Double Morality Research Articles

Lessons of soviet psychology

The work is devoted to the analysis of the collection of works “Soviet psychology: the stage of the history of science and mentality” // Responsible. ed. A.L. Zhuravlev, D.V. Ushakov, A.V. Yurevich. Moscow: Publishing house “Institute of Psychology RAS”, 2024. The main ideas presented in 21 articles of this book are highlighted. By studying a retrospective analysis of the works, seven main lessons for modern psychology are formulated, allowing us to see the significance of the Soviet period for the development of science. The first lesson is that despite the ideological pressure and attempts to unify psychology, it implemented the principles of postmodernity and metamodernity, characteristic of modern methodology, with great anticipation. Many ideas and theories were ahead of their time and are relevant and are still being developed today. Lesson two is the formation of psychology as a recognized scientific discipline, which was institutionalized, organized, and acquired a qualifying status. The third lesson teaches us that the space of scientific psychology must be restored: the gaps are closed by the discovery of forgotten names, their achievements and their contribution to the development of scientific thought are analyzed. The development and solution of scientific problems in psychology is rooted in the Soviet period, determining the continuity of scientific knowledge — this is the fourth lesson. The fifth lesson shows us that applied psychology developed intensively during the Soviet period and many of its achievements remain relevant today. The sixth lesson follows from an analysis of the psychology of Soviet people. A real, balanced analysis points to the ambivalence of the characteristics of Soviet people, the limitations of their economic mentality, the presence of double morality, denunciations, and fear of power. Finally, the modern psychological community should not forget what price many scientists paid for their beliefs, what destruction of entire directions in psychology was experienced. The Soviet period of development of Russian psychology is more diverse and ambiguous than previously imagined. The completed project of analyzing the Soviet period of psychology from the perspective of modern science showed its high efficiency and promise. Filling the gaps in the history of Russian psychology is not only fundamental for science, but it is also a moral duty to the generation of Soviet scientists.

Reymont’s Graphomania – From the Diary

The negative critical reception of Władysław Stanisław Reymont’s satire From the Diary makesit a potential case for the analysis of the phenomenon of graphomania. The article offers a terminologicalclassifi cation of graphomania, based on the psychology of creativity as well as textanalysis and criticism. The work’s origin and its connection with a railway accident that seriouslyimpacted Reymont suggest that his graphomaniac writing episode was a way to regain his creativity.At the same time, the analysis of From the Diary enables the identifi cation of the stylistic manifestationsof graphomania. An essential element of satire is criticism of the bourgeoisie, and Reymont’sdepiction of this class underlines its consumerism, double morality, and imitation of the upperclasses.

Research Ethics in the Age of Digital Platforms

Scientific research is growingly increasingly reliant on "microwork" or "crowdsourcing" provided by digital platforms to collect new data. Digital platforms connect clients and workers, charging a fee for an algorithmically managed workflow based on Terms of Service agreements. Although these platforms offer a way to make a living or complement other sources of income, microworkers lack fundamental labor rights and basic safe working conditions, especially in the Global South. We ask how researchers and research institutions address the ethical issues involved in considering microworkers as "human participants." We argue that current scientific research fails to treat microworkers in the same way as in-person human participants, producing de facto a double morality: one applied to people with rights acknowledged by states and international bodies (e.g., the Helsinki Declaration), the other to guest workers of digital autocracies who have almost no rights at all. We illustrate our argument by drawing on 57 interviews conducted with microworkers in Spanish-speaking countries.

Kolumne Branislava Nušića kao preteča literarnog žurnalizma u srpskom novinarstvu

This paper analyzes the specific features of Branislav Nušić's individual style, which are manifested in the discourse of "feljtons" (today we define those texts as columns), published in the daily newspaper "Politika", in the period from 1904 to 1907. The paper will use the methods of text analysis, as well as the literary and artistic style of writing, which will accentuate the special stylistic features of Nušić's newspaper texts, which are the forerunners of the contemporary Serbian column and literary journalism. The individual characteristics of Branislav Nušić's writing style (at the time of the creation and publication of the column, he signed himself as Ben Akiba), include the incorporation of the language and speech forms of the time into the columnist discourse, the use of literary and artistic style of writing, which indicates that Nušić's texts from "Politics" are the basis on which contemporary writers write columnists, and his functionalist style (where irony and sarcasm alternate, gradation, repetition of sentences, syntactic parallelism, and all in the spirit of creating a comic effect), made it possible for his newspaper texts, which abound in familiarisms, expressive tone, emotional expression, allegorical, with heteroglossicity, affectation and dramaturgical composition, they gained wide readership and public attention. The paper will show that Nušić's texts are linguistically and stylistically vital, thematically contemporary, with a convincing presentation, but also with satire and the ever-present metaphysical pessimism, where the eternal theme of power, kinship hypocrisy and double morality are mocked, distinctly modern and with the anticipatory ability of their author. Even though more than a century has passed since they were created, Nušić's columns are fabula nostra even today, exciting and topical in terms of theme, language and style, so this work will show that Nušić can rightly be called not only a playwright, diplomat, amateur photographer and pioneer rhetoric in us, but also a first-class journalist.

Основні моделі політичної комунікації та їх прояви в сучасну епоху

It is noted that the concept of social communication is quite important and influential in modern society, determining its type and form of power relations. It has been proven that information and communication technologies are changing during transformational changes in all spheres of human life, traditional mass media are being replaced by so-called social media. In the modern era, this form of political communication has become the most popular means of conveying information to the population. The main platform for creating new socio-political communications is currently provided by the Internet, virtual reality of which has unlimited opportunities for this process. The main features of democratic and totalitarian models of political communication, which possess a large number of various language tools, are substantiated.Manifestations of the manipulative nature of public speech, which is present in the totalitarian model of political communication, are identified. It is shown that such types of rationality were formed during the Soviet times, which, together with the value priorities that were formed earlier, changed the political discourse under the old regime to a state of «clinical» monologism. Important socio-economic events and political decisions became tools of propaganda. The phenomenon of simulation of democratic governance, which was the most widespread in political life in the so-called post-communist period, is substantiated.The practice of «double morality» has become a characteristic feature of the Soviet-style public consciousness and the system of «internal censorship», which is one of the elements of such consciousness. It was concluded that political discourse under such conditions is practically impossible. It was determined that public dialogue in post-communist countries is largely distorted by totalitarian values and traditions of totalitarian political language. This greatly complicates the process of transition to a democratic political discourse, which is one of the sources of legitimacy of the institutions of a developed civil society.

Про психологічні наслідки голоду 1932–1933 рр. та менталітет українців

As a result of the famine of 1932–1933, Ukrainian peasants lucky enough to survive had deep psychological trauma. No one provided them with professional assistance, since it simply did not exist at that time in the Soviet Union. People perceived life as a reality deprived of those who were less fortunate. The daily realities of life forced people, instead of professional psychological and rehabilitation care, to work hard and implement five-year plans in factories, mills, and collective farms. The authority of the clergy and parents in the Ukrainian countryside was replaced by the undeniable authority of Lenin’s party and its leaders. Obedience of the Ukrainian population arose as a result of repressive activities of the Stalinist regime, unsuccessful peasant revolts, and uprisings. For fear of entering the Stalinist camps, at first, the responsible persons, and later the whole ordinary population, spoke little and clearly. Everyone knew that every careless could cost a life. This laid the foundations of slavish psychology, which is characteristic of more than half of Ukrainian society during the Soviet era. The life orientations of the majority of Ukrainian peasants have changed – their plans and aspirations have been directed to cities and towns. Due to the terrible realities of the famine in Ukraine, witnessing the brutality of the Soviet authorities, people in Ukrainian villages are becoming obedient and submissive. Classical agricultural traditions have been replaced by new priorities. During this period the so-called double morality, or system of double standards, emerged – when the same person consciously expresses one opinion at home, and another in public. The root causes of this double standard were fear for her life and family. Young children subconsciously noticed this, and acted like adults – so unconsciously formed the experience of generations. Over time, Ukrainians has become Russified, treat Russianspeakers very loyally and calmly. Absolutely Russian-speaking Ukrainians are appearing in Ukraine, and few have paid attention to this threatening phenomenon.

“A Gauntlet” by Bjornstjerne Martinius Bjørnson and “Vera: One for Many: From a Girl's Diary” by Bettina Dorothea Kris in the context of a public discussion about male chastity and double morality in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

The article examines the controversy that arose in the public space of the Russian Empire after the publication in Russian of two resonant works of fiction – “A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and “One for Many” by Betty Kris – and gave impetus to the development of ethical views broadcast by their authors. In these books, translated into Russian with a difference of almost ten years, practically identical innovative and, one might say, sensational ideas for their time are expressed – Svava and Vera, the main heroines of the works, advocate the abolition of “unjust dual morality” and expect from a man the same premarital “purity”, the preservation of which was traditionally required exclusively from a woman within the framework of the patriarchal paradigm of marriage and family relations. The call for the abolition of double standards, expressed by B.Bjørnson and B.Kris (and embodied, which is important, precisely through the women, the heroines of their works), was directly related to the women’s movement developing during this period. There were incomparably more opponents of the ideas broadcast by the authors, who continued to adhere to the traditional view of sexual morality and the position of women in society, than its supporters. However, the very fact that such a discussion appeared in the public field and the fact that a number of representatives of the medical community, public figures, writers and journalists supported these ideas, speaks of the changes that have already begun to take place in the public consciousness.

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

About the Determination of Crime

In the article on the basis of system approach the concept and mechanism of determination of crime are considered, the system of determinants of crime is established, causality of this phenomenon is revealed. It is noted that crime arises, exists and develops as a result of the interaction of members of society with each other, as well as with the social environment and society as a general system. Therefore, crime first and foremost linked to the conditions of life of society, the state of social consciousness and the system of social relations. Crime does not produce a single phenomenon, process or event, but a synergy of similar and homogeneous phenomena and processes. In addition, crime is capable of self-reproduction, by regularly repeating the most persistent forms of criminal behavior. Of all the types of determination, causality is of paramount importance, since this category reflects the objective, regular link between crime and the phenomena that give rise to it.
 At the level of society, the causes of crime are criminogenic deformations of the legal consciousness and legal culture, which, under certain conditions, naturally give rise to criminal forms of behavior by members of society. Such deformations lead to a criminal state, when people think about the benefits of criminal behavior and are not afraid of criminal responsibility. Deformations of the legal consciousness include defects in the legal worldview, distorted values, the legal subculture, double morality, anti-social interests, and opportunistic behavioral strategies.
 Among the conditions contributing to the increase in the crime rate, the biggest influences are: shadow economy and criminal monopolism; corruption; poverty of a large part of the population; income inequality; job cuts and unemployment; uncontrolled urbanization; ill-considered changes to the legislation, first of all criminal; human rights abuses; social tension and conflicting; concealment of criminal offenses from accounting, low rates of disclosure of criminal offenses; unfair judgments (sentences); trafficking in weapons, ammunition and explosives; unreasonable large-scale amnesty of criminals; high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs and psychotropic substances; child homelessness and neglect.

Continuity and Change in Societies in Post-Socialist Transformation: Research into Households and the Economy

Starting from the distinction between short-term system transition (new institutional economics, political science) and system transformation as a long-term process of societal change, the author argues that institution-building is a long-term and complicated process and that informal institutions of everyday life do not change as quickly as the newly implemented formal ones. The author has a particular interest in the people’s economy of everyday life. He takes a look at three empirical research projects he conducted between 1997 and 2016, investigating whether informal institutions still undermine formal ones that are necessary for the functioning of a market economy. The research projects show particular characteristics. (1) a clear-cut double morality between bureaucracy and the rich, on the one hand, and the small people who have to protect themselves, on the other. (2) It is advantageous to know somebody in the lower bureaucracy (blat or other forms of bribery in everyday life). (3) Agents place strong reliance on personal face-to-face networks, including family networks, and avoid formal institutions. Indeed, many findings of the author support continuity even after almost 30 years of post-socialism, while some changes to the market society occur among better-off people.

Kirjandus kui vastupanu Nõukogude Eestis Teise maailmasõja järgsel perioodil

Kirjandus kui vastupanu Nõukogude Eestis Teise maailmasõja järgsel perioodil

Реализация антиалкогольной кампании 1950-х годов в Ульяновской области

The process of implementation of the anti-alcohol campaign carried out during the “Khrushchev thaw” in the Ulyanovsk region is considered. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the work is based on the first introduced into scientific circulation archival materials from the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk Region. It is shown how the party organizations of the Ulyanovsk region implemented the Resolution No. 1365 of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On strengthening the fight against drunkenness and restoring order in the trade of spirits.” The authors of the article, having studied the references and reports of the regional committees of the CPSU on the discussion and implementation of this decision, come to the conclusion that the mechanisms of combating alcohol deviation in the studied time were mainly declarative. It is noted that the party meetings enthusiastically approved the measures proposed by the state institutions to combat alcoholization of the population, but specific measures that contribute to the solution of this social problem were not carried out. According to the authors, these practices are consistent with the double morality in the behaviour of Soviet citizens, developed in the Stalin period in the framework of social discipline.

When he is looking for joy beyond his home... The image of an unfaithful husband from Polish landed gentry according to 19th century handbooks, diaries, memoirs, social periodicals and belles-lettres

The presented text is a catalogue of possible reasons for the infidelity of husbands from the Polish landed gentry in the 19th century, and, at the same time, a list of pieces of advice and tips for wary wives intending to enjoy a happy family life. The problem of marital infidelity was vividly reflected in the handbooks that were fashionable in the era, especially those written for brides and honeymooners, in the narrative of codes of good manners, in social and family-related journals, as well as in belles-lettres. An equally important source of information on the subject matter are diaries and letters, which give us an insight into the sphere of private life of landowners, especially into mutual relations between spouses. On the basis of such diversified sources, it is possible to recreate the mentality of that time inclined to consider husbandly infidelity as a reaction to a malfunctioning marriage, especially to the disappointment with the wife. The basis of the indulgence for betraying husbands, which was justified in all possible ways, lays in the double morality characteristic of the times in question – manifested in separate moral standards of men and women.

From Divine Instruction to Human Invention: The Constitution of Indonesian Christian Young People’s Sexual Subjectivities through the Dominant Discourse of Sexual Morality

Based on a study of 22 young people aged 16–24 years old, this article examines the constitution of young Indonesian Christians’ sexual subjectivities through the dominant discourse of sexual morality. It is concerned with how this discourse has been drawn on and resisted as these young people become sexual subjects. I argue that the dominant discourse of sexual morality has positioned Indonesian young people within a binary of being either “moral” (maintaining heterosexual abstinence until marriage) or “immoral” (engaging in sex), to the extent that other ethical sexual relationships and pleasures become unthinkable. This article also provides evidence that the dominant discourse of sexual morality has been contested in the constitution of Indonesian Christian young people as sexual subjects. Three alternative ways in which participants resist the religious sexual moral codes imposed upon them are discussed, namely: casting off religion altogether, reinterpreting religious morality, and practising a double morality.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО ЗМІНИ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МЕНТАЛЬНОСТІ

Abstract. Introduction. The conceptual confusion in the modern intellectual discourse on understanding the content of is largely determined by the fact that is considered within the set of local history science, and on the other - the lack of an interdisciplinary approach to its comprehension. In spite of this, in today's intellectual discourse the intention to clearly formulate a single conceptual approach to mentality, as formed as a result of the historical development of the way of thinking and the psychological structure of the community, manifested through a set of images and representations, which appear as regulators of behavior as an individual, and social group, form a kind of group code that provides the difference of one social group from another. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the notion of mentality and the changes of Ukrainian as a result of ХХ th century social transformations. Results. It is emphasized that should not be equated with a mindset that should be considered as generic memory, that is, a system of images, representations that are transmitted as a result of unconscious socialization, and determine the way of thinking, the picture of the world and the psychological state of the community. Originality. Taking as a basis the idea of the inextricable connection of the mindset with the collective memory of the community in the article, it is shown that cruel repressions and physical extermination of the most active part of Ukrainian society during the Soviet period were accompanied by stimulation of baldness, immorality and cynicism, which resulted in such traits in the Ukrainian as adaptation, submissiveness, infantilism and mercantilism, which contributed to the establishment of double morality. At the same time, with the formation of new mental characteristics, the Soviet ideology became a fruitful ground for the further development of anarchism inherent in Ukrainians, which manifested itself in opposition to power structures. Conclusion . Along with the above, it is emphasized that these changes were not of a total character, at least in view of the partial industrialization of agriculture, where the traditional values continued to be retained in secular form.

Freedom in the code: The anthropology of (double) morality

This essay engages with current debates in the anthropology of ethics regarding the relationship between freedom and moral codes. By describing a particular understanding of the Italian concept of doppia morale (double morality) amongst LGBTQ activists in Bologna, and applying it to a number of examples, I show how it is possible to relate to moral codes or injunctions in such a way as to allow for their betrayal in certain circumstances. This claim – that one may subscribe to a code in a manner that allows for it to be broken – supports another that is foundational to some variants of the anthropology of ethics: that freedom does not lie merely in the absence of rules.

Elitist rhetoric and the sports gap. Examining the discourse and reality of sport in Spain

This article analyses the ambivalent situation regarding sport in Spain, as a result of the predominance of a double morality (elite sport and sports for all). It does so by taking a diachronic look at the democratisation of sport in Spain. The thesis is that the Spanish administration prioritises policies for elite sport and these hinder the development of grassroots sports and sports for all. The study aims to examine this thesis by using two main sources of statistical and sociological data regarding sport: the Survey of Sport Habits in Spain (SSHS; Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas [CIS], 2010) – based on a survey of 8,925 individuals; and the National Census of Sporting Facilities (NCSF; Consejo Superior de Deportes [CSD], 2005), carried out in the 8,116 municipalities of the country. The results show that, despite the successes and the triumphalism of the national media regarding competitive sports in Spain, thanks to the victories of famous athletes and the national soccer team, the reality of the practice of sport in Spain is quite different. The majority of the population does not practice sport, most of the sport facilities were constructed before 1995 and, lastly, sports policy – focused on high performance sport and entertainment – is the cause of a significant sports gap.

Teaching Ethics in the Face of Africa’s Moral Crisis: Reflections from a Guest

Though the Christian faith has in recent years increasingly shown itself to be a truly African religion, a variety of African authors such as Kä Mana, George Kinoti, Hannah Kinoti, August Shutte and Efoé Julien Penoukou have noted that sub-Saharan Africa is facing a moral crisis. This article explores this crisis in as far as it is caused by difficulties in the reception of the (Western) Christian ethic by African Christian communities. It points out that this crisis is visible in (a) double morality, (b) immorality and (c) legalism. It shows that it is both caused by rapid social change in contemporary Africa and by the way the Christian ethic was introduced with a lack of attention for (a) the relationship between worldview and ethics, (b) the social impact of changing cultural practices and (c) the importance of virtue ethics. In this way it also points to the shape Christian moral education for present-day Africa should take.

Female genital mutilation in the West: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery.

This article intends to present the Scandinavian legislation on female genital mutilation and explore the implications of the laws. Juxtaposing trends of plastic genital surgery in the West with claims that female circumcision may be a practice generally abandoned in Scandinavia, we highlight the double morality inherent in current public discussions. Finally, we pose the question: Is the legal principle of equality before the law regarded when it comes to alterations of the female genitals?

The Informal Public in Soviet Society: Double Morality at Work

THE concept of informal public is used here to designate the diversity of state-independent activities and interactions in late Soviet society. Segments of this informal sphere—which is different from the official public sphere—had begun to develop at the end of the 1950s. Unlike previous periods of Soviet history, when communication had been officially controlled or had taken place in the private “kitchen” setting, the Brezhnev era of stagnation provided public places for communication that escaped total control. The recent debates on the transformations in East Europe and Russia have made wide use of the concepts of public/private, civic culture, and civil society. These ideas have been major conceptual tools for sociological thinking on modernity in general. Since F. Toennis distinguished between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft and Durkheim claimed organic and mechanical solidarities, these concepts have shown how modernizing society differentiates into public and private realms, the boundaries of which are constantly shifting through the efforts of social actors. This means that each modern society, independent of its political regime and particular cultural patterns, develops its own public and private spheres with correspondingly different rules of the game. Researchers have identified two versions of the public realm in late Soviet society: the official public and the informal public. SOCIAL RESEARCH, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Spring 2002) The Informal Public in Soviet Society: Double Morality at Work BY ELENA ZDRAVOMYSLOVA AND VIKTOR VORONKOV Official public life and its relevant practices were controlled by party-state ideological norms and regulated by the relevant rules of communication and social integration as established by the state. Informal public life was regulated by the diversity of rules that will be referred to by the term unwritten or common law (which will be discussed later in the paper). The Official Public Realm and Kollektivist Practices The official public realm was the sphere of Soviet life regulated by official rules and controlled by the party-state bureaucracy. At the level of everyday life these were the rules of conduct and interaction in the Soviet kollektives (collectives). As the concentration camp was the model for totalitarianism for H. Arendt, so for us is the Soviet kollektive a model—an ideal type—of the Soviet official public. Oleg Kharkhordin provides an incisive analysis of the Soviet kollektive in its discursive representation. In his book, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices, Kharkhordin specifies the following rules of the game in the Soviet kollektives: mutual surveillance, collective correction, and selfrevelation . These techniques were invented to produce the true kollektive as a unit of Soviet society and the relevant type of “Soviet individual.” Through the use of mutual surveillance and admonition, social control in the communist kollektive aimed at the development of the Soviet individual. Reports on comrades’ everyday life and discussions of personal lives at the assembly of comrades were core kollektivist activities and were considered important procedures in the construction of the Soviet individual . The individual in Soviet society was integrated into kollektives . It should be noted that the kollektive was the name given only to the specific type of social integration that intentionally followed ideologically approved goals. The practically oriented theories of the Soviet kollektive were developed by Soviet pedagogical science beginning in the 1920s 50 SOCIAL RESEARCH (one of the main proponents was A. Makarenko), as well as in Soviet psychology and social psychology throughout all of Soviet history (see, for example, Etkind, 1997). The official organizational principle of the Soviet kollektive was democratic centralism , which presumed the following rules of subordination: subordination of the minority to the majority, subordination of lower organizational bodies to higher bodies, election from bottom to top, accountability from top to bottom. Along with the working unit, the family was another version of the kollektive, since it could be penetrated by party-state regulations . Illustrative of the kollektivist character of the Soviet family was the dependence of one’s career on family status (Tchouikina, forthcoming 2002) and the appeals of spouses (mainly women) to the enterprise party committees to restore and repair family relationships. Both working life and family life were subjected to state-inspired observation and control. Thus we see work and family kollektives as...