcollisions: The double parton scattering contribution

In this paper, we estimate the double parton scattering (DPS) contribution for the heavy quark production in pA collisions at the LHC. The cross-sections for the charm and bottom production are estimated using the dipole approach, taking into account the saturation effects, which are important for high energies and for the scattering with a large nucleus. We compare the DPS contribution with the single parton scattering one and demonstrate that in the case of charm production, both are similar in the kinematical range probed by the LHC. Predictions for the rapidity range analyzed by the LHCb Collaboration are also presented. Our results indicate that the study of the DPS contribution for the heavy quark production in pPb collisions at the LHC is feasible and can be useful to probe the main assumptions of the approach.

Double-parton scattering effects in associated production of charm mesons and dijets at the LHC

We calculate several differential distributions for the production of charm and dijets. Both single-parton scattering (SPS) and double-parton scattering (DPS) contributions are calculated in the $k_T$-factorization approach. The Kimber-Martin-Ryskin unintegrated parton distributions are used in our calculations. Relatively low cuts on jet transverse momenta are imposed to enhance the double-parton scattering mechanism contribution. We find dominance of the DPS contribution over the SPS one. We have found regions of the phase space where the SPS contribution is negligible compared to the DPS contribution. The distribution in transverse momentum of charm quark/antiquark or charmed mesons can be used to observe transition from the dominance of DPS at low transvsverse momenta to the dominance of SPS at large transverse momenta. Very distinct azimuthal correlation patterns (for $c \bar{c}$, $c\mathrm{\textit{-jet}}$, $\mathrm{\textit{jet-jet}}$, $D^0\mathrm{\textit{-jet}}$, $D^0 D^0$) are predicted as a result of the competition of the SPS and DPS mechanisms.

Double parton scattering in pair production of J/ψ mesons at the LHC revisited

Double parton scattering (DPS) is studied at the example of $J/\psi$ pair-production in the LHCb and ATLAS experiments of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at centre-of-mass energies of $\sqrt{S}=$ 7, 8, and 13 TeV. We report theoretical predictions delivered to the LHCb and ATLAS collaborations adjusted for the fiducial volumes of the corresponding measurements during Run I and provide new predictions at 13 TeV collision energy. It is shown that DPS can lead to noticeable contributions in the distributions of longitudinal variables of the di-$J/\psi$ system, especially at 13 TeV. The increased DPS rate in double $J/\psi$ production at high energies will open up more possibilities for the separation of single parton scattering (SPS) and DPS contributions in future studies.

Search for optimal conditions for exploring double-parton scattering in four-jet production:kT-factorization approach

In the present paper we discuss how to maximize the double-parton scattering (DPS) contribution in four-jet production by selecting kinematical cuts. Here both single-parton and double-parton scattering effects are calculated in the $k_T$-factorization approach, following our recent developments of relevant methods and tools. Several differential distributions are shown and discussed in the context of future searches for DPS effects, such as rapidity of jets, rapidity distance, and azimuthal correlations between jets. The dependences of the relative DPS amount is studied as function of those observables. The regions with an enhanced DPS contribution are identified. Future experimental explorations could extract more precise values of $\sigma_{eff}$ and its potential dependence on kinematical variables.

Four-jet production in single- and double-parton scattering within high-energy factorization

We perform a first study of 4-jet production in a complete high-energy factorization (HEF) framework. We include and discuss contributions from both single-parton scattering (SPS) and double-parton scattering (DPS). The calculations are performed for kinematical situations relevant for two experimental measurements (ATLAS and CMS) at the LHC. We compare our results to those reported by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations for different sets of kinematical cuts. The results of the HEF approach are compared with their counterparts for collinear factorization. For symmetric cuts the DPS HEF result is considerably smaller than the one obtained with collinear factorization. The mechanism leading to this difference is of kinematical nature. We conclude that an analysis of inclusive 4-jet production with asymmetric $p_T$-cuts below 50 GeV would be useful to enhance the DPS contribution relative to the SPS contribution. In contrast to the collinear approach, the HEF approach nicely describes the distribution of the $\Delta S$ variable, which involves all four jets and their angular correlations.

Off-shell amplitudes and four-jet production inkT-factorization

We perform a study of both Single and Double Parton Scattering contributions to the inclusive 4-jet production in the kT -factorization framework at Leading Order and √s = 7 TeV and 13 TeV. We discuss the importance of double parton scattering for relatively soft cuts on the jet transverse momenta and find out that symmetric cuts do not suit well kT -factorization predictions, because of a kinematic effect suppressing the double parton scattering contribution.

Four-jet Production in $k_{\rm T}$-factorization: Single and Double Parton Scattering

We present a preliminary study of both Single and Double Parton Scattering contributions to the inclusive 4-jet production in the kt-factorization framework at Leading Order and $E_{CM} = 7$ TeV. We compare our results to collinear results in the literature and to the ATLAS and CMS data at 8 and 7 TeV respectively. We also discuss the importance of double parton scattering for relatively soft cuts on the jet transverse momenta and find out that symmetric cuts do not quite suit well to kt-factorization predictions, because of a kinematic effect suppressing the double parton scattering contribution.

Evaluating the double parton scattering contribution to Mueller-Navelet jets production at the LHC

We propose a model to study the importance of double parton scattering (DPS) in Mueller-Navelet jets production at the LHC which is consistent with the BFKL framework used to compute the single parton scattering contribution to this process. We study this model in kinematics corresponding to existing and possible future measurements at the LHC and estimate the importance of this DPS contribution on relevant observables for this process, namely the cross section and the azimuthal correlation of the jets.

Searching for and exploring double-parton scattering effects in four-jet production at the LHC

We discuss four-jet production at the LHC. We calculate cross section for both single-parton scattering (SPS) using the ALPGEN code and for double-parton scattering (DPS) in leading-order collinear approach. Our results are compared with experimental data obtained recently by the CMS Collaboration. We show that the ALPGEN code relatively well describes distributions in transverse momenta and rapidity of each of the four jets ordered by their transverse momenta (leading, subleading, etc.). The SPS mechanism does not explain the distributions at large rapidity for the leading jet. The DPS mechanism improves the agreement with the experimental data in this corner of the phase space. In order to enhance the relative DPS contribution we propose to impose different cuts. The relative DPS contribution increases when decreasing the lower cut on the jet transverse momenta as well as when a low lower cut on the rapidity distance between the most remote jets is imposed. We predict very flat distribution in azimuthal angle between the most remote jets with low lower cuts on jets transverse momentum. We find phase-space corners where the DPS content is enhanced relatively to the SPS one.

Polarization effects in double open-charm production at LHCb

Double open-charm production is one of the most promising channels to disentangle single from double parton scattering (DPS) and study different properties of DPS. Several studies of the DPS contributions have been made. A missing ingredient so far has been the study of polarization effects, arising from spin correlations between the two partons inside an unpolarized proton. We investigate the impact polarization has on the double open-charm cross section. We show that the longitudinally polarized gluons can give significant contributions to the cross section, but for most of the considered kinematic region only have a moderate effect on the shape. We compare our findings to the LHCb data in the D0D0 final state, identify observables where polarization does have an impact on the distribution of the final state particles, and suggest measurements which could lead to first experimental indications of, or limits on, polarization in DPS.

Exploring Double-parton Scattering Effects for Jets with Large Rapidity Separation and in Four-jet Production at the LHC

We present an estimation of the contribution of double parton scattering (DPS) for jets widely separated in rapidity and for four-jet sample. In the case of four-jet production we calculate cross section for both single-parton scattering (SPS) using the code ALPGEN as well as for DPS in LO collinear approach. The DPS contribution is calculated within the so-called factorized Ansatz and each step of DPS is calculated in the LO collinear approximation. We show that the relative (with respect to SPS dijets and to the BFKL Mueller-Navelet (MN) jets) contribution of DPS is growing at large rapidity distance between jets. The calculated differential cross sections as a function of rapidity distance between the most remote in rapidity jets are compared with recent results of LL and NLL BFKL calculations for the Mueller-Navelet jet production at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. Our results for four-jet sample are compared with experimental data obtained recently by the CMS collaboration and a rather good agreement is achieved. We propose to impose different cuts in order to enhance the relative DPS contribution. The relative DPS contribution increases when decreasing the lower cut on the jet transverse momenta as well as when a low lower cut on the rapidity distance between the most remote jets is imposed.

Double-parton scattering contribution to production of jet pairs with large rapidity separation at the LHC

We discuss production of four-jet final state $pp \rightarrow j j j j X$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC through the mechanism of double-parton scattering (DPS) in the context of jets with large rapidity separation. The DPS contributions are calculated within the so-called factorized Ansatz and each step of DPS is calculated in the LO collinear approximation. The LO pQCD calculations are shown to give a reasonably good descritption of recent CMS and ATLAS data on inclusive jet production and therefore this formalism can be used to reliably estimate the DPS effects. Relative contribution of DPS is growing at large rapidity distance between jets. This is consistent with our experience from previous studies of double-parton scattering effects in the case of open and hidden charm production. The calculated differential cross sections as a function of rapidity distance between the most remote in rapidity jets are compared with recent results of LL and NLL BFKL calculations for Mueller-Navelet (MN) jet production at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The DPS contribution to widely rapidity separated jet production is carefully studied for the present energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV and also at the nominal LHC energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 14 TeV and in different ranges of jet transverse momenta. The differential cross section as a function of dijet transverse momenta as well as two-dimensional ($p_{T}(y_{min})\times p_{T}(y_{max})$)-plane correlations for DPS mechanism are also presented. Some ideas how the DPS effects could be studied in the case of double dijet production are suggested.

Double-parton scattering cross sections in proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions at the LHC

Simple generic expressions to compute double-parton scattering (DPS) cross sections in high-energy proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, as a function of the corresponding single-parton cross sections, are presented. Estimates of DPS contributions are studied for two specific processes at LHC energies: (i) same-sign W-boson pair production in p-Pb, and (ii) double-J/psi production in Pb-Pb, using NLO predictions with nuclear parton densities for the corresponding single-parton cross sections. The expected DPS cross sections and event rates after typical acceptance and efficiency losses are also given for other processes involving J/psi and W,Z gauge bosons in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC.

Single-parton scattering versus double-parton scattering in the production of twocc¯pairs and charmed meson correlations at the LHC

We compare results of exact calculations of single parton scattering (SPS) and double parton scattering (DPS) for production of $c \bar c c \bar c$ and for $D$ meson correlations. The SPS calculations are performed in collinear approximation with exact matrix element for $g g \to c \bar c c \bar c$ and $q \bar q \to c \bar c c \bar c$ subprocesses. It is shown that the contribution of gluon-gluon subprocess is about factor 50 larger than that for quark-antiquark annihilation. The new results are compared with results of previous calculation with the approximate matrix element for $g g \to c \bar c c \bar c$ in the high-energy approximation. The cross section for the present exact calculation is bigger only at small invariant masses and small rapidity difference between two $c$ quarks (or two $\bar c$ antiquarks). We compare correlations in rapidities of two $c$ (or two $\bar c$) for DPS and SPS contributions. Finally we compare our predictions for $D$ mesons with recent results of the LHCb collaboration for invariant mass, rapidity distance between mesons and dimeson invariant mass. The predicted shapes are similar to the measured ones, however, some strength seems to be lacking. Our new calulations clearly confirm the dominance of DPS in the production of events with double charm.